Active Galactic Nuclei at the Crossroads of Astrophysics
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arXiv:astro-ph/0606143v1 7 Jun 2006ActiveGalacticNucleiattheCrossroadsof
Astrophysics
AndreiLobanovandJ.AntonZensus
Max-Planck-Institutf¨urRadioastronomie,AufdemH¨ugel69,53121Bonn,Germany
Abstract.Overthelastfivedecades,AGNstudieshaveproducedanumberofspec-
tacularexamplesofsynergiesandmultifacetedapproachesinastrophysics.Thefield
ofAGNresearchnowspanstheentirespectralrangeandcoversmorethantwelve
ordersofmagnitudeinthespatialandtemporaldomains.Thenextgenerationofas-
trophysicalfacilitieswillopenupnewpossibilitiesforAGNstudies,especiallyinthe
areasofhigh-resolutionandhigh-fidelityimagingandspectroscopyofnuclearregions
intheX-ray,optical,andradiobands.Thesestudieswilladdressindetailanumberof
criticalissuesinAGNresearchsuchasprocessesintheimmediatevicinityofsupermas-
siveblackholes,physicalconditionsofbroad-lineandnarrow-lineregions,formation
andevolutionofaccretiondisksandrelativisticoutflows,andtheconnectionbetween
nuclearactivityandgalaxyevolution.
1Nuclearactivityingalaxies
Recentyearshavewitnessedsubstantialprogressinstudiesofactivegalactic
nuclei(AGN).Activityisobservedingalaxiesthroughouttheentirerangeofthe
electromagneticspectrum[35].Itismanifestedonspatialandtemporalscales
thatspanover12ordersofmagnitude,rangingfromseveralSchwarzschildradii
tomegaparsecsandfromminutestomillionsofyears[141].Onthesurface,the
activityofgalacticnucleicomesinmanyfaces,outlinedbytheuncomfortably
largenumberoftheAGNclasses—yettheunderlyingmechanismandphysical
conditionsinthenuclearregionsofallgalaxiesareprobablymoresimilarthan
mayappearatfirstglance[4,53,178].Lastbutnotleast,AGNarenowdetected
atredshiftsof6andbeyond[40],andtheymaybecloselyconnectedtothe
formationandevolutionofthelarge-scalestructure[124]andtotheepochof
reionizationoftheUniverse[39,113,151].
Thereisgrowingacceptanceofubiquityofthenuclearactivityingalaxies
anditsconnectiontothepresenceofsupermassiveblackholes(SMBH)inthe
centresofallmassivegalaxies[3,57,74,75].Observationsintheinfrared[52]and
sub-millimetrebands[124]indicatethatalmosteverygalaxyexhibitscertain
characteristicspreviouslythoughttoberelatedonlytoamuchnarrowerclassof
powerfulAGN.Thisimpliesthatvirtuallyallmassivegalaxiesmaygothrough
astrongAGNphaseinthecourseoftheircosmologicalevolution.Historically,
observationalstudiesofAGNhavebeenconcentratedlargelywithinsixbroadly
definedareas.
1.Surveyshavebeenusedeffectively,firstintheopticalandradiodomains
andlaterthroughoutmuchoftheelectromagneticspectrum,tofindcorrelations2Lobanov&Zensus
betweendifferenttypesofAGNandtotracetheircosmologicalevolution.The
databasesprovidedbytheROSAT,IRAS,ISO,SIRTFandVLA(FIRST[7]
andNVSS[21])surveyshavebecomethetruecornerstonesofAGNresearch,
aswellastheHSTandChandradeepfieldobservations.Theseeffortswillbe
takenfurtherbytheongoingSDSSsurvey[1]andtheSpitzersurveys[41].The
Spitzerdatahavealreadyyieldedafundamentalresultontheobscurationin
AGN,indicatingthatasmuchasthreequartersofallAGNarelikelytobe
obscuredatallredshifts[176],whichimpliesthatthenumberofactivegalax-
iesmaybemuchhigherthanwasthought.AGNstudiesinthenextdecade
willalsobenefitfrommulti-wavelengthsurveyssuchasthegreatobservatories
originsdeepsurvey(GOODS[56])whichaddressesAGNstructureanddemo-
graphics[66],unificationschemeandandAGN–SMBHco-evolution[53,176].A
numberofgroundandspaceVLBIsurveysundertakenintheradiointhecen-
timetre[43,47,70,72,88,98,137,143,168–170,186]andmillimetre[109,110,149]do-
mainshaverevealedawealthofinformationaboutmorphology[76,94,193],kine-
matics[87]andevolutionofradio-emittingmaterialinthenuclearregionsand
relativisticoutflowsinAGNonscalesdowntofractionsofaparsec.VLBIsurveys
havealsobeenusedeffectivelyforaddressingavarietyofgeneralastrophysical
problemsincludingAGNevolution[161]andpopulationmodelling[97,100],jet
formation[109],fundamentalastrophysicalemissionprocesses[86,99],andcos-
mology[60].
2.MorphologicalstudiesofAGNhavebeendoneextensivelyinthera-
dio[84,136],optical[139]andX-rayregimes[118,119],recoveringlarge-scale
structuresproducedbyAGN.Circumnucleardisksandtorihavebeenrevealed
conclusivelyinrecentoptical,near-infraredandradioobservations[79,91,128,183]
(Fig.1).Mostspectacularly,recentX-rayimagesobtainedwithChandrahave
showntheshocksandripplesintheintergalacticmediumexcitedbythecentral
engineinNGC1275[38].
3.Variabilitystudiesoflong-andshort-termchangesofcontinuumandline
emissionhaveenableddetailedinvestigationsofnon-stationaryprocessesinthe
immediatevicinityoftheSMBHandunderstandingbetterthephysicsofnu-
clearregionsofAGN[174].Timescalesprobedbythesestudiesrangefromhours
toseveraldecades[2,6,141,159,165,181,194].Thevariablecontinuumfluxisbe-
lievedtoberesponsibleforionizingthecloudmaterialinthebroad-lineregion
(BLR).Opticalspectrallineandcontinuumvariabilitydatahavebeencombined