Active Galactic Nuclei at the Crossroads of Astrophysics

  • 格式:pdf
  • 大小:341.89 KB
  • 文档页数:16

arXiv:astro-ph/0606143v1 7 Jun 2006ActiveGalacticNucleiattheCrossroadsof

Astrophysics

AndreiLobanovandJ.AntonZensus

Max-Planck-Institutf¨urRadioastronomie,AufdemH¨ugel69,53121Bonn,Germany

Abstract.Overthelastfivedecades,AGNstudieshaveproducedanumberofspec-

tacularexamplesofsynergiesandmultifacetedapproachesinastrophysics.Thefield

ofAGNresearchnowspanstheentirespectralrangeandcoversmorethantwelve

ordersofmagnitudeinthespatialandtemporaldomains.Thenextgenerationofas-

trophysicalfacilitieswillopenupnewpossibilitiesforAGNstudies,especiallyinthe

areasofhigh-resolutionandhigh-fidelityimagingandspectroscopyofnuclearregions

intheX-ray,optical,andradiobands.Thesestudieswilladdressindetailanumberof

criticalissuesinAGNresearchsuchasprocessesintheimmediatevicinityofsupermas-

siveblackholes,physicalconditionsofbroad-lineandnarrow-lineregions,formation

andevolutionofaccretiondisksandrelativisticoutflows,andtheconnectionbetween

nuclearactivityandgalaxyevolution.

1Nuclearactivityingalaxies

Recentyearshavewitnessedsubstantialprogressinstudiesofactivegalactic

nuclei(AGN).Activityisobservedingalaxiesthroughouttheentirerangeofthe

electromagneticspectrum[35].Itismanifestedonspatialandtemporalscales

thatspanover12ordersofmagnitude,rangingfromseveralSchwarzschildradii

tomegaparsecsandfromminutestomillionsofyears[141].Onthesurface,the

activityofgalacticnucleicomesinmanyfaces,outlinedbytheuncomfortably

largenumberoftheAGNclasses—yettheunderlyingmechanismandphysical

conditionsinthenuclearregionsofallgalaxiesareprobablymoresimilarthan

mayappearatfirstglance[4,53,178].Lastbutnotleast,AGNarenowdetected

atredshiftsof6andbeyond[40],andtheymaybecloselyconnectedtothe

formationandevolutionofthelarge-scalestructure[124]andtotheepochof

reionizationoftheUniverse[39,113,151].

Thereisgrowingacceptanceofubiquityofthenuclearactivityingalaxies

anditsconnectiontothepresenceofsupermassiveblackholes(SMBH)inthe

centresofallmassivegalaxies[3,57,74,75].Observationsintheinfrared[52]and

sub-millimetrebands[124]indicatethatalmosteverygalaxyexhibitscertain

characteristicspreviouslythoughttoberelatedonlytoamuchnarrowerclassof

powerfulAGN.Thisimpliesthatvirtuallyallmassivegalaxiesmaygothrough

astrongAGNphaseinthecourseoftheircosmologicalevolution.Historically,

observationalstudiesofAGNhavebeenconcentratedlargelywithinsixbroadly

definedareas.

1.Surveyshavebeenusedeffectively,firstintheopticalandradiodomains

andlaterthroughoutmuchoftheelectromagneticspectrum,tofindcorrelations2Lobanov&Zensus

betweendifferenttypesofAGNandtotracetheircosmologicalevolution.The

databasesprovidedbytheROSAT,IRAS,ISO,SIRTFandVLA(FIRST[7]

andNVSS[21])surveyshavebecomethetruecornerstonesofAGNresearch,

aswellastheHSTandChandradeepfieldobservations.Theseeffortswillbe

takenfurtherbytheongoingSDSSsurvey[1]andtheSpitzersurveys[41].The

Spitzerdatahavealreadyyieldedafundamentalresultontheobscurationin

AGN,indicatingthatasmuchasthreequartersofallAGNarelikelytobe

obscuredatallredshifts[176],whichimpliesthatthenumberofactivegalax-

iesmaybemuchhigherthanwasthought.AGNstudiesinthenextdecade

willalsobenefitfrommulti-wavelengthsurveyssuchasthegreatobservatories

originsdeepsurvey(GOODS[56])whichaddressesAGNstructureanddemo-

graphics[66],unificationschemeandandAGN–SMBHco-evolution[53,176].A

numberofgroundandspaceVLBIsurveysundertakenintheradiointhecen-

timetre[43,47,70,72,88,98,137,143,168–170,186]andmillimetre[109,110,149]do-

mainshaverevealedawealthofinformationaboutmorphology[76,94,193],kine-

matics[87]andevolutionofradio-emittingmaterialinthenuclearregionsand

relativisticoutflowsinAGNonscalesdowntofractionsofaparsec.VLBIsurveys

havealsobeenusedeffectivelyforaddressingavarietyofgeneralastrophysical

problemsincludingAGNevolution[161]andpopulationmodelling[97,100],jet

formation[109],fundamentalastrophysicalemissionprocesses[86,99],andcos-

mology[60].

2.MorphologicalstudiesofAGNhavebeendoneextensivelyinthera-

dio[84,136],optical[139]andX-rayregimes[118,119],recoveringlarge-scale

structuresproducedbyAGN.Circumnucleardisksandtorihavebeenrevealed

conclusivelyinrecentoptical,near-infraredandradioobservations[79,91,128,183]

(Fig.1).Mostspectacularly,recentX-rayimagesobtainedwithChandrahave

showntheshocksandripplesintheintergalacticmediumexcitedbythecentral

engineinNGC1275[38].

3.Variabilitystudiesoflong-andshort-termchangesofcontinuumandline

emissionhaveenableddetailedinvestigationsofnon-stationaryprocessesinthe

immediatevicinityoftheSMBHandunderstandingbetterthephysicsofnu-

clearregionsofAGN[174].Timescalesprobedbythesestudiesrangefromhours

toseveraldecades[2,6,141,159,165,181,194].Thevariablecontinuumfluxisbe-

lievedtoberesponsibleforionizingthecloudmaterialinthebroad-lineregion

(BLR).Opticalspectrallineandcontinuumvariabilitydatahavebeencombined