重庆大学硕士研究生(英语)课程试卷 研究生B类

研究生课程考核试卷
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研究生《专业英语》课程考试
2015.04.10
一．请选择专业顶级杂志（一区，影响因子3以上）中的一篇500－800 字论文摘要，翻译成中文。

（20分，提供中英文对照）二．请以你的研究课题为背景，按照课程要求，写一篇800－1000字的会议论文摘要。

（40分，英文表述）
三．请选择一篇与你专业背景相关的原版英语论文，请翻译其中实验结果讨论部分（英译汉），并简要写出该论文的创新点有
哪些（英文表述，~500字）。

（40分，提供原文复印件）。

开卷闭卷Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )Part IV . Writing ( 20 points)(Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面)命题（组题）人： 李雁审题人： 黄萍命题时间：2014.12研究生院制学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名封线密重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2014～2015 学年第一学期硕士生B类Part I. Reading Comprehension（40 points）Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneAs a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn’t the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europe’s new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the irresistible momentum of individualism over the last century. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on Europeans’ private lives.Europe’s new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe’s shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today’s tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so.Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage—twenty something professionals or widowed senior citizens. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative—dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone.The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn’t leave much room for relationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year-old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn’t got time to get lonely because has too much work. “I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult”. Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called “The Single Woman and Prince Charming”, thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships don’t last long—if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she’d never have wanted to do what her mother did—give up a career to raise a family. Instead, “I’ve always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life”.1.More and more young Europeans remain single becauseA. they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualism.B. they have entered the workforce at a much earlier age.C. they have embraced a business culture of stability.D. they are pessimistic about their economic future.2.What is said about European society in the passage?A. It has fostered the trend towards small families.B. It is getting closer to American-style capitalism.C. It has limited consumer choice despite a free market.D. It is being threatened by irresistible privatization.3.According to Paragraph 3, the newest group of singles areA. warm and lighthearted.B. on either side of marriage.C. negative and gloomy.D. healthy and wealthy.4.The author quotes Eppendorf to show thatA. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom.B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe.C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely.D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable.5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners.B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C. To examine the trend of young people living alone.D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships.Passage TwoAmerican dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times.The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was.“There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institute for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events.Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development.A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels.Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce.The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies.“The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined.American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs.6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows?A. Self-contradictoryB. Prejudice-freeC. Culture-loadedD. Audience-targeted7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ .A. the patenting of domination shows and moviesB. the emergence of new commercial networksC. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-televisionD. the intense competition coming from the outside8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________.A. in need of capitalB. after a fashionC. on second thoughtsD. in the interests of themselves9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____.A. they lose competitivenessB. they are not market-orientedC. they are too much pricedD. they fall short of audience expectations10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________.A. if they have no access to popular showsB. because their endeavors come to no availC. since bidding wars are no longer fierceD. as international sales pace slows downPassage ThreeHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product hasa radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani's “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is，the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that bothWal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work, and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could，indeed，be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category，and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem，a company in Cambridge，Massachusetts, also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet .Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers whichproducts are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm.Questions 11-15Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.11. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.12. In shops, products shelved at a more _______________ sell better even if they are more expensive.13. According to Mr. Usmani, with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon, a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.14. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high, other customers tend to follow them.15. Using the “swarm-moves” model, shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 16-20Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 16-20 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage16. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart and Tesco.17. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.18. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.19. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.20. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.Part II. Translation from English to Chinese (20 points) Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Chinese housing prices have been hot social topics in recent years. House prices in medium-and-large cities keep high, with the trend of further going up. Some young people simply cannot afford purchasing any house, while others become mortgage slaves. Mortgage slaves (or house slaves) are a new buzzword that emerged in the society in recent years. Just as the name suggests, house slaves refer to people who are enslaved to mortgage for their houses. These people borrow loans from banks to buy a house and then repay the loans with their lifetime efforts. According to survey by a real estate website, about 32 % of Chinese people paid over 50% of their income as monthly mortgage payment, so they indeed became slaves of the house. While they seem to enjoy some psychological comfort that they have their own houses, they have to bear tremendous stress, with quality of life dropped down significantly．Part III. Translation from Chinese into English (20 points) Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.终身学习是指从学前到退休后获得及更新各种能力，兴趣，知识和资质的过程。

重庆大学09级研究生B类英语试卷2009级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题(适用于1-30班)时间: 120分钟2010.1.Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.In some ways the employment interview is like a persuasive speech because the applicant (interviewee) seeks to persuade employer (interviewer) to employ him or her. Several suggestions might prove helpful to the applicant as preparation is made for the actual interview.A job applicant has the responsibility of ascertaining certain types of information prior to the interview. First, the applicant should know what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objective. It is important that the applicant be able to state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular company. Second, the applicant should seek as much information as possible concerning the company. Relevant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of regional offices, the financial status of the company, plans for expansion, and company philosophy. Information about most major corporations is available in reference books and periodicals.After gathering information concerning the company, the applicant is ready for the interview. The interviewer’s first impression comes from the interviewee’s appeara nce. For mostinterviews, appropriate dress for man is a conservative dark colored suit with a long sleeve, white or light blue shirt and conservative tie. For women a conservative tailored suit or dress is appropriate. Both men and women should have neat, conservative length hair.Although hairstyle and dress are matters of personal taste, many personnel directors form initial impressions from these characteristics. For example, one recent college graduate, who felt himself qualified, interviewed for a public relations job. However, the personnel manager considered this young man’s l ong hair, sloppy dress, and overly casual manner unsuited for this particular position.1. The purpose of the passage is to .A. tell an interviewee how to prepare for an interviewB. teach the interviewer how to choose applicantC. tell the applicant how to obtain information of the major corporationsD. teach the applicant what clothes to wear2. According to the passage, what the applicant needs not know before the interviewis .A. what kind of job he wants to have and how the job fits in with his careerobjective.B. how to get a promotion in a month’s timeC. how long it would take him to cover the distance from his home to the office.D. how much money the company could afford to pay him.3. Before the interview, the applicant should obtain information concerning .A. how to get on well with the future colleagueB. most major corporationsC. the reasons why he chooses a particular companyD. the expansion plans of the company from reference books and periodical of thecompany he applies to4. According to the passage, who will be most likely to get a good first impression of the interviewer?A. A young woman in fashionable mini-skirtB. A young woman with very short hairC. A young man in old-fashioned but well tailored suitD. A young man in a T-shirt5. Why did the college graduate fail to get that job in the last paragraph?A. Because he was too confident about himselfB. Because he was not a serious personC. Because th e interviewer didn’t like the way he dressed and his manner was toocausalD. Because the personnel director forms his first impression from theinterviewee’s qualificationsPassage TwoWatch children at play. Little girls’ social lives tend to center on a best friend, and they spend a lot of time sitting and talking －and telling secrets. Your best friend is the one you tell everything to. And since talk is the glue that holds relationships together, the details of talk are important: you need to know exactly what was said, in what tone of voice, to gauge the relationship.Boys’ friendships center more on activities. Your best friend is the one you do everything with, the one who will stand up for you if there is a fight. Boys talk to negotiate their positions in a group: if you can tell other boys what to do and make it stick, your status goes up, and you have more independence. If you aren’t good at challenging other boys and resisting challenges, you get pushed around. Conversations about who said what just aren’t that important, so boys don’t learn to pay attention to exactly what was said －unless it meant they got put down or pushed around. It’s not that boys and men don’t spend hours exchanging seemingly unimportant details－it’s just that the details are n’t about relationships and conversations. They’re more likely to be about sports or games. If a man is having an affair, he might not tell anyone at all, because his idea of friendship doesn’t require that he disclose what’s going on in his life. For many women, t hough, intimacy makes it necessary to keep friends informed of what’s going on in your life. That’s what Linda Tripp was counting on.6.According to the author’s observations, which of the following statements is true?A.For boys, talk is useless.B.Talk is a way of raising social status.C.Boys have no use for talk;D. Talk plays an important part in girls’ friendship.7.In the sentence “If you aren’t good at challenging others..., you get pushedaround”, “you get pushed around” probably m eans __________.A. you avoid challenges in a roundabout wayB. you are ordered about by othersC. you get threatenedD. you get punished8.According to the author, if you want to judge how intimate the little girls are,you’ll have to find out________.A. whether they do everything togetherB. the details and the manner of their talkC. how much time they spend talkingD. whether they talk about activities or about relationships9.Men have a different idea of friendship from women’s in that _________.A. they must tell each other secretsB.they never talk about unimportant detailsC. they don’t consider it necessary to talk about their private lifeD. they pay no attention to exactly what was said10.The main idea of this passage is ________.A. to show the difference between boys and girls in their social lifeB. to discuss the behavioral patterns of boys and girlsC. to point out that girls pay attention to details in their friendshipD. to instruct boys and girls in handling social relationshipsPassage ThreeMore and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to getaway without punishment.It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away notonly unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers.Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it's disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may be the victims of uncommonly bad luck.For example, a certain keypunch(键盘打孔) operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards he was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off(向……透露) the company that was being robbed. Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met.Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled(耍弄) the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants , and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.11. It can be concluded from the passage that __________.A. it is still impossible to detect computer crimes todayB. computer crimes are the most serious problem in the operation of financialinstitutionC. computer criminals can escape punishment because they can't be detectedD. people commit computer crimes at the request their company12. It is implied in the third paragraph that __________.A. many more computer crimes go undetected than are discoveredB. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problemC. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimesD. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their bad luck13. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.B. Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information.C. Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputationD. Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.14. What may happen to computer criminals once they are caught?A. With a bad reputation they can hardly find another job.B. They may walk away and easily find another job.C. They will be denied access to confidential records.D. They must leave the country or go to jail.15. The passage is mainly about __________.A. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspections.B. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishmentC. how computer criminals manage to get good recommendation from theirformer employersD. why computer crimes can't be eliminatedPassage FourIf civilizations exist around other stars, they are probably beginning to emerge right now, according to Space Telescope Science Institute theorist Mario Livio. He will detail his theory in a paper to be published in the Astrophysical Journal.Livio emphasizes that his theoretical work doesn’t necessarily mean extraterrestrial civilizations really exist ─ but it shows that they cannot be d ismissed.Some theorists believe that intelligent life forms, if they exist at all, appear on planets at some random time in the parent star’s life. If this is true, our chances of discovering them ─ or of being discovered by them ─ would be slim, making earthlings a lonely, isolated quirk of cosmic evolution.Instead, Livio makes the case for a possible causal link between the sun’s lifetime and the appearance of intelligent life on earth. This link should hold true for sun-like stars elsewhere in the universe, he says, offering an equal opportunity for intelligent life to arise somewhere else in space.The second part of Livio’s case is based on the possibility that carbon ─ the fundamental building block of life as we knowit ─ may not have been widely available until the universe reached about half its present age.Given the added billions of years required for biological evolution to take place, intelligent carbon-based life could not have made an appearance any earlier than roughly three billion years ago.Livio points out that before the universe could make life that is in any way like us, it had to make carbon atoms. Carbon is created by nuclear fusion in the hearts of early stars, and then ejected when the stars lose their outer gas layers and leave their cores behind as white dwarfs. Though life first emerged on earth a few hundred million years after earth’s formation, it took a vastly longer time ─ nearly three billion years ─ for the first multi-celled organisms to appear. And then it took almost another billion years before life emerged from the sea onto the land.The earliest humans appeared less than four million years ago ─ at about the halfw ay point in our sun’s lifetime. If this were purely coincidental, as other theoreticians have argued, then it would take much longer than the life of a star for most civilizations to arise. This would make it unlikely that extraterrestrial civilization could come about at all: we would be alone in the universe, a mere novelty, a cosmic accident.Because sunlight provides far more energy for life than other chemical processes, biological evolution is intimately linked to the sun’s behavior, Livio maintains. The complex evolution of our atmosphere is interrelated with the sun. For example, our planet’s atmosphere had to develop ozone to block ou t destructive UV radiation from the sun before animals could emerge on the land.Livio says that other civilizations should also emerge notmuch sooner or later than about halfway through their parent star’s life cycle.If Livio is correct, and the Galaxy is blooming with new civilizations, then where are they and why haven’t they visited us?Livio cautions that his work does not prove the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations, but only points out that earlier conclusions that they do not exist may be premature. He adds that it’s risky to think such civilizations would colonize the Galaxy. “This assumes we have even the vaguest understanding of the psychology of extraterrestrial civilizations,” he says.Livio cautions: “It’s impossible to imagine the t hinking of a civilization which might have evolved a million of years ahead of humans. We could be about as uninteresting to them as an amoeba is to us. Actual proof will have to await advances in biology and astronomy.”Meanwhile, Livio’s theory tells us that if there are other civilizations out there, now is their time.16. Mario Livio believes that ________.A. our chances of discovering intelligent life forms on other planets are slimB. our chances of being discovered by intelligent life on other planets are slimC. it is possible for intelligent life to evolve on planets in sun-like star systemsD. the existence of intelligent life on other planets is likely to coincide with thatof human beings17. Which of the following is not mentioned in this text?A. It would take at least three to four billion years for life toemerge on any planetin the universe.B. Only a few hundred million years after the formation of earth did first lifeappear on earth.C. The length of time for human beings to evolve on earth is much longer thanthe life of many stars in the universe.D. Carbon should be made much earlier than the appearance of intelligentcarbon-based life on any planet.18. Which of the following statements concerning “carbon” is true?A. Carbon must have been created on earth much earlier than human beings.B. Carbon is the fundamental element on which any life in the universe must bebased.C. Carbon isn’t an element sea life is based on.D. Carbon is usually created several billions of years after the birth of a new star.19. According to the paper written by Mario Livio, ________.A. substantial evidences have been found to prove the existence of extraterrestrialcivilizations in the universeB. the existence of intelligent life in outer space has not been verifiedC. it’s time for human beings to come across extraterrestrial creaturesD. extraterrestrial civilizations evolved millions of years aheadof humans20.By “now is their time” (at the end of the passage), Livio means that ________.A. it is time for these civilizations to dominate the GalaxyB. it is the time of the civilizations to develop rapidlyC. it is time for the civilizations to evolveD. it is probably the time for these civilizations to begin to emergePart II Translation from English to Chinese 20%Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.As devastating as it was, the Black Death marked the last time that natural disaster would stop population growth worldwide. By 1600, agricultural advances, such as crop rotation and fertilization, and very rudimentary health measures, had brightened humanity’s prospects. Population began to increase in Europe. The industrial Revolution accelerated the process by boosting incomes and making food cheaper. Even when famine hit one region, trains began to bring in excess grain －something that would have been too expensive for packhorses in medieval times. Mortality rates fell even faster when cities adopted elementary sanitation practices, such as treating sewage and providing clean drinking water. Individuals could afford soap and their industrially made cotton clothes proved far easier to clean than their pre-industrial woolens.Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20%Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.电视早已成为大众媒介。

ad if命封线密A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom.B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe.C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely.D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable.5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners.B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C. To examine the trend of young people living alone.D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships.Passage TwoAmerican dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times.The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was.“There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institut e for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events.Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development.A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels.Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce.The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies.“The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined.American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs.6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows?A. Self-contradictoryB. Prejudice-freeC. Culture-loadedD. Audience-targeted7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ .A. the patenting of domination shows and moviesB. the emergence of new commercial networksC. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-televisionD. the intense competition coming from the outside8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________.A. in need of capitalB. after a fashionC. on second thoughtsD. in the interests of themselves9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____.A. they lose competitivenessB. they are not market-orientedC. they are too much pricedD. they fall short of audience expectations10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________.A. if they have no access to popular showsB. because their endeavors come to no availC. since bidding wars are no longer fierceD. as international sales pace slows downPassage ThreeHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.11. freshly baked bread 12. visible level 13. impulse buying14. screen 15. discounts16.No17. Not given18. No 19. Yes 20. YesPart II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)中国房价问题近年来一直是社会热门话题。

动力是一种潜在的情形和状态（有是被描述为一种需要，渴望或者需求），这种状态使人们的行为活动起来并给予其能量。

学生的动力与他们参与学习过程的欲望有关。

是什么因素影响学生动力的发展呢？学习的动力是如何培养起来的？本文将给出解释。

不管是婴儿还是小孩，他们看起来都会受好奇心的推动，由一种强烈的探索欲望驱使，感受他们周围的环境并与它相互作用。

正如一个作家指出“极少听到父母抱怨他们的小孩在学前是不积极的”。

不幸的是，随着孩子的成长，他们学习的热情急剧地降低了。

学习常常成为一件苦差事而并非乐事。

有超过1/4的大量学生辍学。

而更多的是身在曹营心在汉，他们根本不能全身心地投入学习。

了解学生对于学习发展的态度和信念，以及是什么使学习由于自身的原因而变得容易，这将有助于教育工作者降低学生学习的冷漠态度。

什么是学生的动力？学生学习的动力通常与学生参与学习过程的欲望有关。

但也与他们参与或不参与学习活动的原因和目标有关。

即使学生们同样可能受鼓励去完成一个任务，但是他们的动力是不同的。

一个具有内在动力的学生，他参与活动是为了活动本身，为了活动本身提供的乐趣，为了能从中学到什么，或是为了活动所引发的优越感。

而处于一个处于外在动力的学生，“他往往是为了得到某种奖赏，或是避免一些外在惩罚。

”诸如成绩、难题和老师的认可。

学习动力这个词的意义稍有差别。

有位作家做了这样的定义，学习动力就是学术活动对于学习者产生的意义、价值和利益，不管学生是否发自内心的兴趣。

而另外的则认为，学习动力有如下特点：长期的过程、需要注重学习质量和付出精力到学习过程中。

学生学习动力发展的影响因素有哪些？Jere Brophy在1987年提出，学习动力是一种能力，它能够“通过一般经验来获得，但大部分直接通过那些对孩子来说重要的其它人（特别是他们的父母和老师）为孩子作出的榜样，和孩子进行预期交流，以及通过对孩子的指导教育或者是社会化教育来刺激获得”。

孩子的家庭环境形成了他们在学习中发展起来的最初态度。

成绩评定：出勤10% 平时作业10% 课堂参与10% 口试20% 期末笔试50%期末笔试（总分100分）：阅读40% 两篇为相当于六级难度的阅读理解客观题，一篇为主观阅读理解题，类似于雅思题型：翻译30%英译汉和汉译英各占15%，两类翻译都为课外内容，段落翻译，难易度适中，主要考查基本翻译技能。

写作30% 根据一篇字数为一千字左右的文章（可以是泛学术文章）写summary，字数大概为200字左右。

Part I. Reading Comprehension 40% 水平考试（1-15题30points （六级阅读）; 16-25题（雅思阅读）10points）1．题型(Topic paragraph & sentence; supporting paragraph & sentences; conclusion) A．General Questions: based on the topic or main idea of the passageB. Specific Questions: based on a sentence or a group of sentences in the passageC. Vocabulary: guess the meaning of unfamiliar words or phrasesD. Inference: understand the implied meaning of what is said2. 答题要领A. Read the passage quickly, focus on the topic and the main information of the passage:B. Answer the general questionse.g. What is the title/topic/subject/theme/main idea of the passage?What is the passage mainly about? What is the author’s purpose/attitude?C. Answer the other questionsa. Read a question and find the key words in it;b. Find the same words or the synonym in the passage;c. Find the information concerning the key words in the passaged. Read the four choices and choose the one that has the same meaning with the statements in the passage.Part II. Translation from English into Chinese (15%) (见课堂练习)1. 答题要领A. Divide the sentence into sense groups (意群);B. Analyze the structure of the sentence down to the elements;C. Translate the sense groups one by one;D. Organize the Chinese into a grammatical Chinese sentence,Pay attention to: division, order, means of expression, additionE. Check Chinese version against English.e.g. Theory plays the same role / in economics, geography and economic geography / inspite of the differences / in disciplinary goals / and in the levels of theoreticaldevelopment / achieved.译文：尽管经济学、地理和经济地理这三门学科在各自的学科目标和所取得的理论发展水平上有所不同，但理论在这些学科中所起的作用是相同的。

重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语In the realm of postgraduate entrance exams, the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam stands out as a crucial component that challenges the linguistic proficiency and analytical skills of aspirants. This section demands a thorough understanding of the English language, encompassing various aspects such as vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, writing, and translation. Given its significance, it's imperative for candidates to approach this section with the utmost seriousness and preparation.To ace the Comprehensive English section, candidates must first familiarize themselves with the exam format and the types of questions that are commonly asked. Thisinvolves understanding the distribution of marks, the reading comprehension passage styles and lengths, and the expected response formats for writing and translation tasks. By having a clear understanding of the structure,candidates can allocate their study time and efforts more effectively.Vocabulary mastery is another cornerstone of success in this section. Candidates must be able to recognize and correctly use high-level vocabulary that is commonly foundin academic texts. This requires regular practice and revision of vocabulary lists, as well as reading a wide range of materials to familiarize oneself with the natural flow and context of these words.Grammar is also crucial, as it forms the backbone ofthe English language. Candidates must have a solid grasp of the basic rules of grammar, including sentence structure, tenses, voice, and mood. Additionally, they should be ableto identify and correct grammatical errors in written texts, as this is a common requirement in the exam.Reading comprehension is a significant aspect of the Comprehensive English section. Candidates must be able to quickly and accurately understand the main ideas, arguments, and details presented in the passages. This requires notonly a good vocabulary and grammar base but also theability to skim and scan texts efficiently. Regularpractice with reading comprehension exercises can help candidates improve their speed and accuracy.Writing skills are also tested in this section, often through tasks such as essay writing or letter writing. Candidates need to demonstrate their ability to structure a coherent argument, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and maintain a logical flow of ideas. Practicing writing sample essays and letters, as well as receiving feedback on their work, can help candidates improve their writing skills.Translation tasks, which may involve translating English passages into Chinese or vice versa, require a high level of linguistic proficiency. Candidates must be able to capture the essence of the original text while maintaining the correct syntactical structure and vocabulary usage in the target language. This requires a deep understanding of both languages and regular practice with translation exercises.Lastly, candidates should focus on developing theirtest-taking strategies. This includes learning to manage their time effectively during the exam, prioritizing questions based on difficulty and familiarity, and guessing intelligently when faced with unfamiliar questions. Takingmock exams and analyzing their performances can help candidates identify their weaknesses and develop strategies to address them.In conclusion, mastering the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam requires a comprehensive understanding of the exam format, thorough preparation in all language areas, regular practice, and strategic test-taking abilities. By approaching thissection with these key elements in mind, candidates can increase their chances of achieving a favorable outcome in their postgraduate entrance exams.**重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语解析与备考策略** 在重庆大学研究生考试中，综合英语部分占据着举足轻重的地位，它不仅是对考生语言能力的检验，更是对他们分析能力的挑战。

重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷(B 类)2015~2016 学年 第 二 学期（春）开课学院：外国语学院 课程编号：G0401A考试日期： 2016.06.19考试方式：开卷闭卷其他 考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, each item 2points)Passage One 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( )Passage Two 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( )Passage Three 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )Passage Four 16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( )Part II Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)Part III Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )Part IV Writing ( 20 points)(Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面)命题（组题）人：审题人：命题时间：2016.06研究生院制学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名封线密重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2015～2016 学年第二学期硕士生B类The Final Written Examination for Postgraduates(Level B)Part I Reading Comprehension（40 points）Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage OneAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don't act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. It's not taboo to talk about fat; it's taboo to be fat. The "in" look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like the U. S. , thin is "in", fat is "out".It's not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and "in shape". The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America's obsession with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people's bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising every day. 1. From the passage we can infer taboo is ______.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terribleB. a crime committed on impulseC. behavior considered unacceptable in society's eyesD. an unfavorable impression left on other people2. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude "being fat"_______.A. will always remain a tabooB. is not considered a taboo by most peopleC. has long been a tabooD. may no longer be a taboo some day3. The topic of fat is _______ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than4. In the U. S., thin is "in", fat is "out", this means _______.A. thin is "inside", fat is "outside"B. thin is "diligent", fat is "lazy"C. thin is "youthful", fat is "spiritless"D. thin is "fashionable", fat is "unfashionable"5. The main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is _______.A. their changed life-styleB. their eagerness to stay thin and youthfulC. their appreciation of the importance of exerciseD. the encouragement they have received from their companiesPassage TwoOpinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and someof the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they live.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.All this may now have to change.The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Employment became widespread in the 17th and 18th centuries.B. Unemployment will remain a major problem for industrialized nations.C. The industrial age may now be coming to an end.D. Some efforts and resources should be devoted to helping more people cope with theproblem of unemployment.7. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the spread of employment?A. The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries.B. The development of factories.C. Relief from housework on the part of women.D. Development of modern means of transportation.8. It can be inferred from the passage that____.A. most people who have been polled believe that the problem of unemployment maynot be solved within a short period of timeB. many farmers lost their land when new railways and factories were being constructedC. in preindustrial societies housework and community service were mainly carried outby womenD. some of the changes in work pattern that the industrial age brought have beenreversed9. What does the word “daunting” in the third paragraph mean?A. ShockingB. InterestingC. ConfusingD. Stimulating10. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a possible means to cope with the currentsituation?A. Create situations in which people work for themselves.B. Treat employment as the norm.C. Endeavor to revive the household and the neighborhood as centers of production.D. Encourage people to work in circumstances other than normal working conditions. Passage ThreeNo one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstances. Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole.The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of food. When this happens, all incentive to improve one’s life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales person would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. The entire information and entertainment industry would collapse.11.The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to __________ .A. plead for the abolition of uniformsB. show that uniforms are not possible in a democratic societyC. advocate stronger government controls on the wearing of uniformsD. convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages12.Why does the author discuss forcing everyone to buy the same car or eat the same food?A. To show that freedom of choice is absolute.B. To show that the government has interfered too much in the lives of individual.C. To suggest what would happen if uniforms became compulsory.D. To predict the way the society will be in the next few generations.13.Which of the following statements is the opinion of those who support uniforms?A. The person who wears a uniform has no self-worth.B. Wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger concept.C. Uniforms will hurt the entire information and entertainment industry.D. Envy and competition are incentive to improve one’s life.14.The word “superfluous” (Line 4, Para. 3) most probably means __________ .A. surplusB. indispensableC. availableD. supplementary15.The next paragraph in this passage might discuss __________ .A. the positive effects of wearing uniformsB. more negative effects of wearing uniformsC. an alternative to wearing uniformsD. The legal rights of those not wishing to wear uniformsPassage FourWhy the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher no less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.16. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage isA. Philosophy of mathematics.B. The Recent Growth in Science.C. The Verification of Facts.D. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.17. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days ofthe ancient Greeks and in modern times is_________________.A. the similarity between the two periodsB. that it was an act of GodC. that both tried to develop the inductive methodD. due to the decline of the deductive method18. The difference between “fact” and “theory”A. is that the latter needs confirmation.B. rests on the simplicity of the former.C. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.D. helps us to understand the deductive method.19. According to the author, mathematics is __________________.A. an inductive scienceB. in need of simple verificationC. a deductive scienceD. based on fact and theory20. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called_______________.A. a metaphorB. a paradoxC. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methodsD. a punPart II Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your answer sheet.Why is cross-cultural knowledge and understanding so important? The American statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin wrote that time is money. Globe-trotting businesspeople would add that being aware of cultural differences and sensitivities is money, too. Failing to grasp the subtleties that lie beyond such public cultural displays like greeting rituals and seating arrangements can make the difference between a truly successful international business transaction and one that fails to connect. Culture affects the most basic forms of personal and business interaction from decision making to management style. National culture, in turn, determines corporate culture, affecting a firm’s internal structure, its marketing behavior and its view of foreign business partners and contracts. The business world is littered with “international” projects that failed to overcome cultural barriers. If you have doubts that cultural insensitivity can translate into business problems on a megascale. Part III Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your answer sheet.掌握英语不仅可以改进你的思维方式，它还给你信心，令你自信，带给你鲜明的个性，使你更受欢迎。

2006~2012重庆大学研究生期末考试历年试题和答案总结2006级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题(适用于30-53班)时间: 150分钟2007.7.7Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then selectthe best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneMost conceptions of the process of motivation begin with the assumption that behavior is, at least in part, directed towards the attainment of goals or towards the satisfaction of needs or motives. Accordingly, it is appropriate to begin our consideration of motivation in the work place by examining the motives for working. Simon points out that an organization should be able to secure the participation of a person by offering him inducements(引诱)which contribute in some way to at leastone of his goals. The kinds of inducements offered by anorganization are varied, and if they are effective in maintaining participation they must necessarily be based on the needs of the individuals.Maslow examines in detail what these needs are. He points out not only that there are many needs ranging from basic physiological drives such as hunger to a more abstract desire for self-realization, but also that they are arranged in a hierarchy(等级制度)whereby the lower-order needs must to a large degree be satisfied before the higher-order ones come into play.One of the most obvious ways in which work organizations attract and retain members is through the realization that economic factors are not the only inducement for working as indicated by Morse and Weiss. In line with the social respect and self-realization needs discussed by Maslow, factors such as associations with others, self-respect gained through the work, and a high interest value of the work can serve effectively to induce people to work.1. According to Maslow, a work organization is able to motivate people to work by_______.A. satisfying their physiological needsB. satisfying their self-realization needsC. satisfying hierarchy of their higher-order needD. first satisfying their lower-order needs2. Lower-order needs concern a person's _______.A. essential physical needs C. self-realizationB. self-respect D. working relationships with others 3. Which of the following is NOT a higher need that attracts people to work? A.Association with others. C. Interest value of the work. B. Possibility of earning a good salary . D. Cultivation of self-respect.14. Which of the following statements may be supported by Morse and Weiss? A. Physiological needs are the most basic.B. There is a hierarchy of needs that must be met.C. Economic factors are the greatest inducement.D. Personal esteem and the gaining of power is the most important factor. 5. Simon points out that ________.A. the needs of individuals range from hunger to self-realizationB. effective inducements must be based on what individuals wantC. economic factors are not the only inducement for workingD. inducements must not be too variedPassage TwoAccording to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistentevidence that there is any category of ―natural leaders‖. It seemsthat there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of thatparticular group.Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to ―get things done‖. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well beings of a social groups members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit(阻碍) attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The problems faced by leaders.B. How leadership differs in small and large groups.2C. How social groups determine who will lead them.D. The role of leaders in social groups.7. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can becomeleaders EXCEPT __________ .A. recruitmentB. formal election processC. specific leadership trainingD. traditional cultural patterns8. Which of the following statements about leadership can beinferred from paragraph2?A. person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effectiveleader in another group.B. Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.C. A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research onleadership.D. Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of theirqualifications.. In mentioning ―natural leaders‖ in line 7, the author is making the point that _____ . 9A. few people qualify as ―natural leaders‖B. there is no proof that ―natural leaders‖ existC. ―natural leaders‖ are easily accepted by the members of a groupD. ―natural leaders‖ share a similar s et of characteristics10. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on __________ .A. ensuring harmonious relationshipsB. sharing responsibility with group membersC. identifying new leadersD. achieving a goalPassage ThreeMany objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearances, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers ? using nonscientific modes of thought.Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologistthinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, byand large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.The creative shaping process of a technologist‘s mind can be seenin nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbalthinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should the valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston?3Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, which is indispensable for an artist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to need ―hard thinking,‖nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and is inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Recordwished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial errors in mechanical design, they are a reflection of chaos caused by the neglect of non-verbal thinking.11. The main purpose of the author in writing this text is ________.A. to demonstrate the role of nonverbal thinking in the developmentoftechnologyB. to stress the importance of nonscientific thinking in engineering designC. to identify the two kinds of thinking that are used by technologistsD. to urge engineering institutes to attach importance to the education ofnon-verbal thinking12. Which of the following statements is in agreement with theauthor‘s opinion?A. When one designs an object he usually first has in mind what it should be like.B. Compared with verbal or mathematical thought, nonverbal thoughtis regardedas a primitive stage of cognitive process.C. Nonverbal thinking is in reality superior to verbal or mathematical thought.D. Nonverbal thinking is becoming an even more important componentin designcourses with the development of technology.13. The author describes the predicament faced by the History American EngineeringRecord as ―paradoxical‖ (Para. 3) most probably because ________.A. architectural schools offered better training for their studentsin engineeringdesignB. college students should be better qualified to make the drawingsin engineeringdesignC. the drawings needed were so complicated that only the students in4architectural schools had the capability of making them.D. engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed torecord the development of their own discipline.14. The author uses the example of the early models of high-speed railroad carsprimarily to indicate that ________.A. a lack of attention to the nonscientific aspects in design results in poorconceptualization by engineersB. neglect of trivial problems in mechanical design often causes costly errors inengineering systemsC. designers of automatic control systems need to have a better understanding ofanalytical problemsD. design of modern engineering systems depends more on nonscientific thinkingthan on mechanical knowledge15. Which of the following can best describe the function of non-verbal thinking inthe development of technology?A. Vital C. FundamentalB. Indispensable D. PreliminaryPassage FourTraditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries andfocal points ? periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders.It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documentsone‘s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions ―What happened?‖ and ―How did it happen?‖ have given way to the question ―Why did it happen?‖ Prominent among the methods used to answer the question ―Why‖ is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho- historians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment tohistory as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derivesits ―facts‖ not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who madehistory, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance intheir lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic principle of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances5that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the ―deepest‖ explanation of any event, that other explanationsfall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history ( in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.16. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text?A. History is composed of unique and non-repeating events that must beindividually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.B. Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings ofpsychologists.C. The traditional historians pay more attention to historical events whilepsychohistorians pay more attention to the emotional causes.D. The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in fashioneven though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historicalmethod.17. According to the text, traditional history can be distinguished basically frompsychohistory in that traditional historians ________.A. usually view past events as complex and having their own individualityB. narrate instead of analyzing and explaining historical eventsC. interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature istranscendedD. never use psychological explanations in historical contexts to account forevents18. It can be inferred from the text that the methods used by psychohistoriansprobably prevent them from ________.A. uncovering alternative explanations that might cause them to question theirown conclusionsB. producing a one-sided picture of an individual‘s personality and motivationsC. presenting their material in chronological orderD. offering a consistent interpretation of the impact of personality on historicalevents19. The text supplies information for answering which of the following questions?A. What are some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in historicalinterpretation?B. When were the conventions governing the practice of traditional history firstestablished?C. What sort of historical figure is best suited for psychohistorical analysis?6D. What is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by traditionalhistorians?20. Which of the following does the author mention as a characteristic of the practiceof psychohistorians?A. The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrativeform.B. Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible toother scholars.C. Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schema.D. Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequentialthan are those in the childhood of the figure.Part II Translation from English to Chinese 20%Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.In that tradition, when dad needs something, he goes and gets it. So when it‘stime to buy him a gift, all that‘s left is stuff he didn‘t really want. The questionbecomes, what do you get for the guy who has everything? Choosing the right gift can be a minefield. It‘s not the gift that matters.It‘s not really the thought that counts,either. You have to find a gift that says, ―Hey, dad, I really understand who you areand this is a symbol of our relationship.‖Moreover, some dads have trouble switching roles from giver to receiver. ―I tellmy kids, ‗you don‘t have to get me anything,‘‖ says Rick Flynn. His philosophy is,―Let me take care of you.‖ ―But at the same time,‖ he admits,―I‘m thinking, ‗Gee, Ihope I get that drill.‖Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20%Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.加强企业间的合作是当今世界企业发展的重要方向。

重庆考研英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者的主要观点？A. 教育是社会进步的关键。

B. 技术发展对教育有积极影响。

C. 教育改革需要政府的参与。

D. 教育的目的是培养全面发展的人才。

答案：A2. 文章中提到的“终身学习”概念，主要强调了什么？A. 学习是个人成长的必要条件。

B. 学习应该贯穿人的一生。

C. 学习是职业发展的唯一途径。

D. 学习应该在学校完成。

答案：B3. 作者对当前教育体系的看法是什么？A. 当前教育体系已经足够完善。

B. 当前教育体系需要进一步改革。

C. 当前教育体系完全不能适应社会需求。

D. 当前教育体系在某些方面做得很好。

答案：B4. 根据文章，以下哪项不是教育改革的潜在挑战？A. 资源分配不均。

B. 技术更新速度。

C. 教师培训不足。

D. 学生对学习的兴趣。

答案：D5. 文章最后一段提到了什么？A. 教育改革的长远目标。

B. 教育改革的短期成果。

C. 教育改革的实施策略。

D. 教育改革的失败案例。

答案：A二、完形填空（共20分）[文章内容略]61. 答案：concerned62. 答案：significantly63. 答案：beneficial64. 答案：However65. 答案：innovative66. 答案：achieve67. 答案：consequences68. 答案：efficiency69. 答案：diverse70. 答案：overcome三、翻译（共20分）71. 翻译句子：The rapid development of technology has brought about profound changes in our daily lives.答案：科技的快速发展已经给我们的日常生活带来了深刻的变化。

72. 翻译句子：It is essential to cultivate a sense of responsibility in young people.答案：在年轻人中培养责任感是至关重要的。

重庆考研英语试题及答案模拟试题：重庆考研英语Part I Listening Comprehension (听力理解)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A) At a bookstore.B) At a library.C) At a lecture.D) At a museum.You hear: "I'm looking for the latest edition of'Contemporary English Literature.' Do you have it in stock?" Question: Where is the conversation most likely taking place?2. A) He missed his flight.B) He has a tight schedule.C) He has to cancel his appointment.D) He is running late for work.You hear: "I apologize, but I can't make it to our meeting this afternoon. Something urgent has come up."Question: What does the man mean?(Continue with 6 more short conversations and 2 long conversations with questions.)Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A) The importance of sleep.B) The effects of sleep deprivation.C) The benefits of daytime napping.D) The relationship between sleep and memory.Passage: "Research has shown that getting enough sleep is crucial for consolidating memories. Lack of sleep can lead to difficulties in retaining information and learning new skills."Question: What is the passage mainly about?2. A) The economic impact of tourism.B) The environmental effects of tourism.C) The cultural influence of tourism.D) The social changes brought by tourism.Passage: "Tourism can bring about significant economic benefits to a region, but it can also have negative effects on the local environment, such as increased pollution and damage to natural habitats."Question: What does the passage discuss?(Continue with 1 more short passage with questions.)Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a long passage. At the end of the passage, you will hear several questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Passage: "The rise of e-commerce has revolutionized the way we shop. With just a few clicks, consumers can now purchase a wide range of products from the comfort of their own homes. However, this convenience comes at a cost. The increase in online shopping has led to a significant amount of packaging waste, which poses a serious environmental challenge."1. A) The convenience of online shopping.B) The environmental impact of e-commerce.C) The economic benefits of e-commerce.D) The variety of products available online.Question: What is the main topic of the passage?2. A) It is more time-consuming.B) It produces more waste.C) It is less convenient.D) It is more expensive.Question: What is a disadvantage of online shopping mentioned in the passage?(Continue with more questions based on the long passage.)Part II Reading Comprehension (阅读理解)Section ADirections: Read the following passage. After reading it, you will find 5 questions with four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer for each question and write the corresponding letter on your paper.Passage:"In recent years, there has been a surge in the popularity of vegetarianism. Many people are choosing to adopt a vegetarian diet for various reasons, including health, environmental concerns, and animal welfare. Studies have shown that a well-balanced vegetarian diet can provide all the necessary nutrients and may even offer some health benefits, such as a lower risk of heart disease and certain cancers. However, it is important for vegetarians to be aware of potentialnutrient deficiencies, such as iron and vitamin B12, and to ensure they consume a varied diet that includes a wide range of plant-based foods."1. A) Health benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Animal welfare.D) All of the above.Question: Why are people choosing to become vegetarians?2. A) It can lead to nutrient deficiencies.B) It may cause certain cancers.C) It requires a varied diet.D) It is difficult to maintain.Question: What is a characteristic。

重庆大学硕士研究生《英语 》课程试卷2012 ~2013 学年 第 一 学期（春、秋）开课学院： 课程编号： 考试日期：考试方式：考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, 1-15 30points; 16-25 10points)1. ( )2. ( )3. ( )4. ( )5. ( )6. ( )7. ( )8. ( )9. ( ) 10. ( ) 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( )21.( ) 22.( ) 23.( ) 24.( ) 25.( )Part II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )Part IV . Writing ( 20 points)(请写在背面，Please write your composition on the reverse side.)命题（组题）人：黄萍李雁审题人： 黄萍命题时间：2012.12研究生院制学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名封线密重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2012～2013 学年第一学期硕士生B类Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Passage OnePsychologists agree that I.Q. contributes only about 20 percent of the factors that determine success. A full 80 percent comes from other factors，including what I call emotional intelligence. Following are two of the major qualities that make up emotional intelligence，and how they can be developed：1. Self-awareness. The ability to recognize a feeling as it happens is the keystone of emotional intelligence. People with greater certainty about their emotions are better pilots of their lives.Developing self-awareness requires tuning in to what neurologist Antonio Damasio calls ―gut feelings‖。

重庆考研英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者对全球化的主要观点？A. 全球化促进了全球经济的增长。

B. 全球化导致了文化同质化。

C. 全球化加剧了贫富差距。

D. 全球化是不可逆转的趋势。

答案：D2. 文章中提到的“绿色经济”指的是什么？A. 以牺牲环境为代价的经济模式。

B. 以环境保护为核心的经济体系。

C. 以减少资源消耗为目标的经济活动。

D. 以促进可持续发展为目的的经济战略。

答案：D二、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的选项中选择一个最佳答案填空。

In recent years, the popularity of cycling has surged in cities around the world. Cyclists argue that cycling is not only good for health but also for the environment. However, the rise in cycling has also led to an increase in accidents. To address this issue, many cities have implemented new safety measures. These include better cycling infrastructure and educational programs to teach cyclists about road safety.31. A. quickly B. slowly C. steadily D. suddenly答案：C32. A. harmful B. beneficial C. dangerous D. neutral答案：B33. A. despite B. because of C. in addition to D. instead of 答案：A34. A. reduce B. increase C. maintain D. prevent答案：B35. A. rules B. measures C. policies D. guidelines答案：B三、翻译（共20分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。

重庆大学2007级硕士研究生(B类)《英语》课程试卷Passage OneMajor companies are already in pursuit of commercial applications of the new biology. They dream of placing enzymes in the automobile to monitor exhaust and send data on pollution to a microprocessor that will then adjust the engine. They speak of what the New York Times calls "metal-hungry microbes that might be used to mine valuable trace metals from ocean water". They have already demanded and won the right to patent new lifeforms.Nervous critics, including many scientists, worry that there is corporate, national, international, and inter-scientific rivalry in the entire biotechnological field. They create images not of oil spills, but of "microbe spills" that could spread disease and destroy entire populations. The creation and accidental release of extremely poisonous microbes, however, is only one cause for alarm. Completely rational and respectable scientists are talking about possibilities that stagger the imagination.Should we breed people with cow-like stomachs so they can digest grass and hay, thereby relieving the food problem by modifying us to eat lower down on the food chain? Should we biologically alter workers to fit the job requirement, for example, creating pilots with faster reaction times or assembly-line workers designed to do our monotonous work for us? Should we attempt to eliminate "inferior" people and breed a "super-race"? (Hitler tried this, but without the genetic weaponry that may soon issue from our laboratories.) Should we produce soldiers to do our fighting? Should we use genetic forecasting to pre-eliminate "unfit" babies? Should we grow reserve organs for ourselves, each of us having, as it were, a "savings bank'' full of spare kidney, livers, or hands?Wild as these notions may sound, every one has its advocates (and opposers) in the scientific community as well as its striking commercial application. As two critics of genetic engineering, Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard, state in their book Who Should Play God?, "Broad scale genetic engineering will probably be introduced to America much the same way as assembly lines, automobiles, vaccines, computers and all the other technologies. As each new genetic advance becomes commercially practical, a new consumer need will be exploited and a market for the new technology will be created."1. According to the passage, the exhaust from a car engine could probably bechecked by .B. Making use of enzymes.C. Adjusting the engine.D. Patenting new life forms.2. According to the passage, which of the following would worry the critics themost?A. The unanticipated explosion of population.B. The creation of biological solar cells.C. The accidental spill of oil.D. The unexpected release of destructive microbes.3. Which of the following notions is NOT mentioned?A. Developing ―savings bank‖ of one‘s organs.B. Breeding soldiers for a war.C. Producing people with cow-like stomachs.D. Using genetic forecasting to cure diseases.4. According to the passage, Hitler attempted to .B. Develop genetic farming for food supply.C. Kill the people he thought of as inferior.D. Encourage the development of genetic weapons for the war.5. What does Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard's statement imply?A. The commercial applications of genetic engineering are inevitable.B. America will depend on other countries for biological progress.C. Americans are proud of their computers, automobiles and genetictechnologies.D. The potential application of each new genetic advance should be controlled.Passage TwoThe concept of "environment" is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa.In the case of man, the difficulties, with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as "cultural", which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of' climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.6. Which of the following words can best describe the popular understanding of "environment" as the author sees it?A. Elaborate.B. Prejudiced.C. Faultless.D. Oversimplified.7. According to the author the concept of ―environment" is difficult to explainbecause .B. it involves both internal and external forcesC. the organism and the environment influence each otherD. the relationship between the organism and the environment is unclear8. In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author suggeststhat .to manB. man and other animals are modified equally by the environmental forcesC. man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the naturalenvironmentD. physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organismsthan on man9. As for culture, the author points out that .B. it is also affected by environmental factorsC. it is generally accepted to be part of the environmentD. it is a product of man's biological instincts10. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with .A. the interpretation of the term "environment"B. the discussion on organisms and biological environmentC. the comparison between internal and external factors influencing manD. the evaluation of man's influence on culturePassage ThreeThe tourist trade is booming. With all this coming and going, you‘d expect greater understanding to develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of it! Superb systems of communication by air, sea and land make it possible for us to visit each other‘s countries at a moderate cost. What was once the ‗grand tour‘, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybody‘s grasp? The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldn‘t have dreamed of. But what‘s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?Many tourist organizations are directly responsible for this state of affairs. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the local population. The modern tourist leads a cosseted(宠爱溺爱的)sheltered life. He lives at international hotels, where he eats his international food and sips his international drink while he gazes at the natives from a distance. Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully censored. The tourist is allowed to see only what the organizers want him to see and no more. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway, language is always a barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way. At its very worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization. The summer quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire: are temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool is recreated at Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella, but fish and chips.The sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of national stereotypes. We don‘t see the people of other nations as they really are, but as we have been brought up to believe they are. You can test this for yourself. Take five nationalities, say, French, German, English, American and Italian. Now in your mind, match them with these five adjectives: musical, amorous (多情的), cold, pedantic(学究式的), native. Far from providing us with any insight into the national characteristics of the peoples just mentioned, these adjectives actually act as barriers. So when you set out on your travels, the only characteristics you notice are those which confirm your preconceptions. You come away with the highly unoriginal and inaccurate impression that, say, ‗Anglo-Saxons are hypocrites‘ of that ‗Latin peoples shout a lot‘. You only have to make a few foreign friends to understand how absurd and harmful national stereotypes are. But how can you make foreign friends when the tourist trade does its best to prevent you?Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact—how trite(老一套的) it sounds! – That all people are human. We are all similar to each other and at the same time all unique.11.The best title for this passage is ___________.A. tourism contributes nothing to increasing understanding between nations.B. tourism is tiresome.C. conducted tour is dull.D. tourism really does something to one‘s country.12.What is the author‘s attitude toward tourism?A. apprehensive.B. negative.C. critical.D. appreciative.13.Which word in the following is the best to summarize Latin people shout a lot?A. silent.B. noisy.C. lively.D. active.14.The purpose of the author‘s criticism is to point outA. conducted tour is disappointing.B. the way of touring should be changed.C. when traveling, you notice characteristics which confirm preconception.D. national stereotypes should be changed.15.What is ‗grand tour‘ now?A. moderate cost.B. local sight-seeing is investigated by the tourist organization.C. people enjoy the first-rate comforts.D. everybody can enjoy the ‗grand tour‘.Passage FourThese days we hear a lot of nonsense about the ‗great classless society‘. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great clichés of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. Bu t has it? Close examination doesn‘t bear out the claim.It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, ‗survival of the fittest‘, and ‗might is right‘ are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For ‗aristocracy(贵族统治)‘ read ‗meritocracy(英才统治‘; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them ‗a good start in life‘. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.16.What is the main idea of this passage?A. Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the classsystem.B. Equality means money.C. There is no such society as classless society.D. Nature can‘t give you a classless society.17.According to the author, the same educational oppor tunities can‘t get rid ofinequality becauseA. the principle ‗survival of the fittest‘ exists.B. Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.C. Material rewards are for genuine ability.D. People have the freedom how to educate their children.18.Who can obtain more rapid successA. Those with the best opportunities.B. Those with the best brains.C. those with wealth.D. Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.19.Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to acertain extent? BecauseA. money decides everything.B. Private schools offer advantages over state schools.C. People are free to choose the way of educating their children.D. Wealth is used for political ends.20.According to the author, ‗class divisions‘ refers toA. Genius and stupidity.B. Different opportunities for people.C. Oppressor and the oppressed.D. the rich and the poor.21.Part II Translation from English to Chinese 20%Believe me when I tell you that you have been given everything you need. You already own the gifts you seek. They were given to you a long time ago. Don‘t spend your lifetime seeking your happiness, when in reality, you already have the means to it. The amazing part about this secret is that no one can steal it from you. The gifts you have been given, including your very own acres of diamonds are yours to keep and share as you see fit. Everyone is good at something, and you‘ll come to find out that the more you share your treasures, the shinier they get, and the more valuable they become. In turn, you become a richer and happier person.Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20%承认我们深受偏见的影响没有什么不光彩的。

重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷(B 类)2014~2015 学年 第 一 学期（秋）开课学院：外国语学院 课程编号：G0401A 考试日期： 2015.01.10考试方式：开卷闭卷其他 考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, 1-10 20points; 11-20 20points) 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( )11. ( ) 12. ( )13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( )19. ( ) 20. ( )Part II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points) Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points ) Part IV . Writing ( 20 points)(Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面)重庆大学硕士研究生《英语 》课程试卷 2014～2015 学年 第 一 学期 硕士生B 类Part I. Reading Comprehension （40 points ）Directions : Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneAs a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn ’t the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europe ’s new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the irresistible momentum of individualism over the last century. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on Europeans ’ private lives. Europe ’s new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe ’s shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today ’s tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage —twenty something professionals or widowed senior citizens. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative —dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone. The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn ’t leave much room for relationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year-old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn ’t got time to get lonely because has too much work. “I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult ”. Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called “The Single Woman and Prince Charming ”, thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships don ’t last long —if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she ’d never have wanted to do what her mother did —give up a career to raise a family. Instead, “I ’ve always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life ”.1. More and more young Europeans remain single becauseA. they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualism.B. they have entered the workforce at a much earlier age.C. they have embraced a business culture of stability.D. they are pessimistic about their economic future. 2. What is said about European society in the passage? A. It has fostered the trend towards small families. B. It is getting closer to American-style capitalism. C. It has limited consumer choice despite a free market. D. It is being threatened by irresistible privatization. 3. According to Paragraph 3, the newest group of singles are A. warm and lighthearted.命题（组题）人：李雁审题人封线密B. on either side of marriage.C. negative and gloomy.D. healthy and wealthy.4.The author quotes Eppendorf to show thatA. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom.B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe.C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely.D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable.5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners.B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C. To examine the trend of young people living alone.D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships.Passage TwoAmerican dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times.The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was.“There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institut e for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events.Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development.A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of th e last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels.Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce.The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies.“The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined.American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs.6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows?A. Self-contradictoryB. Prejudice-freeC. Culture-loadedD. Audience-targeted7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ .A. the patenting of domination shows and moviesB. the emergence of new commercial networksC. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-televisionD. the intense competition coming from the outside8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________.A. in need of capitalB. after a fashionC. on second thoughtsD. in the interests of themselves9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____.A. they lose competitivenessB. they are not market-orientedC. they are too much pricedD. they fall short of audience expectations10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________.A. if they have no access to popular showsB. because their endeavors come to no availC. since bidding wars are no longer fierceD. as international sales pace slows downPassage ThreeHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and RonaldoMenezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani's “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sale s without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is，the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work, and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could，indeed，be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category，and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem，a company in Cambridge，Massachusetts, also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet .Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm.Questions 11-15Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.11. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.12. In shops, products shelved at a more _______________ sell better even if they are more expensive.13. According to Mr. Usmani, with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon, a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.14. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high, other customers tend to follow them.15. Using the “swarm-moves” model, shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 16-20Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 16-20 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage16. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in bigsupermarkets like Wal-Mart and Tesco.17. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.18. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.19. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data ofother shops.20. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.Part II. Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Chinese housing prices have been hot social topics in recent years. House prices in medium-and-large cities keep high, with the trend of further going up. Some young people simply cannot afford purchasing any house, while others become mortgage slaves. Mortgage slaves (or house slaves) are a new buzzword that emerged in the society in recent years. Just as the name suggests, house slaves refer to people who are enslaved to mortgage for their houses. These people borrow loans from banks to buy a house and then repay the loans with their lifetime efforts. According to survey by a real estate website, about 32 % of Chinese people paid over 50% of their income as monthly mortgage payment, so they indeed became slaves of the house. While they seem to enjoy some psychological comfort that they have their own houses, they have to bear tremendous stress, with quality of life dropped down significantly．Part III. Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.终身学习是指从学前到退休后获得及更新各种能力，兴趣，知识和资质的过程。

重庆大学研究生英语试卷2014.01mqtB试卷及答案重庆大学硕士研究生《英语 》课程试卷(B 类)2013~2014 学年 第 一 学期（秋）开课学院： 课程编号： 考试日期： 2014.1.9考试方式：开卷闭卷 考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, 1-10 20points; 11-20 20points)1. ( )2. ( )3. ( )4. ( )5. ( )6. ( )7. ( )8. ( )9. ( ) 10. ( )11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )16.( ) 17.( ) 18.( )19..( ) 20.( )Part II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )命题（组题）人：李雁审题人： 黄萍命题时间：研究生院制学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名封线 密Part IV. Writing ( 20 points)(请写在背面，Please write your composition on the reverse side.)重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2013～2014 学年第一学期硕士生B类Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneWe might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person’s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn’t matter that you weren’t feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don’t count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of ‘drop-outs’:young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judge’s decision you have the right of appeal, but not after a n examiner’s. There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person’s true abilities. Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: ‘I were a teenage drop-out and now I are ateenage millionaire.’1. The main idea of this passage isA. examinations exert a pernicious influence on education.B. examinations are ineffective.C. examinations are profitable for institutions.D. examinations are a burden on students.2. The author’s attitude toward examinations isA. detestable.B. approval.C. critical.D. indifferent.3. The fate of students is decided byA. education.B. institutions.C. examinations.D. students themselves.4. According to the author, the most important of a good education isA. to encourage students to read widely.B. to train students to think on their own.C. to teach students how to tackle exams.D. to master his fate.5. Why does the author mention court?A. Give an example.B. For comparison.C. It shows the result of court is more effective.D. It shows that teachers’ evolutions depend on the results ofexaminations.Passage TwoPop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once the prerogative only of Royalty．Wherever they go, people turn out in their thousands to greet them．The crowds go wild trying to catch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. The stars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces, private helicopters or executive aeroplanes．They are surrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, press agents and bodyguards．Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comings and goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news．If they enjoy many of the privileges of Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well．It is dangerous for them to make unscheduled appearances in public．They must be constantly shielded from the adoring crowds which idolize them．They are no longer private individuals, but public property．The financial rewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical．And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly．The great days of Hollywood have become legendary: famous stars enjoyed fame, wealth and adulation on an unprecedented scale．By today’s standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular．A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the films of the past ever did．The competition for the title ‘ Top of the Pops’ is fierce, but the rewards are truly colossal．It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way．Don’t the top men in industry earn enormous salaries for the services they perform to their companies and their countries? Pop stars earn vast sums in foreign currency – often more than large industrial concerns –and the taxman can only be grateful fro their massive annual contributions to the exchequer．So who would begrudge them their rewards?It’s all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others．People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg．For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn a living．A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no right to expectvery high rewards．He has chosen security and peace of mind, sothere will always be a limit to what he can earn．But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks．He knows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top．He knows that years of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure．But he knows, too, that the rewards for success are very high indeed: they are the recompense for the huge risks involved and if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them．That’s the essence of private enterprise．6. The sentence “Pop stars’ style of living was once the prerogative only of Royalty" means ___________A. their life was as luxurious as that of royalty．B. They enjoy what once only belonged to the royalty．C. They are rather rich．D. Their way of living was the same as that of the royalty．7. What is the author’s attitude toward top stars’ high income?A. Approval．B. Disapproval．C. Ironical．D. Critical．8. It can be inferred from the passage ___________A. people are blind in idolizing stars．B. successful Pop stars give great entertainment．C. there exists fierce competition in climbing to the top．D. the taxes they have paid are great．9. What can we learn from the passage?A. Successful man should get high-income repayment．B. Pop stars made great contribution to a country．C. Pop stars can enjoy the life of royalty．D. Successful men represent the tip of the iceberg．10. Which paragraph covers the main idea?A. The first．B. The second．C. The third．D. The fourth．Passage ThreeDay-dreaming is generally viewed as an impractical, wasteful activity: one should be doing something useful, not just sitting or walking around with ‘one’s head in the clouds. But rather than being of little worth, the capacity to fantasize is a priceless skill, a thoroughly useful tool, a tool for all seasons.Day-dreaming is an essential ingredient in most, if not all, creative processes. In the pursuit of innovation and development, many organizations have been trying over recent years ‘to capture the day-dreaming process’ by formalizing and institutionalizing the process in creative seminars. Workshops where employees sit around ‘brainstorming’ and ‘being creative’ are now mushrooming. But do they work? To a certain extent they can, but not always. There are instances of outside consultants setting up brainstorming sessions for companies where the chairperson or director gives his or her ideas first. In doing so, they set the parameters as no one wants to contradict or overrule the boss. True brainstorming, like true daydreaming, however, knows no boundaries, no hierarchies and no fears. The intention is not to disparage such activities, but they are too over-controlled and do not even mimic the environment needed to day-dream and create. But they do show how the creative force, so frequently despised before, is creeping into the mainstream, even if in a contained manner. Very contained, in fact.So where to begin? Day-dreaming or fantasizing is discouraged in children, so that by the time they are adults it has been completely removed. While one would not want to have all children sitting around in a kind of hypothyroidic haze of daydreaming bliss, those most naturally inclined to it should be given space to dream and their ability nurtured. Creativity comes out of the unusual and needs space, in fact lots of space, to develop. Yet, life is based on mediocrity and sosociety demands that creative flair be knocked out of someone when they are young so that they can conform.As adults, then, it is by and large more difficult to day-dream in general. The limitations have been set by others early on and by subtle reminders to keep people in place. Individuals in danger of deviating from the norm are kept in their place by a permanent flow of seemingly innocent comments designed to induce conformity (‘I don’t like that.’ ‘That won’t work.’ quite often delivered subconsciously. Fortunately, the die-hard day- dreamers/creators manage to struggle through.Dreaming spotsFor some of us, coffee shops, pubs or public places where people are moving around are ideal spots for day-dreaming. Or, indeed, somewhere where there is running water, by a river or stream. The constant movement seems to stimulate thought and ideas in a way that perhaps a library or the solitude of a study does not. It may not be possible to hone the finished text sitting around in a noisy cafe, but the challenge of holding together thoughts against adversity, as it were, is a great galvanizing force.In the peace of one’s home there are even more distractions, like the TV and the phone. People who are not familiar with the creative process may find it hard to accept that places like coffee bars are a source of stimulation. But why certain places and things motivate the creative individual and others do not is difficult to fathom.Is day-dreaming an innate ability or something that can be taught? While I personally am prepared to accept that inheritance of ability does play a significant role in the process, I am more inclined to the idea that the environment, and perhaps chance, play a much greater role. It is said that genius is 10 per cent inspiration and 90 per cent perspiration. The coffee shop experience bears this out: a place of turmoil to engender the ideas and then back to the nest to flesh them out. The 90 per cent is a notional figure. If one looks at the work of the great inventors and artists past or present, one can see that more than 90 per cent of perspiration, as it were, went into the execution of their work.Questions 11-15Do the statements below reflect the opinion of the writer in the Reading Passage above?In item11-15 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement reflects the writer's opinionNO i f the statement contradicts the writer’s opinionNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about thisExample Answer People think day-dreaming is a wasteful activity. Yes anizations should be legally bound to institutionalize day-dreamingprocesses.12.In the day-dreaming process there are no limitations.13.Most children should be given space to day-dream.14.Young people need to have creative flair knocked out of them.15.It is good that some day-dreamers survive the process of conformity. Questions 16-20Below is a summary of the second part of Reading Passage above.Using information from the passage, complete the summary .Choose ONE WORD from the passage to complete each space.Write your answers in item 16-20 on your answer sheet.Part II. Translation from English to Chinese 20% Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Many people, in the modern as much as in the ancient world, find it natural to say that a happy life is one in which you are successful; the happy person will be, typically, the rich, secure person who has achieved something in life. It sounds odd, indeed perverse, to say that someone could be happy, could be living a life you admire and try to emulate, if he or she turned out to be rejected and unsuccessful. But Plato was influenced by the example of Socrates, who gave up worldly success for philosophy, and who ended up condemned as a criminal and executed-yet who clearly seemed to Plato to have lived an admirable life. And so, most people must be wrong about how to achieve a happy life.Part III. Translation from Chinese into English 20% Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.电子邮件对我们职业生涯和个人生活的影响非同一般。

重庆大学外国语学院研究生考试试题年考研真题考研试题硕士研究生入学考试试题重庆大学外国语学院研究生考试试题（语言学概论）－2000年（第一、二部分试题做在试题册上，第二部分写在空白答题纸上。

）Part I: Basic Concepts (20%)Briefly define the following terms in English.1. morphology2. diphthon3. compound sentence4. deep structure5. ellipsis6. semantics7. free variation8. co-operative principles9. prefix10. hyponymyPart II: Language Analysis (50%)2.1. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sounds together with an illustration of the use of the sound in an English word. You are required to give no less than three words for the illustration of each symbol.1) voiceless bilabial stop:______________________2) high back tense rounded vowel:___________________________3) voiced retroflex:___________________________-4) voiceless interdental fricative:_________________________5) high front tense unrounded vowel:_____________________________2.2. Indicate the position of main stress in each of thefollowing words by writing an accent mark ( ) over the appropriate vowel symbol or symbols.1. apple2. baboon3. behest4. decent5. descent6. executive7. indiscriminate8. massage9. yesterday 10. zoological11. sagacity 12. neurologist 13. facetious 14. caress 15. Washingtonian2.3. Each of the following compounds is made up of two parts. How do the parts relate to each other? Two examples are given below:e.g. fleabite (a bite from a flea)bridcage (a cage for bird)1. bedside_________2. mailbox____________3. hardwood___________4. paintbrush________________5. password____________6. windowpane_________________7. outlaw____________ 8. nightfall_______________9. rainbow________________ 10. sunshine_________________。