重庆大学研究生基础英语B2011版试卷及答案

2011英语二答案第一部分：听力听力部分是英语考试中的一个重要环节，通过听力测试，可以考察考生对英语语音、语调、语速的理解能力以及对常见场景及对话的理解和应答能力。

第一节：短对话在这一节中，会播放一些短对话，每段对话后都会有一个问题，考生需要从A、B、C三个选项中选择最合适的答案。

1.A2.A3.B4.C5.B第二节：长对话这一节中，将会播放两段长对话，每段对话后都会有几个问题。

考生需要理解对话的内容，并选择最佳答案。

6.C7.A8.C9.B10.B第三节：听力理解在这一节中，会播放一篇短文，然后会有几个问题。

考生需要理解短文的内容，并选择最佳答案。

11.C12.B13.A14.A15.C第二部分：阅读理解阅读理解是英语考试中的一个重要板块，通过阅读文章并回答问题，可以考察考生的阅读理解能力以及逻辑思维能力。

第一节：短文选择这一节会给出两篇短文，每篇短文后都会有几个问题，考生需要仔细阅读短文，并选择正确答案。

16.C17.B18.A19.C20.A第二节：信息匹配这一节会给出若干个信息和七个题目，考生需要将信息与题目进行匹配，并选择正确答案。

21.F22.E23.D24.B25.A第三节：词义理解在这一节中，会给出若干单词或短语，每个单词或短语后都会有一个问题，考生需要根据上下文的意思选择正确答案。

26.B27.A28.C29.A30.B第三部分：写作写作部分是英语考试中的一个重要部分，通过给出一些话题，考生需要进行写作。

可以根据自己的观点和经验，进行表达和论述。

第一节：图表作文考生需要根据所给的图表，进行数据的分析和描述，并展示自己的观点和看法。

图表题：某地的人口分布情况参考答案：根据所给图表，我们可以看出某地的人口分布情况。

根据图表，从2000年到2020年，该地的总人口数呈逐年上升的趋势。

特别是在2010年到2020年这段时间内，人口增长速度更是明显加快。

同时，我们还可以观察到该地的人口结构也在发生变化。

一、（8分）已知311121210A -⎛⎫ ⎪=- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，求11,,,,,()m F m A A A A A A ρ∞∞。

解：1112,96,5m Fm A AA A A ∞∞===== （5分）因为 ()()221--=-λλλA I ，2,1321===λλλ , 故2m ax )(==i iA λρ. （3分）二、（15分）在4R 中有两组基，基(I)1234,,,αααα，基(II)1234,,,ββββ满足：1232341232342222ααβααβββαββα+=⎧⎪+=⎪⎨+=⎪⎪+=⎩ 求 （1）由基(I)到基(II)的过渡矩阵；（2）向量12342αββββ=-++在基1234,,,αααα之下的坐标； （3）判断是否存在非零元素4R α∈在两组基下有相同坐标。

解： （1）由已知关系式求得⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧+=+=+--=-++=3242134212432112242284ααβααβαααβααααβ于是，由基（I ）到基（II ）的过渡矩阵为⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡---=0012200112480124C （5分）（2）α在基（II ）下的坐标为（2，-1，1，1）T ，再由坐标变换公式计算α在基（I ）下的坐标为C （2，-1，1，1）T=（11，23，4，-5）T. （5分）（3）由()()11221123412343344,,,,,,C ξξξξαααααββββξξξξ-⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪== ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭，知若存在非零元素4R α∈在两组基下有相同坐标则112213344C ξξξξξξξξ-⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭，进而有()12340C E ξξξξ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪-= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭不难计算得det （C-E ）=0，方程组有非零解，即存在非零α4R ∈，使得α在基（I ）和基（II ）下有相同的坐标. （5分）三、（10分）定义在由数域上次数不超过2的多项式构成的线性空间2[]K x ,对任意的[]2(),()f x g x K x ∈,定义()11(),()()()f x g x f x g x dx -=⎰.证明： (1)()(),()f x g x 构成(),()f x g x 的内积,从而2[]K x 对这个内积构成欧氏空间.（2）把基21,,x x 化为标准正交基。

重庆大学09级研究生B类英语试卷2009级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题(适用于1-30班)时间: 120分钟2010.1.Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.In some ways the employment interview is like a persuasive speech because the applicant (interviewee) seeks to persuade employer (interviewer) to employ him or her. Several suggestions might prove helpful to the applicant as preparation is made for the actual interview.A job applicant has the responsibility of ascertaining certain types of information prior to the interview. First, the applicant should know what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objective. It is important that the applicant be able to state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular company. Second, the applicant should seek as much information as possible concerning the company. Relevant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of regional offices, the financial status of the company, plans for expansion, and company philosophy. Information about most major corporations is available in reference books and periodicals.After gathering information concerning the company, the applicant is ready for the interview. The interviewer’s first impression comes from the interviewee’s appeara nce. For mostinterviews, appropriate dress for man is a conservative dark colored suit with a long sleeve, white or light blue shirt and conservative tie. For women a conservative tailored suit or dress is appropriate. Both men and women should have neat, conservative length hair.Although hairstyle and dress are matters of personal taste, many personnel directors form initial impressions from these characteristics. For example, one recent college graduate, who felt himself qualified, interviewed for a public relations job. However, the personnel manager considered this young man’s l ong hair, sloppy dress, and overly casual manner unsuited for this particular position.1. The purpose of the passage is to .A. tell an interviewee how to prepare for an interviewB. teach the interviewer how to choose applicantC. tell the applicant how to obtain information of the major corporationsD. teach the applicant what clothes to wear2. According to the passage, what the applicant needs not know before the interviewis .A. what kind of job he wants to have and how the job fits in with his careerobjective.B. how to get a promotion in a month’s timeC. how long it would take him to cover the distance from his home to the office.D. how much money the company could afford to pay him.3. Before the interview, the applicant should obtain information concerning .A. how to get on well with the future colleagueB. most major corporationsC. the reasons why he chooses a particular companyD. the expansion plans of the company from reference books and periodical of thecompany he applies to4. According to the passage, who will be most likely to get a good first impression of the interviewer?A. A young woman in fashionable mini-skirtB. A young woman with very short hairC. A young man in old-fashioned but well tailored suitD. A young man in a T-shirt5. Why did the college graduate fail to get that job in the last paragraph?A. Because he was too confident about himselfB. Because he was not a serious personC. Because th e interviewer didn’t like the way he dressed and his manner was toocausalD. Because the personnel director forms his first impression from theinterviewee’s qualificationsPassage TwoWatch children at play. Little girls’ social lives tend to center on a best friend, and they spend a lot of time sitting and talking －and telling secrets. Your best friend is the one you tell everything to. And since talk is the glue that holds relationships together, the details of talk are important: you need to know exactly what was said, in what tone of voice, to gauge the relationship.Boys’ friendships center more on activities. Your best friend is the one you do everything with, the one who will stand up for you if there is a fight. Boys talk to negotiate their positions in a group: if you can tell other boys what to do and make it stick, your status goes up, and you have more independence. If you aren’t good at challenging other boys and resisting challenges, you get pushed around. Conversations about who said what just aren’t that important, so boys don’t learn to pay attention to exactly what was said －unless it meant they got put down or pushed around. It’s not that boys and men don’t spend hours exchanging seemingly unimportant details－it’s just that the details are n’t about relationships and conversations. They’re more likely to be about sports or games. If a man is having an affair, he might not tell anyone at all, because his idea of friendship doesn’t require that he disclose what’s going on in his life. For many women, t hough, intimacy makes it necessary to keep friends informed of what’s going on in your life. That’s what Linda Tripp was counting on.6.According to the author’s observations, which of the following statements is true?A.For boys, talk is useless.B.Talk is a way of raising social status.C.Boys have no use for talk;D. Talk plays an important part in girls’ friendship.7.In the sentence “If you aren’t good at challenging others..., you get pushedaround”, “you get pushed around” probably m eans __________.A. you avoid challenges in a roundabout wayB. you are ordered about by othersC. you get threatenedD. you get punished8.According to the author, if you want to judge how intimate the little girls are,you’ll have to find out________.A. whether they do everything togetherB. the details and the manner of their talkC. how much time they spend talkingD. whether they talk about activities or about relationships9.Men have a different idea of friendship from women’s in that _________.A. they must tell each other secretsB.they never talk about unimportant detailsC. they don’t consider it necessary to talk about their private lifeD. they pay no attention to exactly what was said10.The main idea of this passage is ________.A. to show the difference between boys and girls in their social lifeB. to discuss the behavioral patterns of boys and girlsC. to point out that girls pay attention to details in their friendshipD. to instruct boys and girls in handling social relationshipsPassage ThreeMore and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to getaway without punishment.It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away notonly unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers.Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it's disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may be the victims of uncommonly bad luck.For example, a certain keypunch(键盘打孔) operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards he was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off(向……透露) the company that was being robbed. Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met.Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled(耍弄) the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants , and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.11. It can be concluded from the passage that __________.A. it is still impossible to detect computer crimes todayB. computer crimes are the most serious problem in the operation of financialinstitutionC. computer criminals can escape punishment because they can't be detectedD. people commit computer crimes at the request their company12. It is implied in the third paragraph that __________.A. many more computer crimes go undetected than are discoveredB. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problemC. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimesD. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their bad luck13. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.B. Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information.C. Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputationD. Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.14. What may happen to computer criminals once they are caught?A. With a bad reputation they can hardly find another job.B. They may walk away and easily find another job.C. They will be denied access to confidential records.D. They must leave the country or go to jail.15. The passage is mainly about __________.A. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspections.B. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishmentC. how computer criminals manage to get good recommendation from theirformer employersD. why computer crimes can't be eliminatedPassage FourIf civilizations exist around other stars, they are probably beginning to emerge right now, according to Space Telescope Science Institute theorist Mario Livio. He will detail his theory in a paper to be published in the Astrophysical Journal.Livio emphasizes that his theoretical work doesn’t necessarily mean extraterrestrial civilizations really exist ─ but it shows that they cannot be d ismissed.Some theorists believe that intelligent life forms, if they exist at all, appear on planets at some random time in the parent star’s life. If this is true, our chances of discovering them ─ or of being discovered by them ─ would be slim, making earthlings a lonely, isolated quirk of cosmic evolution.Instead, Livio makes the case for a possible causal link between the sun’s lifetime and the appearance of intelligent life on earth. This link should hold true for sun-like stars elsewhere in the universe, he says, offering an equal opportunity for intelligent life to arise somewhere else in space.The second part of Livio’s case is based on the possibility that carbon ─ the fundamental building block of life as we knowit ─ may not have been widely available until the universe reached about half its present age.Given the added billions of years required for biological evolution to take place, intelligent carbon-based life could not have made an appearance any earlier than roughly three billion years ago.Livio points out that before the universe could make life that is in any way like us, it had to make carbon atoms. Carbon is created by nuclear fusion in the hearts of early stars, and then ejected when the stars lose their outer gas layers and leave their cores behind as white dwarfs. Though life first emerged on earth a few hundred million years after earth’s formation, it took a vastly longer time ─ nearly three billion years ─ for the first multi-celled organisms to appear. And then it took almost another billion years before life emerged from the sea onto the land.The earliest humans appeared less than four million years ago ─ at about the halfw ay point in our sun’s lifetime. If this were purely coincidental, as other theoreticians have argued, then it would take much longer than the life of a star for most civilizations to arise. This would make it unlikely that extraterrestrial civilization could come about at all: we would be alone in the universe, a mere novelty, a cosmic accident.Because sunlight provides far more energy for life than other chemical processes, biological evolution is intimately linked to the sun’s behavior, Livio maintains. The complex evolution of our atmosphere is interrelated with the sun. For example, our planet’s atmosphere had to develop ozone to block ou t destructive UV radiation from the sun before animals could emerge on the land.Livio says that other civilizations should also emerge notmuch sooner or later than about halfway through their parent star’s life cycle.If Livio is correct, and the Galaxy is blooming with new civilizations, then where are they and why haven’t they visited us?Livio cautions that his work does not prove the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations, but only points out that earlier conclusions that they do not exist may be premature. He adds that it’s risky to think such civilizations would colonize the Galaxy. “This assumes we have even the vaguest understanding of the psychology of extraterrestrial civilizations,” he says.Livio cautions: “It’s impossible to imagine the t hinking of a civilization which might have evolved a million of years ahead of humans. We could be about as uninteresting to them as an amoeba is to us. Actual proof will have to await advances in biology and astronomy.”Meanwhile, Livio’s theory tells us that if there are other civilizations out there, now is their time.16. Mario Livio believes that ________.A. our chances of discovering intelligent life forms on other planets are slimB. our chances of being discovered by intelligent life on other planets are slimC. it is possible for intelligent life to evolve on planets in sun-like star systemsD. the existence of intelligent life on other planets is likely to coincide with thatof human beings17. Which of the following is not mentioned in this text?A. It would take at least three to four billion years for life toemerge on any planetin the universe.B. Only a few hundred million years after the formation of earth did first lifeappear on earth.C. The length of time for human beings to evolve on earth is much longer thanthe life of many stars in the universe.D. Carbon should be made much earlier than the appearance of intelligentcarbon-based life on any planet.18. Which of the following statements concerning “carbon” is true?A. Carbon must have been created on earth much earlier than human beings.B. Carbon is the fundamental element on which any life in the universe must bebased.C. Carbon isn’t an element sea life is based on.D. Carbon is usually created several billions of years after the birth of a new star.19. According to the paper written by Mario Livio, ________.A. substantial evidences have been found to prove the existence of extraterrestrialcivilizations in the universeB. the existence of intelligent life in outer space has not been verifiedC. it’s time for human beings to come across extraterrestrial creaturesD. extraterrestrial civilizations evolved millions of years aheadof humans20.By “now is their time” (at the end of the passage), Livio means that ________.A. it is time for these civilizations to dominate the GalaxyB. it is the time of the civilizations to develop rapidlyC. it is time for the civilizations to evolveD. it is probably the time for these civilizations to begin to emergePart II Translation from English to Chinese 20%Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.As devastating as it was, the Black Death marked the last time that natural disaster would stop population growth worldwide. By 1600, agricultural advances, such as crop rotation and fertilization, and very rudimentary health measures, had brightened humanity’s prospects. Population began to increase in Europe. The industrial Revolution accelerated the process by boosting incomes and making food cheaper. Even when famine hit one region, trains began to bring in excess grain －something that would have been too expensive for packhorses in medieval times. Mortality rates fell even faster when cities adopted elementary sanitation practices, such as treating sewage and providing clean drinking water. Individuals could afford soap and their industrially made cotton clothes proved far easier to clean than their pre-industrial woolens.Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20%Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.电视早已成为大众媒介。

2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s) for each numbered black and markA，B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points)”The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech。

But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across theWeb.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt，the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key，fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. Thesystem might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer，andwould authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 whichsystem to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigatethose systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’slicense 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on" systems that make itpossible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12，the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights" to establish a sense of13 community。

The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to _____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as <A> H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented[D] designated2 [A] proceeded[B] activated [C] followed[D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts[D] sums4 [A] moderate[B] normal[C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with[B] in[C] from [D] by6 [A] progress[B] absence [C]presence[D] favor7 [A]reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D]notice8. [A]over[B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up[B] crop up [C] fill up [D]cover up10 [A] as [B]if [C] unless [D]until11 [A]excessive [B] enormous[C] significant[D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns[D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected[D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved[D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking[D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available[C] reliable[D] applicable17 [A] prevalent[B] principal[C] innovative[D] initial18 [A] presented[B] restricted [C] recommended[D] introduced19 [A]problems [B] issues [C] agonies[D] sufferings20 [A]involved in [B] caring for[C] concerned with[D] warding offSection Ⅱ Reading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. <40 points>Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, "Beautiful Inside My Head Forever",at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: "I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom."What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, wh en interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as "a last victory"because ____.A.the art market hadwitnessed a succession of victoriesB.the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC.Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD.it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying "spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable"<Line 1-2,Para.3>,the author suggests that_____.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC.art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007to 2008.B.The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C.The market generally went downward in various ways.D.Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A.auction houses ' favoritesB.contemporary trendsC.factors promoting artwork circulationD.styles representing impressionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A.Fluctuation of Art PricesB.Up-to-date Art AuctionsC.Art Market in DeclineD.Shifted Interest in ArtsI was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent,that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.26.What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A.Talking to them.B.Trusting them.C.Supporting their careers.D. Sharing housework.27.Judging from the context, the phrase "wreaking havoc"<Line 3,Para.2>most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B.exerting influenceC.causing damageD. creating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A.men tend to talk more in public than womenB.nearly 50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC.women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A.The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B.Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C.Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D.Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focuson ______A.a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB.a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC.other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker Text3Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues."There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits," Dr. Curtis said. "We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically."The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of mil lions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins— are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup."Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns," said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. "Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new produc ts commercially viable."Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed graduallyCare deeply rooted in historyD are basically private concerns32.Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people’s habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their ef fect on people’s buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilever34.From the text weknow that some of consum er’s habits are developed due to _____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35. T he author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, ratherthan electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that ______[A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogancecommon among the Supreme Court justices38.Even in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. In discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and development46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWERSHEET2.<15points>"Suatainability" has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him thatsustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice。

2011年考研英语二真题及答案2011年考研英语二真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered black and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behindthe explosion of cyber crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber czar, offered the Obama governmenta 4 to make the Web a safer place — asystem that would be the “voluntary identify”　high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint anda photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and wouldauthenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on”　s ystems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden”　and bright in safe “neighborhoods”　to establish a sense “streetlights”　of 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem”　in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .Still, the administration’s planhas 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that th e “voluntarywould still leave much of the ecosystem”　Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. A. swept B. skipped C. walkedD. ridden2. A. for B. within C. whileD. though3. A. careless B. lawless C. pointlessD. helpless4. A. reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal5. A. information B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6. A. by B. into C. from D.over7. A. linked B. directed C. chainedD. compared8. A. dismiss B. discover C. createD. improve9. A. recall B. suggest C. selectD. realize10. A. released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11. A. carry on B. linger on C. set inD. log in12. A. In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13. A. trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14. A. caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15. A. on B. after C. beyondD. across16. A. divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17. A. frequently B. incidentally C.occasionally D. eventually18. A. skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19. A. manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20. A. invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced参考答案：1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1 The Economist May 4th 2010 ADCAB Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade, she apparently managed both roles withoutattracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee, how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chiefproposals. If the sky and the share executive’sprice is falling, outside directors should be ableto give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University useda database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxystatement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise”　disappearances by directors under the age of 70.They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequentlyhave to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federalclass-action lawsuit also increases, and the stockis likely to perform worse. The effect tended tobe larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directorsare always jumping off a sinking ship. OftenLeaving riskier, smaller firmsthey “trade u p.”　for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blowto their reputations if they leave a firm beforebad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time anywrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .A. gaining excessive profitsB. failing to fulfill her dutyC. refusing to make compromisesD. leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .A. generous investorsB. unbiased executivesC. share price forecastersD. independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohiosurprise University after an outside director’s departure, the firm is likely to .A. become more stableB. report increased earningsC. do less well in the stock marketD. perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .A. may stay for the attractive offers from the firmB. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firmC. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firmD. will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .A. permissiveB. positiveC. scornfulD. criticalText 2 The Economist Jun 10th 2010 DBCAA Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not alreadyfled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refusedelivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportionis 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is nolonger a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers l ike …　their own doom”　(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .A. neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failureof newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3 The NY Times When Less Was More BDCDB July 1, 2010, 9:30 pmWe tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on theG. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression andthe war, Americans had learned to live with less,and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus forthe trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took upposts at American architecture schools. Thesedesigners came to exert enormous influence onthe course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolizedthe future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Miesbuilt on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegancedetails and proportions, theof the buildings’　architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.was not entirely The trend toward “less”　foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.Th e “Case S tudy Houses”　commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more”　t rend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life — few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”？[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed. Text 4 The Economist(经济学家)2010年7月10日Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not longgreatest cheer ago. Now even the project’sleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermudaof debt, population decline and lower triangle”　growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EUface an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Marketshave lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive membersthe quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It isstuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, butdisagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved bystricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU fundsfor poorer regions and EU mega-projects andeven the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is asmall majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.camp headed by FrenchA “southern”　wants something different: “European economicwithin an inner core of euro-zone government”　members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members,via cheaper borrowing for governments throughcommon Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.Finally, figures close to the France governmenthave murmured, euro-zone members shouldagree to some fiscal and social harmonization:e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax ratesor labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remainsthe world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more opento goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37.The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that .[A]poor countries are more likely to get funds[B]strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C]loans will be readily available to rich countries[D]rich countries will basically controlEurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel .[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopeful CCBADPart BDirections:(7选5)In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to childrenabout the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiralling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban onsmoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in thesame way as cigarettes –by setting stringentlimits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coachingscheme run by the Football Association.Fast-food chains should also stop offeringsuch as toys, cute animals and “inducements”　mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of theRoyal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If childre are taught about the impact that food has ontheir growth, and that some things can harm, atleast information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose“fast-food-free zones”　around school andhospitals-areas within which takeaways cannotopen.A Department of Health spokesperson said:“We n eed to create a new vision for publichealth where all of society works together to gethealthy and live longer. This includes creating anew ‘responsibility deal ’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that suchsenior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.[A] “fat taxes ”　shouldbe imposed on fast-foodproducerssuch as McDonald ’s.41.AndrewLansley held that [B] the governmentshould ban fast-food outletsin theneighborhood of schools.42.Terence Stephenson agreedthat [C] “lecturing ”　was an effective way to improve school lunchesin England.43.Jamie Oliver seemed tobelieve that [D]cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to childrenabout the dangers of apoor diet.44.DineshBhugra suggestedthat [E] the producers of crisps and candies could contributesignificantly to theChange4Life campaign.45.A Departmentof HealthSpokesperson propsed that [F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping ahealthy dietat home.[G] the governmentshould strengthen thesense of responsibilityamong businesses.Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese. Write your translationon ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, theIT industry produces about the same volume ofgreenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do ---roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising tollon the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, dependingon how many attempts are needed to get theanswer. To deliver results to its users “right”　quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast datacentres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much moreto be done, and not just by big companies. Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letterto1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)英语(二)小作文范文：A Letter to LimingJan-15-2011Dear Liming,Congratulate on your success in passing the entrance examination.Now, please allow me to give you somesuggestion during your holidays.First of all, you should read. Because it makes afull man. Reading during the holiday helps youget the habit of it that when you become a freshman. College life is so plentiful but readingis the most important thing.Second, to do some housework can bring you another feelings. Once you get into the college,you must do the things for yourself, including washing, clear the room and shedule your dailylife and etc.However, reading and housework doesn’t mean all of your holiday. You need contact with yourfriends or communicate with them. The reasonis that old friends will be in your memory andnew friends will be there. And we all know thatthe friendship among senior school.From the things I mentioned above, hope theywill bring you a richful life in your college.Zhangwei2011考研英语（二）大作文范文题目Write a short essay based on the following chart.in your writing, you should:1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 wordsWrite your essay on answer sheet 2 (15points)英语二大作文范文As can be seen clearly from the chart, themarket share taken by domestic car brands increased rapidly from 25% in 20008 to nearly35% in 2009, while conversely, the market shareowned by Japanese car brands dropped by 10%from 35% in 2008 to 25% in 2008. What’s more, the market share taken by American car brandsis on the upward trend, from 10% to nearly15%.Three reasons, in my opinion, can accountfor the changes in car market in these two years.First, the rise of Chinese cars is of little surpriseas we have seen Chinese enterprises’　commitment to developing self-owned technologies, which not only free them frompotential risks, but also bring about long-termbenefit. Second, Japanese cars, which used to behighly praised for their outstanding quality andsuperior stability, is now reeling from a crisis of confidence. Last, the improvement of Americanperformance must be attributed to thecars’　smart marketing strategy employed by American sellers. They launched a lot of marketing campaigns designed specially forChinese market, which won them applaud aswell as benefit.In order to maintain the good momentumof development, domestic cars should on onehand stick to their self-independent policy, andon the other, learn some experiences from Japanese car’s failures and Americans’ success其他客观题答案：21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG。

重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语In the realm of postgraduate entrance exams, the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam stands out as a crucial component that challenges the linguistic proficiency and analytical skills of aspirants. This section demands a thorough understanding of the English language, encompassing various aspects such as vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, writing, and translation. Given its significance, it's imperative for candidates to approach this section with the utmost seriousness and preparation.To ace the Comprehensive English section, candidates must first familiarize themselves with the exam format and the types of questions that are commonly asked. Thisinvolves understanding the distribution of marks, the reading comprehension passage styles and lengths, and the expected response formats for writing and translation tasks. By having a clear understanding of the structure,candidates can allocate their study time and efforts more effectively.Vocabulary mastery is another cornerstone of success in this section. Candidates must be able to recognize and correctly use high-level vocabulary that is commonly foundin academic texts. This requires regular practice and revision of vocabulary lists, as well as reading a wide range of materials to familiarize oneself with the natural flow and context of these words.Grammar is also crucial, as it forms the backbone ofthe English language. Candidates must have a solid grasp of the basic rules of grammar, including sentence structure, tenses, voice, and mood. Additionally, they should be ableto identify and correct grammatical errors in written texts, as this is a common requirement in the exam.Reading comprehension is a significant aspect of the Comprehensive English section. Candidates must be able to quickly and accurately understand the main ideas, arguments, and details presented in the passages. This requires notonly a good vocabulary and grammar base but also theability to skim and scan texts efficiently. Regularpractice with reading comprehension exercises can help candidates improve their speed and accuracy.Writing skills are also tested in this section, often through tasks such as essay writing or letter writing. Candidates need to demonstrate their ability to structure a coherent argument, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and maintain a logical flow of ideas. Practicing writing sample essays and letters, as well as receiving feedback on their work, can help candidates improve their writing skills.Translation tasks, which may involve translating English passages into Chinese or vice versa, require a high level of linguistic proficiency. Candidates must be able to capture the essence of the original text while maintaining the correct syntactical structure and vocabulary usage in the target language. This requires a deep understanding of both languages and regular practice with translation exercises.Lastly, candidates should focus on developing theirtest-taking strategies. This includes learning to manage their time effectively during the exam, prioritizing questions based on difficulty and familiarity, and guessing intelligently when faced with unfamiliar questions. Takingmock exams and analyzing their performances can help candidates identify their weaknesses and develop strategies to address them.In conclusion, mastering the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam requires a comprehensive understanding of the exam format, thorough preparation in all language areas, regular practice, and strategic test-taking abilities. By approaching thissection with these key elements in mind, candidates can increase their chances of achieving a favorable outcome in their postgraduate entrance exams.**重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语解析与备考策略** 在重庆大学研究生考试中，综合英语部分占据着举足轻重的地位，它不仅是对考生语言能力的检验，更是对他们分析能力的挑战。

绝密★启用前2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（重庆卷）英语本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分，第Ⅰ卷1页至10页，第Ⅱ卷10页。

考试结束后，须将答案答在答题卡上，在本试题卷、草稿纸上答题无效。

满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分（共115分）一、听力（共三节，满分30分）做题时，请先将答案划在试题卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟时间将试题卷上的答案转涂或转填到答题卡上。

第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项选项，并标在试题卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例： How much is the sweater?A. ￡19.15.B. ￡9.15. C. ￡9.18.答案是B。

1. How many classes does the rich woman have?A. TwoB. ThreeC. Five2. What color is the poor woman’s chicken?A. RedB. BlueC. Green3. What is the probable friendship between the two speakers?A. Husband and wifeB. Boss and secretaryC. Waiter and customer4. What are the two speakers mainly talking about?A. Whether to call JoanB. Whether to go to the meetingC. Whether to see Joan at lunch5. What does the man mean?A. Paul will be lateB. Paul will be ontime C. Paul will not come第二节(共13小题；每小题1.5分，满分19.5分)听下面4段对话。

2011年考研英语二真题参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users， a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation‘s cyber-czar，offered the federal government a4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver‘s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace，with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt de scribed it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”。

2011年重庆高考英语试卷与答案（含解析）二、英语知识运用(共两节，满分45分)第一节:单项填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项的标号涂黑。

例：A computer can only do _______ you have instructed it to do.A. howB. afterC. whatD. when答案是C。

21. It is known to all that _____ you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health.A. unlessB. wheneverC. althoughD. if22. ---Victor certainly cares too much about himself.---Yes. He’s never interested in what ________ is doing.A. no one elseB. anyone elseC. someone elseD. nobody else23. ---My family usually goes skating for vacation. I like skating, but I want to try something different this year.---_________________A. Let’s go.B. Cheer up.C. Like what?D. Take care.24. His idea of having weekly family meals together, which seemed difficult at first, has ___ many good changes in their lives.A. got throughB. resulted fromC. turned intoD. brought about25. ---What’s wrong with your coat?---Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me ________ on it.A. satB. had satC. had been sittingD. was sitting26. Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, __________fun.A. hadB. haveC. to haveD. having27. __________, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class.A. A quiet student as he may beB. Quiet student as he may beC. Be a quiet student as he mayD. Quiet as he may be a student28. ---What are you going to do this afternoon?---I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film ______ quite early, so we _______ to the bookstore after that.A. finished; are goingB. finished; goC. finishes; are goingD. finishes; go29. Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ______ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.A. has been causedB. had been causedC. will be causedD. will have been caused30. ---You know, Bob is a little slow _______ understanding, so…---So I have to be patient ________ him.A. in; withB. on; withC. in; toD. at; for31. ---What should I do with this passage?--- __________to the main idea of each paragraph.A. Finding outB. Found outC. Find outD. To find out32. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ___________ he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students’ Union.A. during which timeB. for which timeC. during whose timeD. by that time33. I was on the highway when this car went past followedby a police car. They ______ at lease 150 km an hour.A. should have been doingB. must have been doingC. could have doneD. would have done34. The old lady’s hand shook fr equently. She explained to her doctor _______ this shaking had begun half ayear before, and ______, only because of this, she had been forced to give up her job.A. when; howB. how; whenC. how; howD. why; why35. ---We missed you at this morning’s meeting, Diana.---____________, but if I hadn’t had to meet a friend, I would have been there.A. Me, tooB. I’m sorryC. Never mindD. Thank you第二节完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)As I drove my blue Buick into the garage. I saw that a yellow Oldsmobile was 36 too close to my space. I had to drive back and forth to get my car into the 37 space. That left38 enough room to open the door. Then one day I arrived home 39 , and just as I turned off the engine, the yellow Oldsmobile entered its space －too close to my car, 40 . At last I had a chance to meet the driver. My patience had 41 and I shouted at her, “Can’t you see you’re not 42 me enough space” Park father over.” Banging(猛推) open her door into 43 ,the driver shouted back: “Make me!” 44 this she stepped out of the garage. Still, each time she got home first, she parked too close to my 45 . Then one day, I thought, “What can I do?”I soon found 46 . The next day the woman 47 a note on her windshield(挡风玻璃):Dear Yellow Oldsmobile,I’m sorry mistress(女主人) shouted at yours the other day. She’s been sorry about it. I know it because she doesn’t sing anymore while 48. It wasn’t like her to scream 49. Fact is, she’d just got bad news and was taking it out on you two. I 50you and your mistress will 51her.Your neighbor,Blue BuickWhen I went to the 52 the next morning, the Oldsmobile was gone, but there was a note on my windshield:Dear Blue Buick,My mistress is sorry, too. She parked so 53 because she just learned to drive. We will park much farther over after this. I’m glad we can be 54now.Your neighbor,Yellow OldsmobileAfter that, whenever Blue Buick 55 Yellow Oldsmobile on the road, their drivers wavedcheerfully and smiled.36．A．driven B．parked C．stopped D．stayed37．A．complete B．close C．narrow D．fixed38．A．quite B．nearly C．seldom D．hardly39．A．hurriedly B．first C．finally D．timely40．A．as usual B．as planned C．as well D．as yet41．A．run into B．run about C．run out D．run off42．A．keeping B．saving C．offering D．leaving 43．A．mine B．hers C．itself D．ours44．A．For B．With C．From D．Upon45．A．room B．area C．front D．side46．A．an instruction B．a result C．an answer D．a chance 47．A．put B．wrote C．sent D．discovered 48．A．working B．driving C．returning D．cooking 49．A．on end B．so long C．like that D．any more 50．A．hope B．know C．suppose D．suggest 51．A．comfort B．help C．forgive D．please 52．A．office B．flat C．place D．garage 53．A．crazily B．eagerly C．noisily D．early。