西方文明史

西方文明史参考题I．名词解释：（每卷5题，每题4分）Civis the Aegean Sea Periclesthe Etruscans Antony colereHector ostracism .imperium Cleopatra social pluralism Achilles.Megara Latium Pompey representative bodies Odysseus Aeschyluspatrician princeps the classical legacy Hellenic Aristophanes plebeianthe Principate individualism AcropolisMyron Romulus imperatorwestern Christianity Helots Xerxesfasces Cicero European languages Areopagus Thucydides tribuneOvid Semites archonHerodotus decemvirs Livyseparation of spiritual and temporal authority agora Brutus and Cassius the Parthenon consul pontifex maximus Mesopotamia Solon Platoequestrian amphitheate Helladic period ephor Socrates .HannibalRoman rotunda oligarchy yeomenDiogenes grmmaticus Apostolic Succession the Ionians Draconian the Peripatos populares Pantheon the Dorians Pisistratus Constitution of the Athenians optimatesthe Eucharist Crete ZeusPhilip of Macedon Laocoon the Ostrogothsthe Minoans Apollo Elements of Geometry Marius the Visigoth Agamemnon Poseidon Archimedes .novus homo tetrarchy Troy HeraSulla Nero the V ulgateGreek Dark Ages Athena Graeco-Roman tradition SpartacusII.简答题（每卷3题，每题10分）Hat is civilization?Why was Cimon ostracized?How did the Romans treat the conquered after the conquest of Italy?What is the difference between culture and civilization?Explain the Delian League.What was education like in the early centuries of the Roman RepubliDo you think the city plays a vital role in the development of civilization?Explain the Thirty Y ears’ Peace.Why did Sulla march with his troops on Rome?What are some of the theories of civilization?How did Athens form the Athenian Empire?How did Crassus achieve his political eminence in Rome?Why did Western civilization use to be called Western Christendom?How did the democracy work during the period of the Athenian Empire?Comment on the formation of the First Triumvirate.What basis did the tradition of the rule of law lay in Western civilization?Who were the main competitors for leadership of the Greek world after the Great Peloponnesian War.On what powers did Gaius Julius Caesar’s supreme political position rest?Can you trace back to the roots of Western civilization?Comment on the SophistsWhy was Gaius Julius Caesar assassinated?Explain classical civilization.Explain the Hippocratic Oath.What implications did Octavian’s title “Augustus” carry?What do we call Mycenaean?Talk about the difference between the Academy and the Lyceum.How did Octavian become Rome’s first emperor?Comment on Draco’s laws.Explain the Hellenistic Age.Comment on the last century of the Roman Republic and the Augustan Age as the high point of Roman culture. Explain Iliad and Odyssey.Comment on Alexander the Great.Explain Aeneid.Explain Iliad and Odyssey.Comment on Alexander the Great..Explain Aeneid.What were Homer’s gods like?Explain the heliocentric theory.Explain the Day of Judgement.Define the concept of polis.Explain the curiate assemblyExplain Sermon on the Mount.Explain the hoplite phalanx.Explain the centuriate assmbly.How did Rome become a center of the early Christian Church?Explain the Peloponnesian League.Comment on the power of consulship during the early Roman Republic.Describe and comment on what happened between Ambrose (bishop of Milan) and Emperor Theodosius in 390. Why is Clisthenes called the father of Athenian democracy?Explain the Twelve Tables.Comment on the Athanasians and the Arians.In what tradition were the modern Olympic Games originated?What were the basic responsibilities of the office of praetor?Explain the Latin Doctors.Explain the cult of Delphian Appolo.How was democracy defined in Greek terms?What role did the Roman Senate play when Gaius Julius Caesar was in power?.Explain the cult of Dionysus.Comment on the slavery in classical Greece.On what powers did Gaius Julius Caesar’s supreme political position rest?Explain the Orphic cultWhat was the aftermath of the Greek victory over the Persians in the Persian warsWhy was Gaius Julius Caesar assassinated?III．论述题：（每卷2题，每题25分）Why do you think civilization is inseparable from culture?What was “the struggle of the orders”? What methods did plebeians use to get what they wanted?What makes the West western?How was Roman society different after “the struggle of the orders” ended?Comment on the foundations of Western civilization in the ancient world.Why did Romans and Carthaginians clash in the First and Second Punic Wars?How do your view the influence of Western civilization and culture on the modern world?What problems did the Roman victory in the Punic Wars create for Rome?Comment on the generally accepted view that Western civilization was originated in classical civilization. Until 265 B.C. what were the motives for and stages in the expansion of Roman territory?Why did the Greeks consider the polis a unique and valuable institution?How was Rome able to conquer and control Italy?Comment on the period of reconstruction and reorganization from Diocletian to Constantine.How did the fundamental political, social, and economic institutions of Athens and Sparta compare about 500 B.C.? How did Rome’s desires for security, w ealth, power, and fame shape its relations with Greece and Asia Minor in the second century B.C.?Comment on Sparta’s unique forms of government and society about 500 B.C.What social, economic, and political problems did Italy have in the second century B.C.?Why did the ancient Greeks develop a system of the city-state, not form a unified country?What reform program did the Gracchi brothers wanted to implement in Rome in the second century B.C. and why did it fail?What is the significance of the Homeric epics?To what extent was th e Roman Republic d estroyed by ambitious generals who loved power more than Rome itself? Comment on Homeric society.How did Augustus alter Rome’s constitution and government?Comment on the religion and Olympian gods in archaic Greece?What solutions did Augustus provide for the problems that had plagued the Roman Republic?Why did the Greeks and Persians go to war in 490 and 480 B.C. and why were the Greeks able to defeat the Persians?Why were the Roman people willing to accept Augustus as their head of state?Why did Athens and Sparta come to blows in the Great Peloponnesian War?How did the literature in the Golden Age of Augustus differ from that of the Silver Age during the first andSecond centuries A.D.?What was e ach side’s strategy for victory in the Great Peloponnesian War?What contributions did the poetry of V ergil and Horace make to the stabilization of Augustus’s imperial system of government?In what ways were the tensions that characterized Greek life in the Classical Period reflected in its art, literature, and philosophyDiscuss the early development of Christianity in Rome.How does Hellenistic art differ from that of the Classical Period?Why were Christians at first persecuted by Roman authorities?How and why did Philip II conquer Greece between 359 and 338 B.C.?What enabled Christians to acquire enormous popularity by the fourth century A.D.?What were the major consequences of the early death of Alexander the Great?How did Christianity emerge as the state religion in Rome?Comment on Alexander the Great as a promoter of Greek civilization.。

西方文明史与经典导读摘要：一、引言1.介绍西方文明史的概念与意义2.强调经典导读在了解西方文明史中的重要性二、西方文明史的概述1.古希腊文明2.古罗马文明3.中世纪欧洲4.文艺复兴时期5.近现代西方文明三、经典导读在西方文明史中的地位1.希腊罗马神话2.荷马史诗3.古希腊哲学4.古罗马政治哲学5.基督教经典四、经典导读对西方文明史的影响1.思想观念的传播与演变2.文化传统的继承与发展3.社会制度的建立与变革五、结论1.总结西方文明史与经典导读的关系2.强调经典导读在现代社会中的价值正文：西方文明史是一部漫长而丰富的史诗，涵盖了从古希腊、古罗马时期到中世纪、文艺复兴、近现代等各个阶段。

在这部历史中，经典导读起着至关重要的作用，它们既是西方文明的重要组成部分，也是我们了解西方文明的重要窗口。

古希腊文明是西方文明的滥觞，其诸多思想家、艺术家为后世留下了丰富的遗产。

其中，荷马史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》描绘了古希腊英雄传奇，成为后世文学的典范；而苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等哲学家则奠定了西方哲学的基础。

古罗马文明在政治、法律、建筑等领域取得了卓越成就，如西塞罗、塔西佗等政治家的著作，以及古罗马法典，对后世产生了深远影响。

中世纪欧洲，基督教成为主导文化，圣经及其相关解读成为最重要的经典。

基督教神学家如圣奥古斯丁、圣托马斯·阿奎那等的著作，为宗教信仰和道德观念提供了系统阐述。

文艺复兴时期，人文主义兴起，人们开始重新关注古希腊罗马文化，人文主义者如彼特拉克、埃拉斯谟等致力于发掘、传播古典文化，进一步丰富和发展了西方文明。

近现代西方文明在科学、民主、工业等领域取得了突破性进展。

牛顿、伽利略等科学家的成就推动了科学技术的飞速发展；而启蒙运动中伏尔泰、卢梭、康德等思想家的著作，为现代民主、法治、人权观念的普及奠定了基础。

总之，西方文明史与经典导读紧密相连，经典作品既是历史发展的见证，也是推动文明进步的动力。

西方文明史总结题型介绍英文部分: 选择10 * 2’判断10* 1’简答4 * 5’(英文表述)中文部分：论述2* 15’ 1 * 20’Chapter 1 The Greek World – The Age of Alexander the Greet1.Polis —城邦2.城邦社会结构（图在ppt上）自由人—libertinus 公民—polite 全权公民（成年男性）—full-citizenship奴隶—helot 外邦人—resident aliens 妇女—woman贵族—aristocrat 平民—commonerLimitation（局限性）a.不是现代意义上的民主，而是男性公民的民主（广大妇女，奴隶，外邦移民无权利）Not in the sense of modern democracy, but full-citizenships of democratic (the women, helot, andresident aliens without rights)b.即是伟大文明的催化剂，又是社会不公的一种暴力机器。

That is not only great civilization of catalyst, but also a kind of social injustice violence machine.The right of full-citizens（权利）a.political rulernd ownerc.polis defender(the hoplite phalanx重装步兵)3.Socrates, Plato and Aristotle(苏格拉底，柏拉图和亚里士多德)a.Socrates(苏格拉底)Know thyself！（认识你自己）Question everything（求索万物）Only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness(快乐从追求美德开始)b. Plato(柏拉图)The academy（雅典学院）Theory of ideas(理念论)The repubilc（理想国）Allegory of the cave（洞穴理论）Equality of man and woman（男女平等）Advocated instead the leadership of enlighted philosopher-king(哲学王) who would control rather than consult the masses.c.Aristotole(亚里士多德)“Golden Mean”（中庸之道）——everthing in moderationLogic（逻辑学）三人思想的异同Socrates：Plato’s teach er,advocated materialism(唯物主义)，contributed more to educationand turned natrual research into human research in philosophy. He believed that in the pursuit of natural truth is endless(把哲学从研究自然转向研究自我，他认为对于自然的真理的追求是无穷尽的)Plato：Aritotle’s teacher,advocated id ealism(唯心主义). He believed that the world is consisted of “idea of the world” and “reasonable world”Aristotle: Encyclopedic scholar, advocated materialism(唯物主义), viewed that education is country function.4.polysism(多神教)5.“Hellenistic” Greece:希腊化时代—Hellenistic（希腊化）=Greek-like6.Alexandar the Great（综合评价）a.one of the most fascinating and controversal figures of historyb. he had an active,searching mind and a great love of physical exertion(运用)c.he was arrogant,but maintained a cool,self-control in the midst of actiond. his fame was enhanced by his ablity to inspire courage in his soldierse. he often got the jump on his enemies,outmaneuvering(以计谋获胜) them before they even knew what was going onf.Alexander was also exceedingly clever and acted decisively(果断的) when others hesitatedg. He could anticipate success and intuitively(直觉的) knew how to cope with(处理) each situationh. He took risks and when the outcome was in doubt,defied uncertainty, and managed each situation with boldnessi.He had a larger vision to bring together many races under one ruler and under one form of government. His goal was to make humankind a single poepleChapter 2 The Roman Republic—Origins,Breakdown and Rebirth1.Fouding of Rome(800BC)罗马城市的建立The legend of Romulus and Remus2.powers of the western meditertaneanGreeks and Carthaginians(迦太基人)3.The conquest of ItalyBy 270BC,Rome had expanded to the southern tip of Italy,had succeeded in establishing contractual alliances(联盟)4.Rome and Carthage(迦太基)—Power of the western mediterraneana.the carthaginians, who had established a commercial hegemony(贸易霸权) believed that the ascendant(优势的) Rome threatened their control of the ragionb.The Carthaginian (Punic) wars 布匿战争（三次）First Punic war- fought over Sicilian citySecond Punic war –Hannibal(汉尼拔)of carthage led army across Alps into ItalyThird Punic war –North Africa becomes Roman province5.罗马共和社会的表现形态Consul（执政官）代替行使国家权力，两名执政官互相牵制Senate（元老院）元老院有权批准、认可法律，并通过执政官掌管财政外交，统辖行省和实施重大宗教措施等。

西方文明史概述西方文明史概述西方文明是一种以基督文化为核心的文明，从古代希腊时期开始起源，经过数千年的发展和演变，逐步形成了西方文明体系。

上古时期，希腊文明开创了西方思想史，罗马共和国建立了文明规则，而且将希腊文化进行了广泛传播；中世纪时期，基督教开创了西方文化精神，兴起了封建文明，西方文学、绘画、建筑、书法等文化在中世纪进行了大规模的发展和创新；十六世纪以后，出现了科技革命，西方实现了思想上的前进，人文主义得到了发展。

18世纪，工业革命改变了西方人民的生活方式，20世纪，核爆炸使人类进入新的历史阶段。

西方文明具有强大的普遍性、推动性和吸引力，它对世界文明起到重要的推动作用。

西方文明不仅给其他文明带来了思想洗礼，更重要的是它带给世界文明一种博大的想象力和创新活力。

西方文明的精神比重高，侧重于明确的文字记载，凡是非文字的传说、歌谣等只能被称为“民间文学”，它们只有在口头中传播，才有可能传承下来，它们只能作为文学思想的补充，而不是西方文明史的基础。

西方文明体系最大的特征，就是它发展出一种独特的法治精神，它认为法律应该由人民自行制定，而不能依赖神的教导，法律就是至高无上的，人民对法律的尊重是西方文明的重要特征。

西方文明的发展还有一个重要的特征，就是它的理性性，它强调的是理性的思考和行为，它推崇的是科学的发现和应用，它认为逻辑与推理可以解决社会和精神问题，它还敦促人们以正当的手段实现自己的目标，不能依靠私心和欺诈来获取私利。

在西方文明中，人们对科学发展的意识也进一步增强，它强调以理性和科学的态度来看待世界，从而形成以科学为核心的新型文明。

总之，西方文明从古代希腊、罗马时期，到基督教时期，再到文艺复兴时期，最后是科技革命和工业时代，西方文明经历了数千年的变化，它提出了一系列新的思想观念，形成了一种独特的文明体系，它的存在与发展已经成为人类历史上不可或缺的一部分。