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FusionEngineeringandDesign86(2011)974–977

ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect

FusionEngineeringand

Design

journalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/fusengdes

RequirementsspecificationfortheNeutralBeamInjectoronFAST

M.Baruzzoa,∗,T.Bolzonellaa,G.Calabrob,F.Crisantib,A.Cucchiarob,D.Marcuzzia,W.Rigatoa,

M.Schneiderc,P.Sonatoa,M.Valisaa,P.Zaccariaa,J.F.Artaudc,V.Basiukc,A.Cardinalib,F.Imbeauxc,

L.LauroTaronia,M.Marinuccib,P.Manticad,F.Zoncab

aConsorzioRFX,EURATOM-ENEAAssociation,CorsoStatiUniti4,35127Padova,ItalybAssociazioneEuratom/ENEAsullaFusione,CP65-00044Frascati,Rome,ItalycCEA,IRFM,F-13108Saint-Paul-lez-Durance,FrancedIstitutodiFisicadelPlasma‘P.Caldirola’,AssociazioneEuratom-ENEA-CNR,Milano,Italy

articleinfo

Articlehistory:Availableonline3April2011

Keywords:FusionFASTNBIabstract

ThispaperdiscussesthescientificandtechnicalrequirementsforaNeutralBeamInjectionsystemontheFASTtokamakanddescribesapreliminaryconceptualdesignofasuitableinjector.FASTisbeingproposedasaEuropeanexperimentinsupporttotheoperationsonITERandtothedesignofDEMO.Thespecificmissionofthisdeviceisanintegratedapproachtoanumberofoutstandingburningplasmasphysicsandoperationalissueswithanemphasisontheimpactoffastparticlesonturbulenttransport.SuchscientificrequirementssetaseriesoftechnicalchallengesregardingtheinjectorandthecouplingoftheinjectortotheFASTmainchamberthatareaddressedinthepaper.Apreliminaryconceptualdesignoftheinjectorisproposedwhichattemptstomeetthestatedrequirements.©2011PublishedbyElsevierB.V.

1.Introduction

FASTisbeingproposedasaEuropeanexperimentinsupportto

theoperationsonITERandtothedesignofDEMO[1,2].Thespecific

missionofthisrelativelycompact(R=1.82m,a=0.64m)deviceis

anintegratedapproachtoanumberofoutstandingburningplas-

masphysicsandoperationalissueswithanemphasisontheimpact

offastparticlesonturbulenttransport.Inthisrespecttheinclusion

ofaNeutralBeamInjectortocomplementtheICRH,LHandECRH

systemsisofparticularrelevance.ThereferenceH-modescenario

inFASTfeaturesasingle-nulldiverted,6.5MAofplasmacurrent,

7.5Toftoroidalmagneticfieldand30MWoftotalinputpower

[1,2],withacentralelectrondensityofabout2.5×1020m−3.The

mainphysicsrequirementsforabeamonFASThavebeeninvesti-

gated,andseveralsimulationsvaryingbeamparameters(species,

energy,geometry,divergence)havebeenperformedbymeansof

theNEMO/SPOTcodes[3]simulatingtheinteractionofthebeam

withthestandardFASTH-modeplasma.Afullscenariosimula-

tionhasalsobeenperformedbyusingNEMO/SPOTcoupledtothe

CRONOStransportcode[4]inordertoassesstheeffectoftheNBI

inaselfconsistentway.Theresultingrequirementssetaseries

oftechnicalchallengesregardingtheinjectorandthecouplingof

theinjectortotheFASTmainchamber.Apreliminaryconceptual

∗Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+390498295074.E-mailaddress:matteo.baruzzo@igi.cnr.it(M.Baruzzo).designoftheinjectorisproposedwhichattemptstoovercome

thesechallenges.

2.Determinationofphysicsrequirements

ThemainphysicsrequirementsforabeamonFASTarethatin

ordertoberelevanttoburningplasmasthebeamgeneratedfast

particleshavetobesuper-Alfvenic,andthebeamenergymustbe

highenoughtoassuredeeppenetrationintheplasmaandalso

drivepreferentiallyelectronheatingtoemulatealphaheatingin

areactor.GiventheFASTtoroidalfield,injectionenergieshaveto

belargerthan0.7MeVforhydrogeninjectionand1MeVfordeu-

teriuminjectiontocreatesuper-Alfvenicions.Fastionpressure

hastobeoftheorderofafewpercentofthemagneticpres-

sure,andtheinjectedpowerhastosignificantlycontributetothe

totalrequiredinputpower,leadingtoanoveralldesigninjected

powerof10MW.Momentuminputandcurrentdrivecapabilities

areimportantingredientsaswell,forthisreasontangentialinjec-

tionismandatory.Beamsteeringisalsodesirabletoextendthe

studytodifferentprofilesoffastionsdensitiesandpowerdeposi-

tion,alongwiththepossibilitytoinjectforthewholeflattopphase,

oftheorderoftensofseconds,tostudyNBIeffectinstationary

regimes.

NBIfastionbirthprofileswerecalculatedusingNEMO,which

takesintoaccountthecrosssectionsofalloftheiongeneration

processes,plasmashape,plasmadensity,ionandelectrontemper-

atureprofiles.ItalsotakesintoaccounttheNBIparametersasthe

0920-3796/$–seefrontmatter©2011PublishedbyElsevierB.V.doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.03.012M.Baruzzoetal./FusionEngineeringandDesign86(2011)974–977975

Fig.1.Depositedpoweronelectrons(blue)andions(red)asafunctionofnormal-izedradius.(Forinterpretationofthereferencestocolorinthisfigurelegend,thereaderisreferredtothewebversionofthearticle.)

3Dconfigurationoftheinjector,theinjectedspeciesandtheion

energy.Theplasmashape,densityandtemperatureprofilesused

weretakenfromaCRONOSsimulation[4]ofFASTH-modestandard

scenariowith30MWofinjectedICRHpower,whereheatdiffusion

equationsweresolvedusingBohm/gyro-Bohmdiffusivitieswith

prescribedelectronandiondensities.Theionbirthprofileisthen

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ASTM A788

Designation:A788/A788M–10AnAmericanNationalStandard

StandardSpecificationfor

SteelForgings,GeneralRequirements1

ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationA788/A788M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.

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1.Scope*

1.1Thisspecification2coversagroupofcommonrequire-

mentsthat,unlessotherwisespecifiedintheindividualproduct

specification,shallapplytosteelforgingsunderanyofthe

followingspecificationsissuedbyASTM:

ASTMDesignationTitleA266/A266MCarbonSteelForgingsforPressureVesselComponentsA288CarbonandAlloySteelForgingsforMagneticRetainingRingsforTurbineGeneratorsA289/A289MAlloySteelForgingsforNonmagneticRetain-ingRingsforGeneratorsA290/A290MCarbonandAlloySteelForgingsforRingsforReductionGearsA291/A291MSteelForgings,CarbonandAlloy,forPinions,Gears,andShaftsforReductionGearsA336/A336MAlloySteelForgingsforPressureandHigh-TemperaturePartsA372/A372MCarbonandAlloySteelForgingsforThin-WalledPressureVesselsA427/A427MWroughtAlloySteelRollsforColdandHotReductionA469/A469MVacuum-TreatedSteelForgingsforGeneratorRotorsA470/A470MVacuum-TreatedCarbonandAlloySteelForgingsforTurbineRotorsandShaftsA471/A471MVacuum-TreatedAlloySteelForgingsforTur-bineRotorDisksandWheelsA504/A504MWroughtCarbonSteelWheelsA508/A508MQuenchedandTemperedVacuum-TreatedCarbonandAlloySteelForgingsforPres-sureVesselsA521/A521MSteel,Closed-ImpressionDieForgingsforGeneralIndustrialUseA541/A541MQuenchedandTemperedCarbonandAlloySteelForgingsforPressureVesselCompo-nentsA579/A579MSuperstrengthAlloySteelForgingsA592/A592MHigh-StrengthQuenchedandTemperedLow-AlloySteelForgedFittingsandPartsforPressureVesselsA646/A646MPremiumQualityAlloySteelBloomsandBil-letsforAircraftandAerospaceForgingsA649/A649MForgedSteelRollsUsedforCorrugatingPa-perMachineryA668/A668MSteelForgings,CarbonandAlloy,forGeneralIndustrialUseA711/A711MSteelForgingStockA723/A723MAlloySteelForgingsforHigh-StrengthPres-sureComponentApplicationA729/A729MAlloySteelAxles,HeatTreated,forMassTransitandElectricRailwayServiceA765/A765MCarbonSteelandLow-AlloySteelPressure-Vessel-ComponentForgingswithManda-toryToughnessRequirementsA768/A768MVacuum-Treated12%ChromiumAlloySteelForgingsforTurbineRotorsandShaftsA837/A837MSteelForgings,Alloy,forCarburizingApplica-tionsA859/A859MAge-HardeningAlloySteelForgingsforPres-sureVesselComponentsA891/A891MPrecipitationHardeningIronBaseSuperalloyForgingsforTurbineRotorDisksandWheelsA909/A909MSteelForgings,Microalloy,forGeneralIndus-trialUseA940/A940MVacuumTreatedSteelForgings,Alloy,Differ-entiallyHeatTreated,forTurbineRotorsA965/A965MSteelForgings,Austenitic,forPressureandHighTemperaturePartsA982/A982MSteelForgings,Stainless,forCompressorandTurbineAirfoilsA983/A983MSpecificationforContinousGrainFlowForgedCarbonandAlloySteelCrankshaftsforMediumSpeedDieselEnginesA986/A986MMagneticParticleExaminationofContinuousGrainFlowCrankshaftForgingsA1021/A1021MMartensiticStainlessSteelForgingsandForgingStockforHigh-TemperatureSer-viceA1048/A1048MPressureVesselForgings,AlloySteel,HigherStrengthChromium-Molybdenum-TungstenforElevatedTemperatureServiceA1049/A1049MStainlessSteelForgings,Ferritic/Austenitic(Duplex),forPressureVesselsandRelatedComponents