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跨文化交际知识要点概览

跨文化交际知识要点概览
跨文化交际知识要点概览

跨文化交际知识要点概览

1.Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. To an anthropologist it means all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, think, and feel. People have to learn the culture ways of their community: they are not something that people in the group are born with. We learn some the ways of our culture by growing up in it.

2.Instinctive behavior is a pattern of behavior that an animal is born with. Spiders’spinning their webs is an example of instinctive behavior. The mother spider doesn’t teach her babies how to spin webs. They know how to do it when they are born. This is what we mean by instinctive behavior.

3.The characteristics of culture: 1/ Culture is holistic and can be broken down into several subsystems, including a kinship system, a religious system, a political system and so on. The various system of culture is closely interrelated and any change in a subsystem will affect the whole system. 2/ each culture, past or present, is coherent and complete within itself, an entire view of the universe. Regardless of how peculiar a fragment of culture seems, when it is placed within the whole tapestry, it makes sense. The completeness of cultures also means members looking out from their own seamless view of the universe probably do not see anything lacking in their “unifying and consistent vision”.3/ Cultures is subject to change over time. It loses some of its traits and gains new ones. Every culture changes over time although the rate of change of every culture varies. Four major mechanisms account for the change of cultures: technological invention, disasters (including natural and human calamities), culture contact, and environmental factors. 4/ Culture are not instinctive and can be learned. Culture propagates through generations, which adopt their old customs and traditions as a part of their culture.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/d06826974.html,yers of culture; There are many interpretations of culture. We like to compare culture with an onion, which consists of many layers. One popular division of culture includes three layers: the surface layer, all kinds of behaviors man conducts. It

includes all the direct contents in the field of culture, language, clothes and so on. This is the level of explicit culture. Middle layer, criterion and sense of worth which lead to the recognition of what being right and wrong. Deep layer, basic judgment. People have basic judgment toward the question like, what is life/ how to deal with the problems appearing in life/what is beauty.

5.Culture shock can be described as the feeling of confusion and disorientation that one experiences when facing with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations. people’s response to culture shock vary greatly, from excitement and energetic action to withdrawal, depression, physical illness, and hostility. The notion of culture shock calls shock calls for two useful points to mind. First, culture shock is more a product of the situation than of the traveler’s personal character. Second , culture shock, like other kinds of “shock”, is normally transitory. It passes with time.

6.Culture shock is divided into five stages. Each stage can be long standing or appears only under certain conditions. Researchers have found that most people go through very similar stages during the process of adapting to a new culture. They have identified five distinct stages, called: honeymoon stage, rejection stage, adjustment stage, acceptance stage, reentry stage.

7.According to cross-culture theorists, individualism and collectivism are the basic clusters of values and assumptions. Individualist cultures have been described as “I”cultures. That is to say, in cultures that score high on individualism, the basic social unit is the individual. in such cultures, the individual human being is seen as having intrinsic worth, and individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to others.. Cultures with collectivist orientations, in contrast, place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we”cultures because the basic unit is the in-group or collective. The survival of the group is more important than that of any individual member.

8.Intercultural communication looks at how people, from different culture backgrounds, try to communicate, and attempts to produce some guideline under

which people from different cultures can better communicate with each other. Intercultural communication can include international, inter-ethnic, interracial, and inter-regional communication.

9. Intercultural communication is both difference-based and culture-based. As a discipline, intercultural communication studies problems that arise in the course of communicating across cultures. Condon(1974)high lightened three areas as most problematic in intercultural exchange: Language barriers, different values and different cultural patterns of behavior.

10.Greeting can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often a combination of the two. It has no function of transferring information but have only phatic functions. Generally speaking, it is regarded as impolite and impertinent in western culture to ask people about their age, salary, martial status, and so on.

11.Address form is one of makers of the politeness and is an indispensable part of communication. The extension of kinship terms is a feature of Chinese culture. In China, we usually address a stranger, even an acquaintance, with some titles,such as “大妈”(grandma). However, English-speaking people tend to only use the first name and leave out the terms of relationship.

12. The kinship terms for both paternal and maternal sides in Chinese culture are different. However, the English kinship terms, such as uncle, cousin, aunt,grandpa have no difference between paternal and maternal sides.

13.In Chinese, address forms are oriented by generation, age,paternal and maternal relationship and in-law relationship. In English-speaking culture, sisters and brothers address each others’ name. People address their neighbors, friends, and colleagues by their name after the first introduction is over.

14.It is also quite common for the Chinese to use position-linked or occupation-linked titles to address people, such as Manager Wang(王经理), Director zhang(张主任), Director general Ma(马组长). In more formal situations, the title along with family name is more appropriate. Americans have only a limited name of titles to be used before a person’s family name, such as Doctor, Professor, Judge, President, Senator, etc.

15.Every society has hierarchy to some degree.Individualist western cultures tend to be

relatively egalitarian. They try to minimize rank and power differences, and try to place limits on the power of people in authority. Westerners generally have less respect for seniority, such as age, position, like people in collectivist culture do.

16.“Equality” can mean different things in different western countries. For example, in the US, equality almost always means “equality of opportunity”, not equal wealth. They believe everyone should be given an equal chance, but then people deserve whatever rewards they work for. In contrast, Western Europeans, especially Scandinavians, tend to feel that equality of opportunity alone will not guarantee social or material equality. So these cultures place more emphasis on material equality, and their tax and social welfare systems are designed to ensure that the difference in wealth between citizens is not large.

17.When visiting, the most important thing is punctuality. Visitors must arrive at the meeting place according to the given time. According to western custom, “seeing the bottom” is the ideal ending to a meal, however, Chinese hospitality is extremely different when involving food, the more they eat, the more they are given.

18.To contrast to western culture, in china visitors often stand up suddenly and say, “得走了,还有要紧事”. The host may say “请慢走“. All of these can’t be translated into English literally. According to Chinese culture, the host and the visitors exit from the door together and continue walking some distance while continue to converse. The distance to which the the host accompanies a guest is an indication of the esteem in which he or she is held. As a general rule, Chinese prefer not to go back until the visitor is out of sight.

19.“projected culture similarity”is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more or less the same as we do.

20.Politeness is first of all be conceived as phenomenon, an observable social phenomenon, and best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette. Over the two thousand years, self-denigration has been at the core of Chinese notion of politeness.

21. A western-style conversation between people is like a game of tennis. If i am a westerner, when i introduce a topic, a conversation ball, i expect you to hit back and add something, a reason for agreeing or a remark to carry the idea further. But, i don’t expect you always to agree.

22.Friendship in China share too much privacy and more obligations among them. Westerners’ friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.

23.In china, friendship means a strong life-long bond between two people, then the friendship develop slowly, since they are built to last. American society change rapidly and their friendship develop quickly , and they may change just as quickly. 24.Throughout much of Chinese history, the fundamental glue that has held society together is the concept of guanxi(关系),or relationships between people. It has been and remains a deep seated concept that lies at the core of Chinese society. There is another important vehicle in social exchange, that is reqing(人情), which is literally translated as human sentiment or human emotion. In fact, reqing follows Confucian notion of reciprocity.

25.The unclear family usually consists the father, the mother, and their children and has its own separate residence and economically independent of other family members.

26.Family is built on love. Tradition Chinese family value that men determine the affairs outside and women take charge of the matters inside. When searching for the right one to get marry, the westerners prefer their spiritual world.

27.Color words can not only express the natural colors, but also reflect the view of value and aesthetic standard of a people

28.Red is the Chinese culture is a basic esteem color. It is a tradition for the Chinese people to use red to express happiness and luck. In Chinese feudal society, the common people were forbidden to dress in any other colors except white. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, white clothing means ordinary people. In the ancient china, yellow is the most respectable color in all colors. In the same way, in English culture, blue are connected with the royal family. For example, having blue blood means a person belonging to royal family.

29.In English there is a phrase “ black Friday”. In religion, black means grief, despair and death. Friday refers to the Friday before Easter day. Jesus was suffering at

that day.

30.Numbers are created from the interaction of humans’social and cultural behavior with their ability to conceptualize the outside world. So a number is not only used as a counting and calculation tool, but also carries profound connotations, reflecting the unique culture of a country.

31.In Chinese culture, heaven and earth produce by the interaction of two existential and powerful forces of the universe, yin and yang. In china, the mystery of the numbers has been much influenced by the concept of yin and yang. Ancients divide the ten numbers into two groups. The odd numbers are Yang, implying “the heaven, the male”, while the even numbers are Yin, implying“the Earth, the female”.

32.“Nine”, as the largest single digit, symbolized the supreme sovereignty of the emperor who was “the son of the heaven”. “nine”(or its multiples) is often employed in the Chinese ancient architecture, particularly imperial buildings.

33.English people worship number “four”, symbol of justice, righteousness, power, the fountain of creation, and key of everything in the world. For instance, to the ancient people, the cosmos is made up of four elements:earth, air, water, and fire. 34.The Han people worship yi(一)since ancient times. They hold the belief that all things on earth comes from yi, because yi has the similar meaning with yuan(元), shi (始), chu(初), meaning the source. The Taoist believes that “one makes two, two makes three, and three makes everything on earth”. Yi means complete.

35.Christianity has a strong influence in the culture connotation of numbers in the western countries. The religious tradition of the Christian Trinity, which is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, has endowed a mysterious number “three”with divinity and perfection. The wide spread interest of number “three”still remains in the Westerner’s mind or thinking today.

36.For ancient Chinese, “three”stands for the three parts of the universe:heaven, earth, and human. And it is said that there are three creators of the universe, governing the earth and the fairyland. The number three indicates perfection and completeness. Here “三生” refers to the previous life, present life and next life.

跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理

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