国外认知心理学课件CogPsychLecture

• “Pressing Alt-Tab switches me between applications, and I know that Windows uses STM… Let’s propose a model of Windows where it stores which apps are open in STM, and when a user hits Alt-Tab, it switches between open apps.”
What is Cognitive
Psychology?
• Metaphor: mind = Windows
– Behaviorists:
• “What happens when I press Alt-Tab? Cool! It switched to my last open application!!” But how does that work?
– We will learn about categorization and invariant representation
– Neurobiologists:
• “Check this out, the harddrive and the RAM are both connected to the motherboard!” But what does that mean?
– Cognitive Psychologists:
What we are aware of…
The complexities of cognition are usually hidden from our consciousness.
The Magic of Cognition

二战期间人的因素研究（human factors research）——人机交互作用，人的技能和绩 效的提高。
计算机
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认知心理学的起源
香浓（Shannon）的《信息论》的影响
维纳（Wiener）的《控制论》的影响
20世纪50年代后数字计算机随着程序语言（如： FORTRAN）的出现而显示出巨大潜力。
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知识的种类
语义知识和语义记忆（semantic knowledge or semantic memory）： 有关单词和概念性质的一般知识。
情节知识或情节记忆（episodic knowledge or episodic memory）： 每个人特有的，以自己的经验为基础并且与具 体的时间或地点相联系的知识。
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知识的加工类型
注意：
定义：心理活动的集中（concentration）和 聚焦（focusing）(Matlin,1983).
如：漫不经心容易出错。
注意看起来强调或增强已被聚焦的感觉输入。
注意是我们日常生活的标志，注意分配对激发 其他认知过程是必须的。
但同时，经验证明：在没有选择性注意的条件 下也能激发和维持认知过程。如，开车。
认知心理学
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认知心理学专题讲座计划（预计）
认知心理学：定义、起源和隐喻 知觉 记忆 知识的组织 语言 思维 学习 生态学的认识论（affordance） 情境认知与情境学习与活动理论 日常认知 认知心理学的发展
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认知心理学：定义、起源和隐喻
储存、恢复和使用
储存与恢复表现为人的记忆功能。

Semantic Network vs. Feature Comparison Models
Hierarchical network of concepts . Cognitive economy stipulates features are represented only once in the hierarchy. Used in WordNet to represent word meanings.
“All collies are dogs” faster than “All collies are animals.” Feature comparison assumes search of characteristic features is sufficient to confirm dog. Must proceed to Stage 2 search of defining features to confirm animal.
Functional Equivalence Hypothesis
Visual imagery, while not identical to perception, is mentally represented and functions the same as perception. An image is isomorphic to the referent object (second-order), meaning spatial relations are analogous. An image is an analog representation of the object, as shown by mental rotation and image scanning.

each neuron is connected to many other neurons (1:1000) representation of information is due to the pattern of activation across many neurons (i.e., a concept or idea does not correspond to a single neuron)
– Terminal buttons of presynaptic neuron @ dendrites/soma of postsynaptic neuron (or muscle fibres)
neurotransmitter
Transmitter substance - chemical produced by a neuron that enables i neuron or group of muscle fibres
Then...
Excising of tissue Electrical probes EEG recordings postmortem exams
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
a method of scanning the brain that produces detailed maps of brain structure without X-rays or other radiation by relying on the difference in the magnetic resonance of certain atomic nuclei.
Neurocognition
Cognitive Neuroscience/neuropsychology All cognition is the result of neurological activity