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跨文化沟通的要点总结在当今全球化的世界中，跨文化沟通已经成为一项必备的能力。
随着国际交流的增加，理解和应对不同的文化差异变得至关重要。
本文将总结跨文化沟通的要点，以帮助读者更好地应对各种跨文化交流的挑战。
第一要点：了解不同文化背景跨文化沟通的第一要点是深入了解不同文化的背景和价值观。
不同文化有不同的方式来看待事物、处理问题和表达观点。
通过学习目标文化的语言、历史、宗教和社会习俗等方面的知识，可以更好地理解他人的观点和行为，减少误解和冲突的发生。
第二要点：尊重和接纳多样性在跨文化沟通中，尊重和接纳多样性是非常重要的。
我们必须理解每个人的文化背景不同，他们的行为和观点可能并不与我们相同。
尊重多样性包括接受不同的观点和习俗，并且不轻易做出主观评价。
通过展示开放和包容的态度，我们可以建立积极的跨文化关系。
第三要点：避免刻板印象和偏见在跨文化沟通中，我们必须避免使用刻板印象和偏见来理解他人。
刻板印象是对某个文化或民族群体的固定且片面的看法，而偏见则是根据个人的主观观点对他人做出不公正的评价。
为了建立良好的跨文化关系，我们应该摒弃这些偏见，并以开放的心态去接触和了解他人。
第四要点：积极倾听和观察积极倾听和观察是有效跨文化沟通的关键。
在与他人交流时，我们应该倾听他们的观点和意见，并尊重他们的观点。
同时，观察非语言信号也是非常重要的。
不同文化可能有不同的身体语言和表达方式，通过观察他人的姿态、表情和语气，我们可以更好地理解他们的意图和情感。
第五要点：灵活适应不同的沟通方式不同的文化有不同的沟通方式。
有些文化更加注重直接表达，而另一些文化则更倾向于暗示和间接表达。
为了在跨文化环境中进行有效的沟通，我们应该灵活适应不同的沟通方式。
尝试理解对方的语言风格和交际习惯，并采取适当的沟通策略，以确保信息能够准确传达。
第六要点：培养跨文化敏感性和适应能力跨文化沟通需要培养跨文化敏感性和适应能力。
敏感性是指对不同文化间的差异有敏锐的觉察和理解能力。
跨文化交际知识点总结一、文化差异文化差异是跨文化交际中最显而易见的挑战之一。
不同文化有着不同的价值观、信仰、习俗和礼仪，这些差异可能会导致误解和冲突。
因此，了解不同文化之间的差异是非常重要的。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要尊重并理解对方的文化，避免出现冲突和误解。
二、语言障碍语言是人们进行跨文化交际的工具，而不同的语言可能会带来沟通障碍。
在跨文化交际中，人们可能面对语言不通、口音差异、语法错误等问题。
因此，提前学习和了解对方的语言是非常重要的。
此外，人们还可以通过学习一些国际通用的语言，比如英语，来帮助解决语言障碍。
三、非语言交流除了语言交流之外，非语言交流也是跨文化交际中非常重要的一部分。
比如肢体语言、眼神交流、面部表情等都能传递出人们内心的真实想法和感情。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要学会观察和理解对方的非语言信号，这样才能更好地进行交流和沟通。
四、文化敏感度文化敏感度指的是对不同文化的敏感和理解能力。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要拥有足够的文化敏感度，才能更好地进行交流和合作。
文化敏感度包括对不同文化的尊重、理解和包容，同时也要避免出现歧视和偏见。
五、文化适应能力文化适应能力是指在不同文化环境中，人们能够适应和融入当地文化的能力。
在跨文化交际中，人们有时需要到不同的文化环境中工作和生活，这就需要他们具备一定的文化适应能力。
文化适应能力包括对当地文化的理解和尊重，同时也要保持自己的文化特色和认同感。
六、跨文化沟通技巧跨文化沟通技巧包括对话技巧、谈判技巧、冲突管理等。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要具备一定的跨文化沟通技巧，才能更好地进行跨文化交际。
比如，人们需要学会用简单明了的语言沟通，避免使用隐晦难懂的词语；在谈判时，要尊重对方的文化和利益；在冲突出现时，要学会妥善处理，避免情绪化和愤怒。
总之，跨文化交际是当今社会中非常普遍的现象，人们需要学会适应和处理好跨文化交际中的各种挑战和障碍。
除了以上所述的知识点之外，还有许多其他的跨文化交际知识点，比如文化适应、文化冲突解决等等。
跨文化交际知识点在当今全球化的时代，跨文化交际变得日益频繁和重要。
无论是在国际商务、旅游、教育还是日常生活中，我们都有可能与来自不同文化背景的人进行交流。
理解跨文化交际的知识点，能够帮助我们更好地应对这种交流，避免误解和冲突，建立良好的关系。
首先，我们需要明白文化的定义和范畴。
文化不仅仅包括语言、宗教、风俗习惯，还涵盖价值观、思维方式、社会规范等深层次的元素。
比如，在某些文化中，直接的眼神交流被视为真诚和自信的表现；而在另一些文化中，过多的直接眼神接触可能被认为是不礼貌或具有攻击性。
语言是跨文化交际中最明显的工具，但语言的差异远远不止于词汇和语法。
不同语言中的隐喻、习语、委婉表达等都反映了各自文化的特点。
例如，中文里的“竹篮打水一场空”，如果直接翻译成其他语言，可能让不了解中国文化的人感到困惑。
非语言交流在跨文化交际中也起着关键作用。
肢体语言、面部表情、手势等都可能有不同的含义。
在西方国家，点头通常表示同意，而在一些亚洲国家，点头可能只是表示在倾听，不一定表示同意。
微笑在大多数文化中是友好的表示，但在某些特定情境下，可能有不同的解读。
价值观是文化的核心部分。
个人主义和集体主义是常见的价值观对比。
在个人主义文化中，如美国，强调个人的成就和独立；而在集体主义文化中，如日本和中国，更注重集体的利益和和谐。
这种价值观的差异会影响到决策方式、工作态度和社交行为等方面。
时间观念在不同文化中也有所不同。
有些文化重视准时，将时间视为宝贵的资源，严格按照时间表行事；而在另一些文化中，时间可能更具有弹性，更注重人际关系和当下的交流。
空间观念也存在文化差异。
例如，在一些文化中，人们在交流时倾向于保持较近的身体距离，而在其他文化中，人们则更偏好较大的个人空间。
宗教信仰对文化和交际方式有着深远的影响。
不同的宗教有着不同的教义、仪式和禁忌。
了解对方的宗教信仰和相关的文化传统，能够避免因无知而产生的冒犯。
在跨文化交际中，还需要注意文化定势和文化偏见的问题。
跨文化交际知识点总结随着全球化的深入发展，跨文化交际成为一种越来越重要的能力。
无论是在学术领域还是在商业领域，都需要跨文化交际的能力。
在跨文化交际中，了解对方文化的知识是非常重要的。
同时，还需要掌握一些跨文化交际的技巧。
本文将通过深入分析的方式，总结出一些跨文化交际的知识点，希望能够帮助读者更好地进行跨文化交际。
第一部分：跨文化交际的定义和重要性跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行沟通和交流的过程。
在today’s globalized world，跨文化交际成为了一种非常重要的能力。
无论是在学术交流中，还是在商业交易中，跨文化交际都起着至关重要的作用。
跨文化交际的目的是促进不同文化之间的相互理解和合作，避免文化冲突，提高跨文化交流的效果。
第二部分：跨文化交际的挑战和障碍在跨文化交际中，可能会遇到很多挑战和障碍。
其中最主要的挑战之一是语言障碍。
在不同的文化背景下，人们使用的语言可能会有很大的差异。
此外，文化差异也会导致跨文化交际的困难。
不同文化之间的价值观、信仰、习俗等也会产生很大的差异，这些差异可能会导致误解和冲突。
第三部分：跨文化交际的重要技巧在进行跨文化交际时，掌握一些重要的技巧是非常重要的。
首先，要尊重对方的文化。
要学会欣赏和尊重不同文化的差异，不要试图改变对方的文化。
其次，要保持开放的心态。
要学会接纳不同的文化，接受文化差异，不要过分强调自己文化的优越性。
此外，要注重非语言交流。
在许多情况下，非语言交流比语言交流更加重要。
要学会关注对方的肢体语言、面部表情等非语言信号。
最后，要积极学习对方的文化。
只有深入了解对方的文化，才能更好地进行跨文化交际。
第四部分：跨文化交际中的文化差异分析每个文化都有其独特的特点，跨文化交际时，我们需要了解对方文化的具体特点。
比如，在中国文化中，注重集体主义，强调家庭和社会的和谐；而在美国文化中，强调个人主义和自由。
对于这些文化差异，我们需要了解并尊重，以便更好地进行跨文化交际。
跨文化交流的要点跨文化交流是指在不同文化背景下进行的交流和互动。
在全球化的今天，跨文化交流变得越来越重要。
然而，由于文化差异的存在，跨文化交流也面临着许多挑战。
为了更好地进行跨文化交流，我们需要注意以下要点：一、尊重和理解尊重和理解是跨文化交流的关键要点。
在与其他文化的人交流时，我们应该尊重其文化和价值观念，并且努力理解他们的观点和想法。
要避免对其他文化的偏见和歧视，以及任何带有冒犯性或负面意义的言论或行为。
二、学习语言和沟通技巧语言是文化的核心，学习他人的语言可以帮助我们更好地理解和交流。
即使是一些基本的问候语和礼貌用语，也能够打开跨文化交流的大门。
此外，学习有效的沟通技巧也是至关重要的，例如倾听和表达自己的想法，以避免误解和混淆。
三、了解文化差异了解其他文化的差异是跨文化交流的基础。
不同的文化有不同的价值观念、习俗和行为规范。
我们应该学习并尊重这些差异，避免因为对方的行为或观点与我们自己的习惯不同而产生误解或冲突。
同时，也要注意避免以自己的文化标准来评判和批判他人。
四、建立信任和友谊建立信任和友谊是跨文化交流中最重要的目标之一。
通过互相尊重、理解和关心，我们可以建立起深入的人际关系，进一步促进跨文化交流。
这需要我们投入时间和精力去了解对方，分享彼此的文化和经验，并努力建立长久的友谊。
五、灵活适应和调整在跨文化交流中，灵活适应和调整自己的行为是必要的。
我们可能会遇到不同的行为方式、时间观念和沟通方式等。
我们应该愿意接受和适应这些差异，并且根据具体情况做出相应的调整，以建立更好的沟通和合作关系。
六、尊重和保护知识产权在进行跨文化交流时，尊重和保护知识产权也是非常重要的。
我们应该尊重他人的知识和创意，并在适当的情况下获得他们的许可和授权。
同时，我们也应该保护自己的知识产权，避免被恶意盗用或滥用。
总结：跨文化交流是一项挑战性和复杂的任务，但通过尊重、理解、学习和适应，我们可以更好地进行跨文化交流。
在全球化时代，跨文化交流的重要性与日俱增。
跨文化交际英语知识点归纳跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行的人际交往和沟通。
在全球化背景下，跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。
了解并掌握跨文化交际的英语知识点对于有效地与不同文化背景的人进行交流和合作至关重要。
本文将详细介绍跨文化交际的英语知识点，包括文化差异、非语言交际、礼仪与礼貌等方面。
一、文化差异1. 时间观念：不同文化有不同的时间观念，如西方注重准时，东方则注重灵活性。
了解并尊重对方的时间观念，避免引起误会。
2. 社会等级：不同文化中对社会地位的看法不同，有些文化注重等级分明，有些文化则强调平等。
在交际中应注意尊重对方的社会地位和身份。
3. 个人主义与集体主义：西方文化注重个利和自由，而东方文化注重集体利益和团队协作。
了解并尊重不同文化的价值观念，有助于建立良好的跨文化交际关系。
二、非语言交际1. 肢体语言：不同文化对于肢体语言的解读和使用有所差异，如眼神接触、手势等。
了解并注意对方的肢体语言，避免产生误解。
2. 面部表情：不同文化对面部表情的解读也有所差异，如微笑、皱眉等。
了解并适应对方的面部表情，有助于推动交际进程。
3. 身体姿势：身体姿势也是非语言交际的一种形式，如坐姿、站姿等。
注意对方的身体姿势，尊重对方的个人空间，避免给对方带来不适。
三、礼仪与礼貌1. 问候礼仪：不同文化有不同的问候方式和习惯，如握手、鞠躬等。
了解并尊重对方的问候方式，展示友好和尊重。
2. 礼貌用语：不同文化有不同的礼貌用语和礼貌表达方式，如道歉、感谢等。
适当使用对方的礼貌用语，展示尊重和关注。
3. 社交礼节：不同文化有不同的社交礼节，如用餐礼仪、着装规范等。
了解并遵守对方的社交礼节，展示自己的文化素养。
四、语言交际1. 语言障碍：不同文化使用不同的语言，语言障碍是跨文化交际中常见的问题。
尽量使用简洁明了的词汇和表达方式，避免产生歧义和误解。
2. 文化障碍：语言与文化密切相关，不同文化对于词汇、语法和表达方式有不同的理解和运用。
跨文化交际英语知识点归纳1. 礼仪（Etiquette）礼仪是不同文化交往中最基本的要素之一。
在跨文化交际中，礼仪的重要性不言而喻。
例如，不同国家、不同文化的人在相互交往时，他们的相互礼仪的表达方式都是有所不同的。
2. 规范和价值观（Norms and Values）规范是一种文化内部形成的行为结构，是一种文化共同遵守的行为方式。
在跨文化交际中，了解对方所遵循的规范是非常重要的，这有助于避免在交流中出现不必要的误解和冲突。
3. 语言和文化（Language and Culture）语言是人类进行交流的最基本手段。
语言和文化是紧密相关的。
例如，美国英语和英国英语在用词和发音上有所不同，这也反映出两个国家的文化差异。
4. 非语言交际（Non-Verbal Communication）除了语言外，身体语言、肢体动作、面部表情、姿势等非语言交际也是跨文化交际中不可忽视的因素。
这些非语言交际动作在不同文化间也存在差异。
5. 社会组织形态和社会关系（Social Organization and Relationships）不同文化的社会组织形态和社会关系也是非常不同的。
例如，中国传统文化中注重家庭、亲情和社会关系，而西方文化则注重个性、自由和独立性。
6. 时间观念（Time）不同国家和文化对时间观念的重视程度也存在差异。
例如，在日本文化中，迟到被看作是不尊重别人的行为，而在西方文化中，稍微迟到几分钟不会被认为是什么大问题。
7. 社会礼仪和礼节（Social Etiquette and Formalities）在跨文化交际中，了解对方的社会礼仪和礼节也是非常重要的。
例如，上司和下属之间的交往在不同文化中有着不同的礼节和规范。
8. 语言表达方式和文化复杂性（Language Expression and Cultural Complexity）语言表达方式和文化的复杂性也是跨文化交际中重要的要素之一。
不同文化的语言表达方式有着不同的复杂度和难度，了解这些差异有助于更好地理解对方文化的复杂度。
跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻 of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part. “Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’s privacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site?A. This way, please.B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”?A. What’s the matter?B. Yes?C. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you reply?A. It doesn’t matter.B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communication is contact between persons whoidentify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To further understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation 2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication? Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc.Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-based Intracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, theyare very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode of communication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation.Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about. Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.L ee misunderstood what the driver said, or didn’t hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonably large one.Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs get their own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG（often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information.Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteins and so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink.Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist?Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译 of greetings上哪去？Where are you going?It’s none of your business!去哪啦？ Where have you been?吃过了吗？Have you had your meal?Are you going to invite me to dinner?Acceptable Greetings中文出去呀？吃饭去？回来了？忙着呢？忙什么呢？在洗车呀？这衣服真漂亮，新买的吧？你看起来气色不错。
英语中的跨文化交际能力知识点跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人们之间进行有效沟通和合作的能力。
在全球化的今天，跨文化交际能力变得越来越重要。
尤其是在英语作为全球通用语言的背景下，掌握英语中的跨文化交际能力对于个人和企业的发展都具有重要意义。
本文将介绍一些英语中的跨文化交际能力知识点。
第一，了解不同文化的价值观。
不同文化有不同的价值观念和观念体系，了解并尊重其他文化的价值观是跨文化交际的基础。
比如，在西方文化中，个人主义被认为是一种积极的价值观，追求自我实现和个人利益最大化；而在东方文化中，集体主义被认为是一种重要的价值观，强调团队合作和社会责任。
了解这些差异可以帮助我们更好地理解和尊重他人的文化。
第二，掌握语言和非语言交际技巧。
语言是跨文化交际的重要媒介，但语言中的词汇、语法和口音等差异可能导致误解和沟通障碍。
因此，我们需要学习和掌握英语中的语言技巧，如适当的表达方式、措辞和语气调节。
此外，非语言交际也是跨文化交际的重要组成部分，包括面部表情、眼神交流、肢体语言等。
正确地理解和运用非语言交际技巧可以增强沟通效果。
第三，了解文化差异对商务谈判的影响。
在跨文化商务谈判中，文化差异可能会导致认知偏差和沟通障碍。
不同的文化在交流方式、谈判风格和决策方式等方面存在差异，了解这些差异并灵活应对是提高谈判成功率的关键。
如在西方文化中，强调直接而坦率的表达方式；而在东方文化中，更注重含蓄和间接的表达方式。
在商务谈判中，我们需要根据对方的文化特点来灵活调整自己的表达方式。
第四，尊重多样性和包容性。
跨文化交际能力的核心是尊重和欣赏不同文化的多样性。
我们应该摒弃偏见和歧视，展现出对其他文化的包容性和开放性。
同时，我们也需要接受自己文化的局限性，并愿意倾听和学习其他文化的观点和经验。
通过与不同文化的人们进行交流和合作，我们可以拓宽自己的视野，提高自己的跨文化交际能力。
总结起来，英语中的跨文化交际能力是一项重要的技能，对于我们在全球化的背景下进行有效沟通和合作非常关键。
跨文化交际知识要点概览1.Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. To an anthropologist it means all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, think, and feel. People have to learn the culture ways of their community: they are not something that people in the group are born with. We learn some the ways of our culture by growing up in it.2.Instinctive behavior is a pattern of behavior that an animal is born with. Spiders’spinning their webs is an example of instinctive behavior. The mother spider doesn’t teach her babies how to spin webs. They know how to do it when they are born. This is what we mean by instinctive behavior.3.The characteristics of culture: 1/ Culture is holistic and can be broken down into several subsystems, including a kinship system, a religious system, a political system and so on. The various system of culture is closely interrelated and any change in a subsystem will affect the whole system. 2/ each culture, past or present, is coherent and complete within itself, an entire view of the universe. Regardless of how peculiar a fragment of culture seems, when it is placed within the whole tapestry, it makes sense. The completeness of cultures also means members looking out from their own seamless view of the universe probably do not see anything lacking in their “unifying and consistent vision”.3/ Cultures is subject to change over time. It loses some of its traits and gains new ones. Every culture changes over time although the rate of change of every culture varies. Four major mechanisms account for the change of cultures: technological invention, disasters (including natural and human calamities), culture contact, and environmental factors. 4/ Culture are not instinctive and can be learned. Culture propagates through generations, which adopt their old customs and traditions as a part of their culture.yers of culture; There are many interpretations of culture. We like to compare culture with an onion, which consists of many layers. One popular division of culture includes three layers: the surface layer, all kinds of behaviors man conducts. Itincludes all the direct contents in the field of culture, language, clothes and so on. This is the level of explicit culture. Middle layer, criterion and sense of worth which lead to the recognition of what being right and wrong. Deep layer, basic judgment. People have basic judgment toward the question like, what is life/ how to deal with the problems appearing in life/what is beauty.5.Culture shock can be described as the feeling of confusion and disorientation that one experiences when facing with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations. people’s response to culture shock vary greatly, from excitement and energetic action to withdrawal, depression, physical illness, and hostility. The notion of culture shock calls shock calls for two useful points to mind. First, culture shock is more a product of the situation than of the traveler’s personal character. Second , culture shock, like other kinds of “shock”, is normally transitory. It passes with time.6.Culture shock is divided into five stages. Each stage can be long standing or appears only under certain conditions. Researchers have found that most people go through very similar stages during the process of adapting to a new culture. They have identified five distinct stages, called: honeymoon stage, rejection stage, adjustment stage, acceptance stage, reentry stage.7.According to cross-culture theorists, individualism and collectivism are the basic clusters of values and assumptions. Individualist cultures have been described as “I”cultures. That is to say, in cultures that score high on individualism, the basic social unit is the individual. in such cultures, the individual human being is seen as having intrinsic worth, and individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to others.. Cultures with collectivist orientations, in contrast, place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we”cultures because the basic unit is the in-group or collective. The survival of the group is more important than that of any individual member.8.Intercultural communication looks at how people, from different culture backgrounds, try to communicate, and attempts to produce some guideline underwhich people from different cultures can better communicate with each other. Intercultural communication can include international, inter-ethnic, interracial, and inter-regional communication.9. Intercultural communication is both difference-based and culture-based. As a discipline, intercultural communication studies problems that arise in the course of communicating across cultures. Condon（1974）high lightened three areas as most problematic in intercultural exchange: Language barriers, different values and different cultural patterns of behavior.10.Greeting can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often a combination of the two. It has no function of transferring information but have only phatic functions. Generally speaking, it is regarded as impolite and impertinent in western culture to ask people about their age, salary, martial status, and so on.11.Address form is one of makers of the politeness and is an indispensable part of communication. The extension of kinship terms is a feature of Chinese culture. In China, we usually address a stranger, even an acquaintance, with some titles,such as “大妈”(grandma). However, English-speaking people tend to only use the first name and leave out the terms of relationship.12. The kinship terms for both paternal and maternal sides in Chinese culture are different. However, the English kinship terms, such as uncle, cousin, aunt,grandpa have no difference between paternal and maternal sides.13.In Chinese, address forms are oriented by generation, age,paternal and maternal relationship and in-law relationship. In English-speaking culture, sisters and brothers address each others’ name. People address their neighbors, friends, and colleagues by their name after the first introduction is over.14.It is also quite common for the Chinese to use position-linked or occupation-linked titles to address people, such as Manager Wang(王经理）, Director zhang（张主任）, Director general Ma（马组长）. In more formal situations, the title along with family name is more appropriate. Americans have only a limited name of titles to be used before a person’s family name, such as Doctor, Professor, Judge, President, Senator, etc.15.Every society has hierarchy to some degree.Individualist western cultures tend to berelatively egalitarian. They try to minimize rank and power differences, and try to place limits on the power of people in authority. Westerners generally have less respect for seniority, such as age, position, like people in collectivist culture do.16.“Equality” can mean different things in different western countries. For example, in the US, equality almost always means “equality of opportunity”, not equal wealth. They believe everyone should be given an equal chance, but then people deserve whatever rewards they work for. In contrast, Western Europeans, especially Scandinavians, tend to feel that equality of opportunity alone will not guarantee social or material equality. So these cultures place more emphasis on material equality, and their tax and social welfare systems are designed to ensure that the difference in wealth between citizens is not large.17.When visiting, the most important thing is punctuality. Visitors must arrive at the meeting place according to the given time. According to western custom, “seeing the bottom” is the ideal ending to a meal, however, Chinese hospitality is extremely different when involving food, the more they eat, the more they are given.18.To contrast to western culture, in china visitors often stand up suddenly and say, “得走了，还有要紧事”. The host may say “请慢走“. All of these can’t be translated into English literally. According to Chinese culture, the host and the visitors exit from the door together and continue walking some distance while continue to converse. The distance to which the the host accompanies a guest is an indication of the esteem in which he or she is held. As a general rule, Chinese prefer not to go back until the visitor is out of sight.19.“projected culture similarity”is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more or less the same as we do.20.Politeness is first of all be conceived as phenomenon, an observable social phenomenon, and best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette. Over the two thousand years, self-denigration has been at the core of Chinese notion of politeness.21. A western-style conversation between people is like a game of tennis. If i am a westerner, when i introduce a topic, a conversation ball, i expect you to hit back and add something, a reason for agreeing or a remark to carry the idea further. But, i don’t expect you always to agree.22.Friendship in China share too much privacy and more obligations among them. Westerners’ friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.23.In china, friendship means a strong life-long bond between two people, then the friendship develop slowly, since they are built to last. American society change rapidly and their friendship develop quickly , and they may change just as quickly. 24.Throughout much of Chinese history, the fundamental glue that has held society together is the concept of guanxi（关系），or relationships between people. It has been and remains a deep seated concept that lies at the core of Chinese society. There is another important vehicle in social exchange, that is reqing(人情）, which is literally translated as human sentiment or human emotion. In fact, reqing follows Confucian notion of reciprocity.25.The unclear family usually consists the father, the mother, and their children and has its own separate residence and economically independent of other family members.26.Family is built on love. Tradition Chinese family value that men determine the affairs outside and women take charge of the matters inside. When searching for the right one to get marry, the westerners prefer their spiritual world.27.Color words can not only express the natural colors, but also reflect the view of value and aesthetic standard of a people28.Red is the Chinese culture is a basic esteem color. It is a tradition for the Chinese people to use red to express happiness and luck. In Chinese feudal society, the common people were forbidden to dress in any other colors except white. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, white clothing means ordinary people. In the ancient china, yellow is the most respectable color in all colors. In the same way, in English culture, blue are connected with the royal family. For example, having blue blood means a person belonging to royal family.29.In English there is a phrase “ black Friday”. In religion, black means grief, despair and death. Friday refers to the Friday before Easter day. Jesus was suffering atthat day.30.Numbers are created from the interaction of humans’social and cultural behavior with their ability to conceptualize the outside world. So a number is not only used as a counting and calculation tool, but also carries profound connotations, reflecting the unique culture of a country.31.In Chinese culture, heaven and earth produce by the interaction of two existential and powerful forces of the universe, yin and yang. In china, the mystery of the numbers has been much influenced by the concept of yin and yang. Ancients divide the ten numbers into two groups. The odd numbers are Yang, implying “the heaven, the male”, while the even numbers are Yin, implying“the Earth, the female”.32.“Nine”, as the largest single digit, symbolized the supreme sovereignty of the emperor who was “the son of the heaven”. “nine”(or its multiples) is often employed in the Chinese ancient architecture, particularly imperial buildings.33.English people worship number “four”, symbol of justice, righteousness, power, the fountain of creation, and key of everything in the world. For instance, to the ancient people, the cosmos is made up of four elements：earth, air, water, and fire. 34.The Han people worship yi(一）since ancient times. They hold the belief that all things on earth comes from yi, because yi has the similar meaning with yuan(元）, shi （始）, chu（初）, meaning the source. The Taoist believes that “one makes two, two makes three, and three makes everything on earth”. Yi means complete.35.Christianity has a strong influence in the culture connotation of numbers in the western countries. The religious tradition of the Christian Trinity, which is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, has endowed a mysterious number “three”with divinity and perfection. The wide spread interest of number “three”still remains in the Westerner’s mind or thinking today.36.For ancient Chinese, “three”stands for the three parts of the universe:heaven, earth, and human. And it is said that there are three creators of the universe, governing the earth and the fairyland. The number three indicates perfection and completeness. Here “三生” refers to the previous life, present life and next life.。
