语言学导论复习
一．名词解释
1. Broad transcription （宽式音标） :Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.
2 .Componential[.k ?mp ?'nen ??l]analysis （成分分析）: Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists [s ?'m?nt ?sist] to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
3.Interlanguage （中介语；过渡语）：Proposed by S. Pit Corder and Larry Selinker, the concept of interlanguage was established as learners ' independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum [k ?n'tinju ?m]or approximation
[ ?.pr ?ksi'mei ??n] n. 接近，近似from his native language to the target language.
4. Competence & performance（语言能力和语言行为）：Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user ' s knogweleodf the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
5. Context （语境）: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic
study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer , such as cultural background, situation, the relationship between the speaker and the hearer , etc.
6. Language Acquisition（语言习得）：Language acquisition refers to the child ' s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.
7.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis [hai'p ? 0 isis]（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）：Sapir and Whorf, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters 过滤people 's perception 感官，观
念and the way they categorize 分类experiences. This interdependence 互相依赖
of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
nguage Acquisition Device（语言习得机制）：The linguist Noam Chomsky claims that human beings are biologically [bai ?'l?d?ikli] 生物
学地programmed for language and that the language develops in the
child just as other biological functions such as walking. Originally
Chomsky referred to this innate 天生的ability as Language Acquisition Device, (also known as LAD).
二．论述题
1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?
(1) The naming theory 命名论
One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also the most primitive one, was the naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The view holds that words are just names or labels 称谓for things.
(2) The conceptualist view 概念论
This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation
解释of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
(3) Contextualism 语境论
The view holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context —elements closely linked with language behaviour .
(4) Behaviorism 行为主义论
Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the
“ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth 唤起，引起in the hearer ” .(Bloomfield)
2. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.
According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts when speaking: locutionary [l ?u'kju: ??n ?ri]act( 言内行为), illocutionary act( 言外行为) , and perlocutionary act. ( 言后行为)
A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases and clauses.
It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker 's intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.
For example: “You have left the door wide open. ” Theocutionary act is the saying of it with its literal meaning: you have left the door open. The illocutionary act can be a request of the hearer to close the door, or making a compla int, depe nding on the con text. The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utteranee. It can be the hearer 'closing the door or his refusal to comply with the request.
