初中语法专题句子成分课件

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第1页/共16页 1 英语学科辅导讲义(教案) 年级 辅导科目 英语 学科老师 审核人 授课主题 词类和句子成分 教学目标 让学生分清词类和句子成分,为下面句型专题打好基础。 教学内容

回忆下我们目前学习了哪几类词?

副词 动词 形容词 名词 助动词

词类和句子成分 第2页/共16页

2 知识点一 词类(parts of speech)

一、定义:能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词,根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类(parts of speech)。

二、分类: 十大词类 实词(6):名词 动词 代词 形容词 副词 数词 mine they their theirs 虚词(4):冠词 介词 连词 感叹词

词类 缩写 例词 1. 名词 n. John, room 2. 动词 v. stand ,be do does did have has can/may/should 3. 代词 pron. them,everything 4. 形容词 adj good,interesting 5. 副词 adv. almost ,bravely 6. 数词 num. nine, first 7. 连词 conj. and ,but,because, that, while 8. 介词 prep. near, from, in, on, at 9. 冠词 art. a, an, the 10. 感叹词 interj. hello ,oh, well 三、十大词类 (一)名词:表示某类人,事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称 在句子中作主语,宾语或表语 The bags are on the desk. 作主语 I like apples. 作宾语 主谓宾 第3页/共16页

3 This is a gook book. 作表语 主系表 (二)动词:表示动作或状态的词汇

1、实意动词 (1)及物动词 如:He is reading a book. Mr. Green teaches us English. (2)不及物动词 如:The sun rises in the east. He works hard. 2、系动词 如:The food smells good. The girl is beautiful. The apple looks red. The leaves become yellow. 3、代词:代替名词的词 如: We are students of class 16. 主语 Tom gives me an apple. 宾语 = Tom gives an apple(物是直接宾语) to me(间接宾语). Who is there? -- It is me. 表语 4、形容词:表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词 第4页/共16页

4 如:This is a red apple. 定语 She told us something interesting. 后置定语 The sun was hot yesterday. 表语 Lucy is tall in her class. 表语 5、副词:用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等的词,以说明动作性质或状态。 如:We should get up early in the morning. 补语 The movie is very interesting. Tom often goes to school by bike. 状语 6、数词 基数词:one, two, three..... 序数词:first, second, third 如:I have one book. 定语 She is the first in the class. 表语

知识点二 句子成分 现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。 英语的基本成分有八种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial) 、补语(complement)、同位语。

句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位.句子的第一个字母必须大写,结尾要有.? !

1.主语:主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分.一般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从句充当.它的位置一般在句首.

如: (1)Lucy is a beautiful nurse. (名词作主语) (2)He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主语) (3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语) (4)To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure. (不定式作主语) (5)What we should do is not yet decided. (主语从句作主语) 练习:找出句子中的主语成分,在下面划横线。 The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. use +ful = useful 有用的 harm+ful= harmful 有害的 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 第5页/共16页

5 They are good friends. 2、谓语-------说明主语做什么,以什么状态或特征存在,由简单动词或者动词短语构成. 谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 如:His parents are teachers. (系动词和表语一起作谓语) We study hard. (行为动词作谓语) We don’t finish (reading the book). (助动词和行为动词一起作谓语) 主语 do not V+其他 He can speak English. (情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语) 3. 表语--------说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,短语,或者从句充当.表语位于系动词后面.

如:I am a teacher.(名词) He is always happy.(形容词) They are on the playground now.(介词短语) It gets cold.(形容词)

如:It sounds interesting.(sound为系动词,interesting为表语) We should all remain careful. Remain(为系动词, careful为表语) 4. 宾语-------宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,短语,不定式,动名词,从句充当.它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后.

She is doing her homework now. (名词作宾语) She says(that)she is ill. (宾语从句作动词宾语) We often help him. (代词作宾语) He likes to play basketball. (不定式作宾语) We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。 (动名词短语作宾语) I think that he is good boy. (宾语从句)

说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。

Be动词(am,is,are, was, were) 系动词: 表保持(keep, stay, remain) 表改变(get, become, turn) 感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来) 第6页/共16页

6 说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。

不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give, show(给……看),bring, pass, buy等。如:(1)Our teacher tells us a story. Show sb sth =show sth for sb bring sb sth = bring sth to sb

Pass sb sth =pass sth to sb (2)The sun gives us light. 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。 间接宾语前加“to”的有: give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise(答应), refuse(拒绝)等。 间接宾语加“for”的有: make, buy, do, get, play, order(命令), sing, pay等 练习: (1)I give him a book. 改成: (2)He passes me the book.(他将书递给我。) 改成: (3)He writes me a letter. 改成: (4)He will buy me some books. 改成: (5)She is making me a cake. 改成: 5. 宾语补足语-------在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思.它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用.

它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词和过去分词充当. 如:They make her happy.(形容词) 意译 she ----her I see her dance.(不定式) We’ll help you to make the Olympics a success.(名词) make sb + adj/n 使......怎么样 Please let him in.(副词) We heard her singing a song.(分词短语) 练习: 找出句子中的宾语补足语 If you let me go, I’ll make you king. Leave the door open. We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home. I heard my name called.