《傲慢与偏见》作品赏析
【摘要】《傲慢与偏见》是奥斯丁的代表作。这部作品以日常生活为素材，一反当时社会上流行的感伤小说的内容和矫揉造作的写作方法，生动地反映了
18世纪末到19世纪初处于保守和闭塞状态下的英国乡镇生活和世态人情。这部社会风情画式的小说不仅在当时吸引着广大的读者，时至今日，仍给读者以独特的艺术享受。
【关键字】《傲慢与偏见》语言艺术爱情取材
一、内容赏析
奥斯丁在这部小说中通过班纳特五个女儿对待终身大事的不同处理，表现出乡镇中产阶级家庭出身的少女对婚姻爱情问题的不同态度，从而反映了作者本人的婚姻观：为了财产、金钱和地位而结婚是错误的；而结婚不考虑上述因素也是愚蠢的。因此，她既反对为金钱而结婚，也反对把婚姻当儿戏。她强调理想婚姻的重要性，并把男女双方感情作为缔结理想婚姻的基石。
书中的女主人公伊丽莎白出身于小地主家庭，为富豪子弟达西所热爱。达西不顾门第和财富的差距，向她求婚，却遭到拒绝。伊丽莎白对他的误会和偏见是一个原因，但主要的是她讨厌他的傲慢。因为达西的这种傲慢实际上是地位差异的反映，只要存在这种傲慢，他与伊丽莎白之间就不可能有共同的思想感情，也不可能有理想的婚姻。以后伊丽莎白亲眼观察了达西的为人处世和一系列所作所为，特别是看到他改变了过去那种骄傲自负的神态，消除了对他的误会和偏见，从而与他缔结了美满姻缘。伊丽莎白对达西先后几次求婚的不同态度，实际上反映了女性对人格独立和平等权利的追求。这是伊丽莎白这一人物形象的进步意义。
从小说看，伊丽莎白聪敏机智，有胆识，有远见，有很强的自尊心，并善于思考问题。就当时一个待字闺中的小姐来讲，这是难能可贵的。正是由于这种品质，才使她在爱情问题上有独立的主见，并导致她与达西组成美满的家庭。
在《傲慢与偏见》中，奥斯丁还写了伊丽莎白的几个姐妹和女友的婚事，这些都是陪衬，用来与女主人公理想的婚姻相对照。如夏绿蒂和柯林斯尽管婚后过着舒适的物质生活，但他们之间没有爱情，这种婚姻实际上是掩盖在华丽外衣下的社会悲剧。
然而就在重重误解、心机、成见与持续华丽表面生活的遮掩下，挡不住的爱情仍如结晶的璞玉一般，终究不能不脱颖而出，傲慢与偏见的人性两貌，在种种环环相扣的冲突中清晰的突出，作者以她圆润、敏锐、幽默而细致的笔触，十足荡气回肠的描绘这一群人的恩怨爱恨。
《傲慢与偏见》虽是一出闪烁著斗智意味的爱情轻喜剧，实则说明了人必须行动和自省才有希望，人的尊严绝不是与生俱来的，而是从行动和自省中淬炼获得，透过理性的行动，把人类的王国建立得具有一个心灵价值的模式，以与物质俗世有别。大体上，人的生存没有意义，但从小体上看，人本身的行动却深具意义，即使只是儿女私情的往来。
二、取材赏析
和奥斯汀的其他几部小说一样，《傲慢与偏见》的取材事实上是相当狭窄的。
正如夏洛蒂?勃朗特曾说：“我可不愿意在她们的那些高雅而狭窄的房子里跟她（奥斯汀）的那些绅士淑女们呆在一起。”在我看来，奥斯汀的小说有点像小女子文学，缺少一种大气的感觉。但我却喜欢这种“小女子文学”。你可以说她目光狭窄，也可以说她缺乏深度，你却无法抵挡她的魅力。
事实上，取材范围的狭窄，并没有限制作者的视野，正如《傲慢与偏见》中达西和伊丽莎白的一段对话。达西说：“在乡下，你四周的环境非常闭塞，很少变化。”而伊丽莎白却回答到：“可是人本身变化那么多，你永远可以在他们身上看出新的东西。”这也许正代表了作者自己的看法吧。奥斯汀自己说“乡间村庄里的三、四户人家”是她“得心应手的好材料”，还把自己的艺术比作在“二寸象牙”上“细细地描画”。在我看来这正是作者的长处，也是其小说独到的地方。精工细致，一丝不苟，娓娓道来，细水长流，这就是我所喜欢的“小女子文学”的特点。无怪乎有人建议奥斯汀换一种写作方式的时候，奥斯汀拒绝道：“我必须保持自己的风格，按自己的方式写下去。”忽然联想到台湾作家三毛的文章，其最受欢迎的几本散文集如《撒哈拉的故事》《稻草人手记》等，无非也是写一些生活琐事，取材也不见得有多广泛多深刻，却如此受亲睐，大概也源于此吧。反映生活的作品即是美的作品，《傲慢与偏见》带给我们的是一种英国乡村浓郁的生活气息，让人倍感亲切自然。对大多数人来说，只有平平淡淡从从容容才是真。好的文学作品总是反应永恒的人性，普通人的心态，在读者中产生共鸣。评论家们始终把奥斯汀排在勃朗特之前，其地位仅次于莎士比亚，就在于她的平淡、安宁。更何况有道是于平凡之中见伟大，于细微之处见深情，取材虽小，反映的问题却不一定小。这一点下面将谈及。
尽管题材比较狭窄，故事相当平淡，但是她善于在日常平凡事物中塑造鲜明的人物形象，不论是伊丽莎白、达西那种作者认为值得肯定的人物，还是魏克翰、柯林斯这类遭到讽刺挖苦的对象，都写得真实动人。同时，奥斯丁的语言是经过锤炼的，她在对话艺术上讲究幽默、讽刺，常以风趣诙谐的语言来烘托人物的性格特征。这种艺术创新使她的作品具有自己的特色。
三、人物形象塑造
谈到《傲慢与偏见》里的任务形象，就不能不谈到它诙谐风趣的语言。奥斯丁的语言是经过锤炼的，她在对话艺术上讲究幽默、讽刺，这种艺术创新使她的作品具有自己的特色，而这种富有特色的语言在《傲慢与偏见》中发挥得尤为淋漓尽致。比如在写班纳特太太时，作者就这样写到：“只要碰到不称心的事，她就自以为神经衰弱。”又在班纳特太太与其丈夫的对话中写到：“我的好老爷，你怎么舍得这样糟蹋自己的亲生女儿？你是在故意叫我气恼，好让你自己得意吧。你半点也不体谅我的神经衰弱。”“你真错怪了我，我的好太太。我非常尊重你的神经。它们是我的老朋友。至少在最近二十年以来，我一直听到你郑重其事地提到它们。”多么活灵活现的语言，绝妙的嘲讽与诙谐，立刻使两个不同的人物形象在读者脑海中变得立体而清晰。再如另一个片段的描写：咖苔琳夫人的马车路过门口，柯林斯牧师全家手忙脚乱出去迎接，伊丽莎白却说：“就是这么回事吗？我还以为是猪猡闯进了花园呢。”直率的挖苦，戳穿了咖苔琳夫人自己吹起来的唬人架势，也使伊丽莎白这个蔑视权贵的形象在人们脑海中留下了更深的印象，越发觉得她的可爱。
此外，奥斯汀还善于通过最普通的语言让人物自己暴露自己。例如小说开头时，班纳特太太曾说郎格太太“是个自私自利、假仁假义的女人，我瞧不起她。”
而到故事的结尾，当其大女儿与彬格莱的婚事已成定局时，她又说“我觉得郎格太太这个人真是太好了。”这两段截然相反的话，让读者不禁哑然失笑的同时，又多么生动地表现出班纳特太太的反复无常、自我中心。这样的例子在书中还有很多。一个曾充满偏见的伊丽莎白、一个曾浑身傲慢的达西、一对有趣的班纳特夫妇、一个可笑的柯林斯、众多出场人物、再加上喜剧效果和特殊写作技巧，这就是《傲慢与偏见》，却不是它的全部。奥斯汀的幽默是需要反复咀嚼的，并不是一看就能逗得你哈哈大笑的书，你最多只能会心的微笑。
奥斯汀素来擅长于描写人物，正如《傲慢与偏见》这本书中几乎每一个人物都给我留下了深刻的印象。《傲慢与偏见》中所涉及的人物虽不多也并不算少，要把所有这些人物描写得各具风格个性，突兀于纸上，是相当难能可贵的。打开这本书，这些被刻画得栩栩如生的立体人物好像可以从书中向我们走来：温柔美丽、心地善良的吉英，机智聪明、生气勃勃、有胆识、有远见的伊丽莎白，相貌平平，性好虚荣的玛丽，幼稚轻浮、娇纵放肆、卖弄风情的吉蒂与丽迪雅，愚蠢粗俗、趋炎附势的柯林斯，甚至那些不那么重要的人物也描写得惟妙惟肖。如书中写伊丽莎白等人到咖苔琳夫人府上作客这个场景：“威廉爵士虽说当年也曾进宫觐见过皇上，可是看到四周围这般的富贵气派，也不禁完全给吓住了，只得弯腰一躬，一声不响，坐了下来；再说他的女儿，简直吓得丧魂失魄一般，兀自坐在椅子边上，眼睛也不知往哪里看才好。伊丽莎白倒是完全安然自若，而且从容不迫地细细瞧着那三位女主人。”似乎随手一写却那么生动细致的刻画，使我们好像也是当时的客人，身临其景地看到他们，甚至他们的内心世界。总之，在日常平凡事物中塑造鲜明了人物形象，不论是伊丽莎白、达西那种值得肯定的人物，还是魏克翰、柯林斯这类遭到讽刺挖苦的对象，都写得真实动人。同时，语言幽默、讽刺，常以风趣诙谐的语言来烘托人物的性格特征。
四、透过主题看实质
爱情是小说永恒的主题，《傲慢与偏见》以爱情和婚姻为主要内容，自然是吸引读者的。但描写爱情的小说不计其数，要像《傲慢与偏见》这样在世界文学中占有一席之地，也并不是一件容易的事。《傲慢与偏见》之所以称得上世界文学名著而不流俗于一般爱情小说，自有它的魅力所在。那么到底是什么使它脱颖而出呢？一部好的小说，内容、情节是非常重要的。《傲慢与偏见》的内容并不复杂，情节却引人入胜。读过本书的读者应该对小说开篇的一句话记忆犹新：“凡是有财产的单身汉，必定需要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。”这简简单单的一句话却深深反映出资产阶级婚姻的实质无非是金钱交易与利益的结合，可见作者的目光之透彻犀利，也正应证了前面所说的细微之处却能反映大问题。
小说开篇就这样牢牢抓住了读者，接着通过班纳特夫妇风趣的对话，把读者带进一个女儿多得发愁的中产阶级家庭中。这个家庭家道已经中落，却还有5
个待嫁的女儿，而且不幸班纳特先生又没有儿子，其财产将由表亲柯林斯继承。在资产阶级社会，如果女孩没有丰厚的嫁妆，就是再有才貌，也难找到体面的丈夫，就像书中达西所说：“她们倘使想嫁给有地位的男人，机会可就大大减少了。”所以处在婚姻要权衡双方阶级地位和金钱利害的情况下，这五位姑娘的出嫁前景确实不太美妙。
小说采用古典的现实主义笔法，描写了四对青年男女的结合，通过班纳特五个女儿对待终身大事的不同处理，表现出乡镇中产阶级家庭出身的少女对婚姻爱
情问题的不同态度，也借此表达了作者本人的婚姻观，即为财产打算的婚姻是没有幸福的，结婚不考虑财产是愚蠢的，讲究门第的包办婚姻不堪忍受，把婚姻当儿戏毫不足取，理想的婚姻要以感情为基础。书中的女主人公伊丽莎白与达西不顾门第和财富的差距，真心相爱，美满结合，是作者所颂扬的幸福婚姻。从伊丽莎白的身上，我们可以看到女性对人格独立和平等权利的追求；作者虽然没有反映出她那个时代的阶级矛盾和阶级斗争，然而她的强烈的阶级意识却表现了出来，对经济、财产决定婚姻关系乃至生活命运的揭露也可谓入木三分。西方有位马克思主义批评家大卫?戴克斯曾半开玩笑的说，在“揭露人类行为的经济原因”方面，奥斯汀“从某种意义上可以说在马克思以前就是马克思主义者了。”
五、总结
《傲慢与偏见》创作于十九世纪上半叶，距离今天已经将近二百年。可以说，二百年的变迁中女性的社会地位已经得到了很大的提高。如今的女性不再是依附于男性而生存的悲惨角色。女性不仅可以拥有继承父母财产的权利还拥有取得社会职位甚至作为国家领导人的权利。奥斯汀生活的年代“英国社会正从一个资本主义前期进入资本主工业化的过渡时期，在一个资产阶级新兴力量还远未发达起来而仍然在封建旧势力严控之下的英国农村地区，我们可以想见，妇女的地位是多么的低下。男性作为主体对作为客体的女性具有绝对的统治权，男女根本不平等。”但是奥斯汀在那时已经具备了很多女性的进步意识，拥有了自我意识和抗争精神，可以说已经是非常先进了。而伊丽莎白身上依然有着现代女性可以学习的诸多优良品质，她的聪慧更是女性立足所必须的品质。如果我们假设伊丽莎白是现代女性，我相信她可以成为非常优秀的职场女性，而不仅仅只是一个家庭主妇。时代的悲哀正在于此。
尽管这本著作诞生的年代早已离我们远去，但在作者珍?奥斯汀的笔下，我们可以感觉到有种身在其境的感觉，同时有种非要一次把整本书看完的欲望。有人认为，文学作品严格来说是不能翻译的，因为这些文字组成的完美，一旦经过他人的更改，所有原创性的精华必定只剩轮廓，其实各国文化天生差异的可爱之处亦正式在此，因为要人人精通各国文字几乎是不可能的事，“翻译”于是成了文化中的文化，它使得文学本身除了土壤性，更具备了共通性，甚至突破时空的隔阂，拉近历史与地理的先天距离，而人与人之间的关系更加亲密，而《傲慢与偏见》正是透过翻译才能让我们得以阅读这样的一本的好书。
参考文献：《傲慢与偏见》——简·奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》——从文学作品到影视作品《傲慢与偏见》的人物形象分析《傲慢与偏见》评论
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动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作 是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。 2、The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain 《哈克贝利.芬历险记》 简称《赫克》是美国文学中的珍品,也是美国文化中的珍品。十六年前【1984】 ,美国文坛为《赫克》出版一百周年举行了广泛的庆祝活动和学术讨论,也出版了一些研究马克吐温,特别是他的《赫克》的专著。专门为一位大作家的一本名著而举行如此广泛的纪念和专门的研究,这在世界文坛上也是少有的盛事。这是因为《赫克》的意义不一般. 美国著名作家海明威说, "一切现代美国文学来自一本书, 即马克吐温的《赫克尔贝里芬历险记》……这是我们所有书中最好的。一切美国文学都来自这本书,在它之前,或在它之后,都不曾有
过能与之媲美的作品。 3、The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James 《贵妇画像》 亨利.詹姆斯著】 美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注，专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。本文试图从一个全新的视角，即跨文化交际角度，剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者，并对其失败原因作了分析。希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。
“英美文学作品赏析”课程简介 一、课程简介 “英美文学作品赏析”(“Appreciation of British and American Literary Works”)是依据教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》中的较高要求，为非英语专业大学生开设的“语言文化”类课程。课程以阅读名家名作精彩片段为主，以欣赏相关作品音频、视频片段为辅，通过阅读、讲授、讨论、表演、诵读、赏析等生动活泼的形式，使学生了解英美两国文学简史，理解经典作品的主要艺术特色。本课程从考勤、学习过程、期末开卷考试三方面评估学生的学习情况。通过听、读、说、写、译的综合训练，致力于培养学生运用英语学科基础知识、运用文学常识鉴赏评析作品的能力。在轻松愉快的氛围中，提高学生的团队合作、创造性思维、跨文化交际能力，增强学生对英美文学、文化的兴趣与感悟力，促进学生语言基本功和人文修养的提高。 二、课程内容 课程共48学时，主要内容为：
三、课程考核 本课程的考查方式为：过程管理评估+期末考试评估 过程管理部分的考核构成学生平时成绩，占期末总成绩的40%；期末考试卷面成绩占期末总成绩的60%，即： 学生学期成绩=平时成绩40%+期末考试成绩60% 平时成绩=出勤40%+课堂表现20%+作业40% （作业包括翻译、课堂陈述、课堂表演、写作等灵活多样的形式） 期末考试方式：开卷考试（内容：英美文学常识，作品选段理解，作品选段分析等）四、选课指南 “英美文学作品赏析”是一门文化素养课。课程信息量大、文化内涵丰富，意图拓宽学生知识面，加深其英美国家文化底蕴，提高其人文修养。课程组在教学中力图做到精选作家、作品选段，精心选择相应的音频、视频选段，自制优美的PPP课件，精心组织教学活动，力争通过诵读、观赏、跟读、翻译、表演、陈述等丰富多彩的活动调动同学们的积极性，使其积极参与课堂活动。不少同学反映该课程对他们的英语学习和知识扩展有很大帮助，对英美作家的心路历程和写作历程感受颇深，自己“受益匪浅”。摘录同学评价如下： *“我学习到了很多，更收获到了自己心里憧憬已久的东西，感觉很是幸福。” “该课给了我接触文学，了解文学的机会。在现在这个物欲横流的社会，……我们需要一
英美文学名词解释总结 Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。 Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。 Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。 Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。 它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，
1. In the medieval period ， it is Chaucer alone who ， for the first time in English literature ， presented to usa comprehensive __picture of the English society of his time and created a whole galery of vivid ___ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales ”。 A. visionary / women B. romantic /men C. realistic / characters D. natural / figures 2. Although ____ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A. William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser 3. Humanism spume from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious ，intellectual side ，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the ____ of all things . A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 4. The essence of humanism is to ______. A. restore a medieval reverence for the church B. avoid the circumstances of earthly life C. explore the next world in which men could live after death D. emphasize human qualities 5. Many people today tend to regard the play “ The Merchant of Venice ” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___ and their false standards of friendship and love ， their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _________ . A. Christians / Jews B. Jews / Christians C. oppressors / oppressed D. people / Jews 6. In “ Sonnet 18 ”， Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _________ and the eternal __________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves . A. death/ life B. death/ love C. time / beauty D. hate / love 7.In The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. A. delightful B. satirical C. sentimental D. solemn 8. The religious reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the class struggles waged by the _____. A. rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology B. working class against the corruption of the bourgeoisie C. landlord class against the rising bourgeoisie and its ideology D. feudal class against the corruption of the Catholic Church 9. The ______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century . A. Renaissance B. Enlightenmrent C. Religious Reformation D. Chartist Movement 10.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common English people. A. romantic B. idealistic C. prophetic D. realistic 1. The title of the novel “ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ” written by James Joyce suggests a character study with strong _________ elements .
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century.It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe.The ideologies and events of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution laid the background for Romanticism. The Enlightenment also had influence on Romanticism .It was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing".famous romanticism writers are such as william Wordsworth:lyrical ballods、william whitman ：leaves of grass Realism beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-19th- and early-20th-century .It was a reaction againest romanticism and paved the way to modernism.the realism is product of europe capitalist system?s establishment and development.the philosophy and science of europe in 19th century has promated its production authors trend to depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism" ,realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized
英美文学史名词解释 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century, the literary device of "interior monologue" was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creations. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud 's theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the "stream of consciousness" method of novel writing. The striking feature
01. Humanism(人文主义) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人） It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century english poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poets was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. 04. Classcism(古典主义) Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)
1.A novel is a highly stylized prose account of fictional reality in the form of story with profundity for the purpose of changing the reader’s mind by the aid of the reader’s active involvement while providing entertainment and superior truth of life. 2.Character is an invented personality to resemble but never to equal a real person in life. Characters refer to people, animals, things, etc. in a literary work presented as people. 3.A plot is a particular arrangement of happenings in a novel that is aimed at revealing their causal relationships or at conveying the novelist’s ideas. 4.The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight about human beings and life. 5.Epistolary novel is a novel which consists of the letters the characters write to each other. 6.Roman a Clef is a novel with a key, and the key is usually a famous figure or, in some cases, the author. 7.Nonfictional novel is a novel that depicts real events with techniques of fiction. 8.Anagnorisis refers to the recognition by the tragic hero of some truth about his or her identity or actions that accompanies the reversal of the situation in the plot, the peripeteia. 9.Catharsis refers to the the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy. 10.Hamartia refers to the "tragic flaw" of the hero such as "sin," "error," "trespass,“and "missing the mark". 11.A ballad refers to a short simple narrative poem often relating a dramatic event (folk and literary). 12.A narrative poem is one that mainly tells a relatively complete story. 13.A sonnet is a lyric invariably of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. 1）Petrarchan Sonnet: Italian sonnet; Named after Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), the Italian poet; Introduced into English poetry in the early 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt; Structure: an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba and a sestet of various rhyme patterns such as cdecde, cdcdcd or cde edc.; Octave: projecting and developing a subject in the octave; sestet: executing a turn 2）Shakespearean Sonnet: Elizabethan sonnet; English sonnet; Developed first by Henry Howard (1517-1547) ; Structure: 3 quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg; 1st quatrain: introducing an idea; 2nd quatrain: complicating it; 3rd quatrain: complicating it still further; final epigrammatic couplet: resolving the whole thing 3）Spenserian Sonnet: a variant on the English Sonnet; Named after the 16th Century poet Edmund Spenser; Structure: 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee. 14.Rhyme refers to the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds. 15.Rhythm is communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables 16.Image refers to the element in a poem that sparks off the senses, the representation of sense experience through language
Postmodernism is the expression of thought and culture in art, literature, philosophy and politics in advanced capitalist period. “Post-” of “Postmodernism” is the inheritance and reaction to “modernism”. Postmodernism was originally used by artists and critics in New York in the 1960s and then employed by European theorists in the 1970s. Once this writing entered on the stage of history, it has brought us not only techniques such as parody, fragmentation, pastiche, collage, allegory, irony, playfulness, metafiction, but also intertextuality in history, philosophy, sociology, etc.. 英美文学名词解释(2013-06-29 16:58:29)转载▼ 标签：转载 原文地址：英美文学名词解释作者：kiwi 01. Humanism(人文主义) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. 2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. 3> the real mainstream of the english Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. 2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. 3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. 04. Classcism(古典主义) Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the