中国矿业大学考博英语2009年考博英语词汇题解析

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编39(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．As its______grew, funds began to accumulate and the union got more and more powerful.A．recruitB．sizeC．membershipD．expansion正确答案：C解析：membership n.会员数；全体会员(如：The membership of the club is now 500．The society has a large membership．)。

recruit n．新兵，新成员。

size n.大小，尺寸，尺码。

expansion n．扩大，扩充；扩张，膨胀。

2．Little boys seem to enjoy______ train sets more than little girls.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．captureB．departureC．fixtureD．miniature正确答案：D解析：本题是说，小男孩看上去比小女孩更喜欢小型的火车装置。

D项“miniature缩小的”符合题意。

其他三项“capture捕获；departure出发；fixture 固定设备”都不正确。

3．Concerned people want to______ the risk of developing cancer.(2002年春季上海交通大学考博试题)A．takeB．decreaseC．minimizeD．claimed正确答案：C解析：本题中，take the risk of doing sth．的意思是“冒险做……”；decrease 的意思是“降低”；minimize的意思是“减到最少”；claimed的意思是“声称、主张”。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．As skies fill with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal miracle appears to depend on a seeming______: The fatter the bird, the more efficiently it flies.(浙江大学2010年试题)A．interruptionB．descriptionC．qualificationD．contradiction正确答案：D解析：在给出的选项中：interruption“中断”；description“描述”；qualification “资格”；contradiction“矛盾”。

contradiction一词总结了原句中解释性分句表达的意思。

所以，正确答案是D。

2．The party leader justified his subsequent re-election______that he had brought political stability and economic development to his country.(浙江大学2010年试题)A．in the wayB．by no meansC．on the groundsD．to the extent正确答案：C解析：在给出的选项中：in the way“在路上”；by no means“绝不”；on thegrounds“基于”；to the extent“到……程度”。

所以，正确答案是C。

3． A leading British scholar has proposed translating Shakespeare into contemporary English______young audience who are confused by jokes which are 400 years out of date.(浙江大学2010年试题)A．in memory ofB．at the cost ofC．on behalf ofD．for the benefit of正确答案：D解析：在给出的选项中：in memory of“纪念”；at the cost of“以某种代价”；onbehalf of“代表”；for the benefit of“为了某人的利益”。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编39(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．As its______grew, funds began to accumulate and the union got more and more powerful.A．recruitB．sizeC．membershipD．expansion正确答案：C解析：membership n.会员数；全体会员(如：The membership of the club is now 500．The society has a large membership．)。

recruit n．新兵，新成员。

size n.大小，尺寸，尺码。

expansion n．扩大，扩充；扩张，膨胀。

2．Little boys seem to enjoy______ train sets more than little girls.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．captureB．departureC．fixtureD．miniature正确答案：D解析：本题是说，小男孩看上去比小女孩更喜欢小型的火车装置。

D项“miniature缩小的”符合题意。

其他三项“capture捕获；departure出发；fixture 固定设备”都不正确。

3．Concerned people want to______ the risk of developing cancer.(2002年春季上海交通大学考博试题)A．takeB．decreaseC．minimizeD．claimed正确答案：C解析：本题中，take the risk of doing sth．的意思是“冒险做……”；decrease 的意思是“降低”；minimize的意思是“减到最少”；claimed的意思是“声称、主张”。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国矿业大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The Browns lived in a（）and comfortably furnished house in the suburbs.问题1选项A.spaciousB.sufficientC.wideD.wretched【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。

A选项spacious“宽敞的；无边无际的”；B选项sufficient“足够的；充分的”；C选项wide“广泛的；宽的”；D选项wretched“可怜的；卑鄙的；令人苦恼的”。

句意：布朗一家住在郊区一幢……又整洁舒适的房子里。

被修饰词是“房子”，用“宽敞的”最合适。

A选项正确的。

2.单选题The new shipping and receiving building is a(n)（） facility, large enough to meet our growing needs.问题1选项A.obsoleteB.meagerC.expansiveD.costly 【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析题。

obsolete“淘汰，废弃”；meager“贫乏的，缺少”；expansive “膨胀的，扩大的”；costly “昂贵的，代价高的”；根据句意‘新的货运大楼非常（），足够满足我们不断增长的需求。

’确定C选项正确。

3.单选题The circus has always been very, popular because it（）both the old and the young.问题1选项A.facilitatesB.fascinatesC.immersesD.indulges【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项facilitate“促进；帮助”；B选项fascinate“使着迷”；C选项immerse“沉浸；使陷入”；D选项indulge“满足；沉溺；放任”。

2009年湖北博士入学考试英语湖北联考试题Part I Reading Comprehension (30 % )Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C，and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:In general，our society is becoming one of giant enterprise directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small，well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages，well-ventilated factories and piped music and by psychologists and "human-relation" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless，that he does not whole heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact，the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets(木偶) who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.he workers and employees are anxiou，not only because they might find themselves out of a job；they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realties of human existence as emotionally a，R，d ih:'t-ellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subodinates. They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job，they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again——by psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along，etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitors creates constant anxiety and stress，the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to the 19th-century" free-enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities——those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as a means to this end，and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By "a well-oiled cog in the machinery" the author intends to render the idea that man is.A.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society，though functioning smoothlyB. a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligibleC. a humble component of the society，especially when working smoothlyD.working in complete harmony with the rest of the society2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that .A.they are faced with the fundamental realties of human existenceB.they are deprived of their independence and productivityC.they are likely to lose their satisfactory jobsD.they are farther away from genuine life3.Those who are on the higher social ladder would feel more peaceful and secure if they could.A.get higher salary and more self-respectB.have more chance to be further promotedC.prove better than their fellow-competitorsD.keep far away from this compititive world4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should .A.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesB.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realties for granted5.The author’s attitude towards industrialism might be best summarized as one of the .A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.toleranceQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human beings.Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms，particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has been said，however，about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms ofrichness of life.An alien exploring the Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant，most distinctive feature-the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away，it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that two-thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean，the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct specIes.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species，their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteritics with 750,000 species ofinsects.If basic，broad categories such as phyla andclasses are given more emphasis than differentiating between species，then the greatest diversify of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.To appreciate fully the diversity of abundance of life in the sea，it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopics and animals，including larva's or organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.6.What is the main point of the passage?A. Humans are destroying thousands of species.B. There are thousands of insect species.C.The sea is even richer in life than the mrlforests.D.Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.7.Why does the author compare coral reefs with rain forests(para. 1)?A.They share many similar species.B.They are approximately the same size.C.Most of their inhabitants require water.D.Both have many different forms of life.8.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are .A.insectsB.bacteriaC.mammalsD.birds9.The author argues that there is more diדersity of life in the sea than in the rain forest because .A. there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctionsB. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the seaC. many insect species are too small to divide into categoriesD. marine life-forms reproduce at a faster pace10. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?A. Ocean life is highly adaptive.B. Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.C. The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.D. More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Science is an enterprise concerned with gaining information about causality，or the relationship between cause and effect. A simple example of a cause is the movement of a paddle as it strikes a ping-pong ball; the effect is the movement of the ball through the air. In psychology and other sciences，the word "cause" is often replaced by the term “independent variable”.This term implies that the experimenter is often "free" to vary the independent variable as he or she desires (for example，the experimenter can control the speed of the paddle as it strikes the ball). The term“dependent variable”replaces the word"effect"，and this term is used because the effect，depends on some characteristic of the independent variable (the flight of the ball depends on the speed of the paddle). The conventions of science demand that both independent and dependent variables be observable events，as is the case in the ping-pong example. In the case of biorhythm theory，the independent variable is the number of days that have elapsed between a person's date of birth and some test day. The depedent variable is the person's level of performance on some specified task on the test. Notice that although the experimenter is not free to choose a birthday for a given individual，persons with different dates of birth can be tested on the same day, or a single subject can be tested on several different days.In order to predict the relationship between independent and dependent variables，many scientific theories make use of what are called intervening variables. Intervening variables are purely theoretical concepts that cannot be observed directly. To predict the flight of a ping-pong ball，Newtonian physics relies on a number of intervening variables; including force，mass，air resistance，and gravity. You can probably anticipate that the intervening variables of biorhythm theory are the three bodily cycles with their specified time periods.It should be emphasized that not all psychological theories include intervening variables，and some psychologists object to their use precisely because they are not directly observable.The final major component of a scientific theory is its syntax，or the rules and definitions that state how the independent and dependent variables are to be measured，and that specify the relationships among independent variables，intervening variables，anddependent variables.It is the syntax of biorhythm theory that describes how to use a person's birthday to calculate the current status of the three cycles. The syntax also relates the cycles to the dependent variable，performance，by stating that positive cycles should cause high levels of performance whereas low or critical cycles should cause low performance levels. To summarize，the components of a scientific theory can be divided into four major categories：independent variables，dependent variables，intervening variables，and syntax.11. Based on the passage，causality may have the meaning that .A. cause and effect can be independent of each otherB. there is hardly anything that happens without a causeC. dependent and independent variables affect each otherD. cause and effect may vary respectively in most events12. According to biorhythm theory，.A. one's behavior can be predicted by knowing his or her birhtdayB. nobody can choose his or her date of birth as he or she wishesC. an individual's performance is irrelevant to hisor her birthdayD. a person's level of performance varies according to the test date13. Many theories for predicting the relation ship between cause and effect .A. testify their complete conformity withgeneral scientific principlesB. justify the identity of dependent，independent，and intervening variablesC.specify the time periods of bodily cycles in terms of psychological testsD. verify their prediction by variables inconsisitent with conventions of science14. The example of the ping-pong ball used to .A. indicate a hard nut to crack in physicsB. predict variables in a person’s performanceC.prove a common feature most theories haveD. show the negligibility of intervening variables15. The word “syntax”used in the last paragraph refers to the.A. rules used for ordering and connecting words in a sentenceB. principles defining the connections among different variablesC. definitions describing the impact of biorhythm on one's behaviorD. criteria measuring a person's performance levels with biorhythmQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes，entertainers，and entrepreneurs，not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education——not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find."Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual，" says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance. " Ravitch's latest book，Left Back：A Century of Failed School Reforms，traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools，concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically，to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others，they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path，says writer Earl Shorris，“we will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege，”write historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life，a Pulitzer Prize winnig book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in U. S. politics，religion，and education. From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality，common sense，and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints of children: "Weare shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 1 0 or 15 years and cme out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing." Mark Twaill:ֺ‎f Iuckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism.Its hero avoids beingcivilized——going to school and learning to read——so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect，according to Hofstadter，is different from native intelligence，a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical，creative，and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp，manipulate，reorder，and adjust，while intellect examines，thinks，wonders，theorizes criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is the grips of people who“joyfully and militantly proclaim theirhostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”16. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?A. The habit of thinking independently.B. Profound knowledge of the world.C. Practical abilities for future career.D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.17. We can learn from the passage that Americans have a history of.A. undervaluing intellectB. favoring intellectualismC. supporting school reformD. suppressing native intelligence18. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are .A. identicalB.similarC. complementaryD. opposite19. Emerson，according to the passage，is probably .A. a pioneer of education reformC. a scholar in favor of intellectB. an opponent of intellectualismD. an advocate of regular schooling20. What does the author think of intellect?A.It evolves from common sense.B.It is second to intelligence.D. It underlies power.C.It is to be pursued.Part II Vocabulary (15 % )Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are fourchoeces marked A，B，C and D. Choose th ONE that best completes the sentence.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in thebrackets.21. In the process of acquiring knowledges，as much can be learned from seeking as from finding，from journeys as fromA. travelB. destination D. seeking D.seeking22. Weare meant to live dangerously and should not be sheltered. Life is a perilous adventure；its richness is in its .A. hazardsB. securityC. peaceD. length23. Mary thought she would never meet Tom again，but by a curiousthey finally met.A. coincidenceB. incidenceC. incidentD. accident24. The traffic police were searching for evidence to prove the accused man's guilt，but in.A. hollowB. emptyC. voidD. vain25. The team's efforts to score were by the opposing goalkeeper.A. surpassed C. frustrated D. furtheredB. doubled26. A friend may be ，casual，situational or deep and lasting.A. identicalB. originalC. superficialD. critical27. This is the industrialist's ：invest，and risk going bankrupt，or not invest and risk losing your share of the market.A. paradoxB. junctionC. premiseD. dilemma28. The key to success is remembering that every hurdle crossed is one less hurdle in the of your personal ambition.A. pursuitB.proportionC. promotionD. propulsion29. Although he did not state his opinion，thewas that he doubted my words.A. interruptionB. implicationC. impositionD. interaction30. My work with leaders from all walks of life has me that they were not born leaders-they are made.A. advocatedB. impliedC. convincedD. illustrated31. You can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and an understanding of what you have read.A. come up toB. come acrossC. come aroundD. come up with32. In the museum there is a of the ship Mayflower.A. supplementB. nucleusC. miniatureD.valve33. Employees are not slaves who must bear being order around. They would not put theirin their pocket.A. arroganceB. conceitC.prideD. prime34. This was conducted to find out how many people prefer TV serious to films.A. examinationB. inspectionC.analysisD. survey35. The statistical figures in that report are not. You should not refer to them.A. accurateB. fixedC. delicateD. rigid36. All theoriesfrom practice and in turn serve practice.A. originateB. restrainC.modifyD. reflect37. This research has attracted wide coverage and has been featured on BBC television’s Tomorrow’s World.A. messageB. imformationC. mediaD. data38. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick upwonderful in the market.A. batteriesB. bargainsC. basketsD. barrels39. Amy was elected chairman of the committee by avote.A. ambiguousB. synonymousC. simultaneousD. unanimous40. Developments in ship design and construction methods came about into challenges encountered in trading.A.awarenessB. responseC. contrastD. agreement41.In many places£¬ illness was seen either as an invasion of the body by some poison or it was to the work of an angry god，malignant magic，or witchcraft.A. contributedB. attributedC. tributeD. distributed42. His new theory has caused an enormous throughout the civilized world.A.solidarity C. sermonB. sentimentD. sensation43. The captain of the ship entered the details in the .A. loungeB. logC. motelD. shipwreck44. Some 4 000 private importers，exporters and wholesalers were nationalized andinto a huge government monopoly，the State Trading Corp.A. incorporatedB. inclinedC. resignedD. resorted45. She has but a faint of dialectical materialism.A. sacrificeB. reactionC. notionD. clue46. among young people is difficult to expect or achieve.A. AssuranceB. ProbabilityC. RelianceD. ConfQrmity47. The swimming pool is the children's favorite in summer.A. cradleB. hauntC. headingD.hedge48. In of Mr. Mainwaring's years of service，the company presented him with agold watch.A. contradictionB. appreciationC.confrontationD. apprehension49. They their hunting skills for the life of settled farmers.A. forsookB. forgedC.sacrificedD. reserved50.If you can't give up smoking completely，at least try to.A. take downB. turn downC.cut downD. set downPart III Cloze (10 %)Directions: For each numbered braclE~("1h the following passage£¬ fill in a suitable word inthe blank on the ANSWER SHEET.Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many 51. The simple 52for this is that there more different ways of looking at things 53 in the first kind of society. There are more ideas，more disagreements 54 interest，and moregroups and organizations 55 different beliefs. In 56，there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in 57 societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by 58more areas of life to decision. In a simple-racial 59，there are 60 occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for61 because everything seems to be the same. And 62 conditions may not be satisfactory，they are at least customary and undisputed.Social change is also likely to occur more frequently and 63 in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material，for example£¬ in technology rather than in values；in the 64 basic and emotional aspects of society than in their opposites；in form rather than in 65；and in elements that are66to the culture rather than in strange elements.67，social change is easier if it is gradual. For example，it comes68 readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp differences. This is one reason why change has 69 come more quickly to Black Americans as 70 to other American minorities，because of sharp difference between them and their white counterparts.Part IV English-Chinese Translation (15 % )Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentencesinto Chinese on the ANSWER SHEET.I shall mention two or three matters in which the need for cooperation between philosophy and science is especially intimate. 71. Since scientific method depends upon first-hand experimental controlled experierices，any philosophic application of the scientific point of view will emphasize the need of such experiences in the school，as over against mere acquisition of ready-made information that is supplied in isolation from the students' own experIence. So far，it will be in line with what is called the "progressive" movement in education. But it will be an influence in counteracting any tendencies that may exist in progressive education to slight the importance of continuity in the experiences that are had and the importance of organization. Unless the scienceofeducation on its wn ground and behalf emphasizes subject-matters while contain within themselves the promise and power of continuous growth in the direction of organization，it is false to its own position as scientific. 72.In cooperationwith a philosophy of education，it can lend invaluable aid in seeing to it that the chosen subject-matters are also such that they progressively developtoward formation of attitudes of understanding the world in which students and teachers liveand woward forming the attitudes of purpose，desire and action which will make pupils effective in dealing with social conditions.Another point of common interest concerns the place in the schools of the sciences，especially the place of the habits which form scientific attitudes and methods. The sciences had to battle against powerful enemies to obtain recognition in the curriGulum. In a formal sense，the battle has been won，but not yet in a substantial sense. For scientific subject- matter is still more or less isolated as a special body of facts" and truths. 73.The full victory will not be won until every subject and lesson is taught in connection with its bearing upon creation and growth of the kind of power of observation，inquiry，reflection and testing that are the heart of scientific intelligence.Experimental philosophy is at one with the genuine spirit of a scientific attitude in the endeavor to obtain for scientific method this central placein education.Finally, the science and philosophy of educatin can and should work together in overcoming the split between knowledge and action, betreen theory and practive, which now affects both education and society so seriously and harmfully.Indeed it is not too much to say that institution of a happy marriage between theory and practice is in the end the chief meaning of a acence and a philosophy of education that work together for common ends.Part V Chises-English Translation(15%)Directions：Translate the following paragraph into English and write youyr translation on the ANSER SHEET.一本好书就是一位益友。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编50(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Our manager is so______ in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.(2013年厦门大学考博试题)A．stiffB．rigidC．tenseD．tight正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是stiff僵硬的，不灵活的；rigid<人>[在……方面]固执的，顽固的；tense拉紧的，绷紧的：tight严厉的，吝啬的。

句意是，我们经理对自己的想法非常固执，从来听不见新的想法。

根据句意推出正确答案是B选项。

2．America has now adopted more ______ European-style inspection systems, and the incidence of food poisoning is falling.(2014年厦门大学考博试题) A．discreteB．solemnC．rigorousD．autonomous正确答案：C解析：句意为：现在美国已经采用了更加严密的欧式检测系统，食物中毒发生率正在下降。

根据句意，只有C项rigorous“严密的，严格的”符合句意，故选C项。

A项意为“分离的”；B项意为“庄严的”；D项意为“自治的”，均不符合句意。

3．She has______ideas about becoming a famous actress.A．childishB．illusoryC．novelD．romantic正确答案：D解析：romantic a．不切实际的，爱空想的；浪漫的，传奇的(如：A romantic person likes to imagine things．Don’t be carried away with romantic notions．A romantic story is one about love or adventure．)。

2009年10月在职GCT英语真题（A卷）第四部分外语运用能力测试（英语）（50题，每题2分，满分100分）Part One Vocabulary and StructureDirections:There are ten incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1、He added that the state government has made _______ arrangements for the conference.A、accurateB、absoluteC、adequateD、active2、This video may be freely reproduced _______ commercial promotion or sale.A、as forB、except forC、thanks toD、up to3、You______ engage in serious debate or discussion unless you are willing to endure attacks.A、have better notB、had better notC、have better not toD、had better not to4、Coffee has been a favorite drink for centuries，_______the time when we were drinking it strong and black，without sugar.A、duringB、forC、beforeD、since5、By 2050 the world will have about 2 billion people aged over 60，three times _____today.A、as much asB、as that ofC、as many asD、as those of6、Saffron returned to London to ______her acting career after four years of modeling.A、followB、chaseC、seekD、pursue7、He has fancy dreams about his life，and nothing ever quite______ his expectations.A、matchesB、makesC、reachesD、realizes8、______my neighbor’s kid with his coming exam，I spend an hour working with him every day.A、To helpB、HelpingC、HelpedD、Having helped9、When I worked as a bank clerk，I had the opportunity to meet a rich_____ of people: students，soldiers and factory workers.A、diversityB、kindC、rangeD、variety10、Cuts in funding have meant that equipment has been kept in service long after it ______ replaced.A、should have beenB、would have beenC、could have beenD、might have beenPart Two Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this part there are three passages and one chart，each followedby five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them，there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage:Happy hours are not necessarily happy, not do they last for an hour, but they have become a part of the ritual of the office worker and businessman.On weekdays in pubs and bars throughout America, there is the late afternoon happy hour. The time may vary from place to place, but usually it is held from four to seven. After the workday is finished, office workers in large cities and small towns take a relaxing pause and do not go directly home. They head off instead for the nearest bar or pub to be with friends, co-workers and colleagues. Within minutes the pub is filled to capacity with businessmen and secretaries, office clerks and stock executives. They gather around the bar like birds around a fountain or forest animals around a watering hole and chat about the trifles of office life or matters more personal. This is their desert garden, the place to relieve the day’s stress at the office.At these happy hours, social binding occurs between people who share the same workplace or similar professions. They may chat about each other or talk about a planned project that has yet to meet a deadline. In this sense, these places become extensions of the workplace and constitute a good portion of one’s social life.11、For office workers and businessmen the happy hour is their_______ .A、professional requirementB、regular practiceC、refreshing breakD、unpaid work12、Happy hours are held because office workers need to _______ .A、have a good rest after workB、stay away from household workC、make new friendsD、celebrate their achievements13、The phrase “filled to capacity” in paragraph 2 means the pub is ______.A、too crowdedB、rather entertainingC、completely fullD、very noisy14、Happy hours contribute to office workers’ _____.A、cooperation in societyB、promotion in their companyC、connection in societyD、loyalty to their company15、Which of the following statements is NOT true?A、The happy hour is a social gathering in America.B、People avoid talking about work at happy hours.C、Happy hours are held on weekdays only.D、People exchange work experiences at happy hours.Questions 16-20 are based on the following passage:Lazy? Shy? Live in a cave? Those might not be positive attributes for the average human, but they sure are good for animals trying to survivein a changing environment. According to a new study, beasts that hibernate (冬眠) or crawl into holes are less likely to be listed as endangered than those that don’t.Following up a previous study on extinct animals, which showed that species exhibiting “sleep or hide” (SLOH) behaviors did better than others, the researchers wanted to see if the same was true of modem creatures like moles and bears. To find out if our more timid animals have a leg up in the survival game, researchers made a master list of 443 sleep-or-hide mammals.With their list in hand, the team compared their 443 to the “red list” of endangered species published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. As suspected, a sleepy or hiding animal was less likely to be on the red list than a regular animal, and a red-list animal was also less likely to be a SLOH-er.This makes a lot of sense, as animals that hide away in a cave or a tree hole are protected by their physical shelters from a variable environment outside, while hibernators enjoy a flexible metabolism (新陈代谢) that can help them adapt to a changing climate.16、On the list of extinct animals studied, there were________.A、fewer SLOH-ers than regular animalsB、more SLOH-ers than expectedC、as many SLOH-ers as regular animalsD、hardly any SLOH-ers17、The phrase “a leg up”in Paragraph 2 probably means “_________”.A、an instinctB、an advantageC、a fightD、a chance18、The study of modern creatures__________.A、is unrelated to the study of extinct animalsB、finds evidence missing in the study of extinct animalsC、has findings similar to those of the study of extinct animalsD、reveals a different pattern from the study of extinct animals19、According to the passage, red-list animals are more likely to _________.A、be lazyB、be timidC、live longD、sleep less20、In the last paragraph the author________.A、compares the behaviors of sleepers and hidersB、offers an explanation for the survival of sleepers and hidersC、analyzes how a changing environment affects SLOH-ersD、emphasizes what can be learned from SLOH-ersQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage:In computing, passwords are commonly used to limit access to official users. Yet the widespread use of passwords has serious drawbacks. Office workers now have to remember an average of twelve system passwords. In theory they should use different passwords for each site, but in realitythese would be impossible to remember, so many people use the same password for all.An additional problem is that the majority use simple words such as “hello”, or names of family members, instead of more secure combinations of numbers and letters, such as 6ANV76Y. This permits computer hackers to download dictionaries and quickly find the word that allows them access.When system users forget their passwords there is extra expense in supplying new ones, while if people are forced to change passwords frequently they often write them down, making systems even less secure. Therefore, it is clear that the idea of passwords. Which have been used as security devices for thousands of years, may need rethinking.One possible alternative has been developed by the American firm Real User, and is called “Passfaces”. In order to access the system a worker has to select a series of photographs of faces from a randomly (随机地) generated sequence. If the pictures are selected in the correct order, access is granted. This concept depends on the human ability to recognize and remember a huge number of different faces, and the advantage is that such a sequence cannot be told to anyone or written down, so is more secure. It is claimed that the picture sequence, which used photographs of university students, is easier to remember than passwords, and it has now been adopted for the United States Senate.21、What is the disadvantage of passwords as mentioned in Paragraph 1?A、They do not ensure security.B、They are difficult to remember.C、They have to be changed frequently.D、They limit computer accessibility.22、One can make a password safer by ________.A、inserting pictures between numbersB、avoiding the use of letters altogetherC、setting up a firewall against computer hackersD、using complicated combinations of numbers and letters23、“Passfaces”is a method to get access to a system through_________.A、remembering a large number of facesB、selecting photographs of faces one likesC、recognizing a sequence of face picturesD、showing one’s face in front of the computer24、One advantage of “Passfaces” over a password is that________.A、it is easier to rememberB、it is more complicatedC、it takes less time to log inD、it allows one to write less25、What does the author think of the password?A、It is an old system that needs improvement.B、It provides as much security as before.C、It should be abandoned by computer users.D、It has developed to an advanced stage.A、FedEx Freight Measurements and MethodsB、FedEx Shipment Regulations in US and Other CountriesC、FedEx International Freight Customer Service GuideD、FedEx Express Freight and Air Cargo Service Restrictions27、What’s the minimum weight a shipment must reach in order to be transported by air?A、No restrictions.B、68kg.C、122kg.D、997kg.28、If you need to ship something 300cm long within US, which service can you choose?A、Shipment in less that 1 day.B、Shipment in 1 or 2 days.C、Shipment in 3 days.D、Shipment in more than 3 days.29、What does “girth” possibly mean?A、Measurement around an object.B、Measurement of object weight.C、Formula to calculate object width.D、Formula to calculate object length.30、FedEx services have different restrictions on the goods’_______.A、maximum weight per pieceB、maximum length plus girth per pieceC、maximum length per pieceD、maximum height per piecePart Three ClozeDirections:There are ten blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Fueled by weather, wind, and dry undergrowth, uncontrolled wildfires can burn acres of land-and consume everything in their way-in mere minutes.31, more than 100,000 wildfires clear 4 million to 5 million acres of land in the U.S. every year. A wildfire moves at speeds of up to 23 kilometers an hour, consuming everything-trees, bushes, homes, even humans-in its 32.There are three conditions that need to be 33 in order for a wildfire to burn: fuel, oxygen, and a heat source. Fuel is any material 34 a fire that will burn quickly and easily, including trees, grasses, bushes, even homes. Air supplies the oxygen a fire 35 to burn. Heat sources help spark the wildfire and bring fuel to 36 hot enough to start burning. Lightning, burning campfires or cigarettes, hot winds, and even the sun can all provide 37 heat to spark a wildfire.38 often harmful and destructive to humans, naturally occurring wildfires play a positive role in nature. They 39 nutrients to the soil by burning dead or decaying matter. They remove diseased plants andharmful insects from a forest ecosystem (生态系统). And by burning 40 thick tress and bushes, wildfires allow sunlight to reach the forest floor, enabling a new generation of young plants to grow.31、A、After all B、Above all C、In sum D、On average32、A、route B、track C、path D、trace33、A、stable B、present C、fixed D、favorable34、A、surrounding B、keeping C、causing D、making35、A、acquires B、needs C、captures D、meets36、A、materials B、places C、temperatures D、conditions37、A、additional B、excessive C、plentiful D、sufficient38、A、Although B、As C、If D、Whereas39、A、drive B、reduce C、return D、assign40、A、over B、through C、below D、beyondPart Four Dialogue CompletionDirections:In this part, there are ten short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that most appropriately suits the conversational context and best completes the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41、Speaker A: Hi, My name is Mark. I’m from Houston, Texas.Speaker B: I’m Bill. Glad to meet you. What year are you?Speaker A: ________.A、I was born in 1990B、I’ve been here for yearsC、I’m 19 years oldD、I’m a first-year student42、Speaker A: I’m getting pretty bored. We should do something despite the rain.Speaker B: _______ What do you have in mind?A、I back you up.B、Who cares?C、I’m with you.D、I like the rain.43、Man: We had a trip to South Africa this summer.Woman:________Man: Yes, we did. In fact, we even encountered a lion.A、Didn’t you?B、How did it go?C、I bet you had a great time.D、I guess you did.44、Man: Do you know Jason’s phone number?Woman: _______Man: OK. I might as well look it up in the phone book.A、Just a second.B、Not that I know of.C、I can’t think of it now.D、Why ask?45、Interviewer: Let me see if I understood you. You mean that youcan work extra hours if needed, right?Interviewee: __________A、Yes. No matter what you say.B、Yes. Thank you for your clarification.C、Yes. You sure understand me.D、Yes. Absolutely.46、Speaker A: Thanks to John, we’ve lost our most important client.Speaker B: I’ve told you he’s not proper for the position.Speaker A: _______.A、I don’t really agree with youB、I should have listened to youC、It doesn’t matter. I trust himD、Thank you for being so helpful47、Greg: Hey Merlin. I’d like to ask you a question.Merlin: ________Greg: Well, I’m thinking about going to Sweden. What’s the best time to go?A、Yes, go ahead.B、Sorry, I’m kind of busy.C、OK, what’s up?D、Yeah, what’s on your mind?48、Woman: I need to buy a wedding gift for Jane and Dealer.Man: Should we stop at the shopping center?Woman: _______. The wedding’s not until next weed, but I won’t have time later to get them anything.A、Won’t be necessaryB、I suppose soC、It’s your callD、If you insist49、Donald: Let’s eat out, shall we?Mason: I’m broke. I’ve gone through my paycheck for the weed already.Donald: Don’t worry. ________.A、We can find a wayB、Let’s split the billC、Just fast foodD、It’s my treat50、Teacher: Richard, class begins at 9, and you are late.Student: I know, but I missed my bus. I’m sorry.Teacher: __________. You have to be here on time.A、Don’t mention itB、That’s no excuseC、You needn’t beD、No problemPart One Vocabulary and Structure1、【答案】C【翻译】他补充道，州政府为这次会议做出了适当安排。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编26(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．We are going to ______ our house by building another room on to it.A．developB．enlargeC．spreadD．stretch正确答案：B解析：enlarge vt．扩大；放大。

develop v. 发展；成长，发育；开发，研制；逐渐显现出。

spread v.摊开，伸开；散布，传播。

stretch v.拉长，延，伸。

2．My students found the book ______: it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.(2006年财政部财政研究所考博试题)A．enlighteningB．confusingC．distractingD．amusing正确答案：A解析：enlightened意为“令人受启发的，启迪人的”；confusing意为“令人迷惑的”。

distracting意为“使人分散注意力的”；amusing意为“有趣的，令人发笑的”。

所以正确答案选A。

3．We must______that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible.A．assureB．secureC．ensureD．issue正确答案：C解析：ensure vt.保证，担保。

4．It is true that Matviyenko’s heading of the campaign would ______ certain staffing shuffles in the leadership, and now only a few members of the company were in the know. (2004年厦门大学考博试题)A．concurB．convokeC．entailD．alternate正确答案：C解析：本题空格处是说Matviyenko领导这场战役将会需要一定的人员变动。

上海交通大学考博英语2009年真题(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ VocabularyDirections: There are 40 incomplete sentences in the part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that **pletes the sentence. Then mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1.Without outside ______ China"s advertising cannot really mature and obtain a foothold in the global ads market.SSS_SINGLE_SELA prestigeB consumptionC pressureD controversy分值: 0.5答案:D[解析] 名词词义辨析。

prestige“威望，声望”；consumption“消费，耗费”；pressure“压力，压迫”；controversy“争论；争战”。

根据句意，耍想mature and obtain a foothold，就必须有controversy。

故答案为D。

2.Our program is different ______ it stresses the technical skills that business and industry seek as they incorporate the internet intotheir enterprise systems.SSS_SINGLE_SELA now thatB in thatC in caseD regardless of分值: 0.5答案:B[解析] 逻辑关系。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编18(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．John did not have to write the composition if he didn’t want to. It was ______.A．imperativeB．optionalC．criticalD．unnecessary正确答案：B解析：optional a.可作选择的，非强制的。

imperative a．必要的，极重要的；命令式的，必须做的。

critical a.决定性的，关键性的，危急的；批评的，批判的。

unnecessary a.不必要的。

2．The none of students in the class likes the mistress, who is used to being______ of everything they do.(2002年清华大学考博试题)A．emotionalB．optimisticC．interestedD．critical正确答案：D解析：本句说班里的学生没一个喜欢那位女老师，她惯于批评学生们所做的一切事。

选项“emotional情绪的，情感的；optimistic乐观的；interested感必趣的”都不对，只有“critical批评的，苛刻的”符合句意，因此D项正确。

3．I can’t understand how he can feel that his colleagues are always ready to denounce him.(2003年中国人民大学考博试题)A．complimentB．criticizeC．flatterD．challenge正确答案：B解析：题中的denounce的意思是“公开指责，谴责”：criticize的意思是“批评，责备”，与之相符，如：His policies were severely criticized．(他的政策受到了严厉批评。

2009年湖北博士入学考试英语湖北联考真题笔记Part I Reading Comprehension (30 % ) Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C，and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:In general，our society is becoming one of giant enterprise directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small，well-oiled cog in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages，well-ventilated factories and piped music and by psychologists and "human-relation" experts；yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless，that he does not whole heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it.In fact，the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets(木偶) who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The workers and employees are anxious，not only because they might find themselves out of a job；they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realties of human existence as emotionally andintellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subodinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job，they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again——by psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along，etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitors creates constant anxiety and stress，the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to the 19th-century" free-enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities——those of love and of reason ——are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as a means to this end，and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By "a well-oiled cog in the machinery" the author intends to render the idea that man is A.A.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society，though functioning smoothly in comparison with与…比较，同…比较起来B. a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligibleC. a humble component of the society，especially when working smoothlyD.working in complete harmony with the rest of the society2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that B.A.they are faced with the fundamental realties of human existenceB.they are deprived of their independence and productivityC.they are likely to lose their satisfactory jobsD.they are farther away from genuine life3.Those who are on the higher social ladder would feel more peaceful and secure if they couldD.A.get higher salary and more self-respectB.have more chance to be further promotedC.prove better than their fellow-competitorsD.keep far away from this compititive world4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should C.A.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesB.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realties for granted5.The author’s attitude towards industrialism might be best summarized as one of the B.A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.toleranceQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human beings.Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms，particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats.Relatively little has been said，however，about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms ofrichness of life.An alien exploring the Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant，most distinctive feature——the ocean.Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away，it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one-third of the Earth's surface.Given thattwo-thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean，the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk ofspecies.One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest.While every species is different from every other species，their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteritics with 750,000 species ofinsectsgreatest diversify of life is unquestionably the sea.Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.To appreciate fully the diversity of abundance of life in the sea ，it helps to think small . Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopics and animals ，including larva's or organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more .6.What is the main point of the passage?CA .Humans are destroying thousands of species .B .There are thousands of insect species .C .The sea is even richer in life than the mrlforests .D .Coral reefs are similar to rain forests . 7.Why does the author compare coral reefs with rain forests(para. 1)?DA . They share many similar species .B . They are approximately the same size .C .Most of their inhabitants require water .D . Both have many different forms of life . 8.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are A .A .insectsB .bacteriaC .mammalsD .birds 9.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rainforest because B .A .there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions B. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea C. many insect species are too small to divide into categories D.marine life-forms reproduce at a faster pace10. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage? A. Ocean life is highly adaptive.B. Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.C. The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.D. More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Science is an enterprise concerned with gaining information about causality ，orthe relationship between cause and effect. A simple example of a cause is the movement of a paddle as it strikes a ping-pong ball; the effect is the movement of the ball through the air.In psychology and other sciences，the word "cause" is often replaced by the term “independent variable”.This term implies that the experimenter is often "free" to vary the independent variable as he or she desires (for example，the experimenter can control the speed of the paddle as it strikes the ball). The term “dependent variable”replaces the word"effect"，and this term is used because the effect，depends on some characteristic of the independent variable (the flight of the ball depends on the speed of the paddle).The conventions of science demand that both independent and dependent variables be observable events，as is the case in the ping-pong example.In the case of biorhythm theory，the independent variable is the number of days that have elapsed between a person's date of birth and some test day.Thedepedent variable is the person's level of performance on some specified task on the test. Notice that although the experimenter is not free to choose a birthday for a given individual，persons with different dates of birth can be tested on the same day, or a single subject can be tested on several different days.In order to predict the relationship between independent and dependent variables，many scientific theories make use of what are called intervening variables. Intervening variables are purely theoretical concepts that cannot be observed directly.To predict the flight of a ping-pong ball，Newtonian physics relies on anumber of intervening variables；including force，mass，air resistance，and gravity. You can probably anticipate that the intervening variables of biorhythm theory are the three bodily cycles with their specified time periods.It should be emphasized that not all psychological theories include intervening variables，and some psychologists object to their use precisely because they are not directly observable.The final major component of a scientific theory is its syntax，or the rules and definitions that state how the independent and dependent variables are to be measured，and that specify the relationships among independent variables，intervening variables，anddependent variables.It is the syntax of biorhythm theory that describes how to use a person's birthday to calculate the current status of the three cycles.The syntax also relates the cycles to the dependent variable，performance，by stating that positive cycles should cause high levels of performance whereas low or critical cycles should cause low performance levels.To summarize，the components of a scientific theory can be divided into four major categories：independent variables，dependent variables，intervening variables，and syntax.11. Based on the passage，causality may have the meaning that B.A. cause and effect can be independent of each otherB. there is hardly anything that happens without a causeC. dependent and independent variables affect each otherD. cause and effect may vary respectively in most events12. According to biorhythm theory，A.A. one's behavior can be predicted by knowing his or her birthday TB. nobody can choose his or her date of birth as he or she wishesC. an individual's performance is irrelevant to hisor her birthday FD. a person's level of performance varies according to the test date T13. Many theories for predicting the relation ship between cause and effect .A. testify their complete conformity with general scientific principlesB. justify the identity of dependent，independent，and intervening variablesC.specify the time periods of bodily cycles in terms of psychological testsD. verify their prediction by variables inconsistent with conventions of science14. The example of the ping-pong ball used to C.A. indicate a hard nut to crack in physicsB. predict variables in a person’s performanceC.prove a common feature most theories haveD. show the negligibility of intervening variables15. The word “syntax”used in the last paragraph refers to theB.A. rules used for ordering and connecting words in a sentenceFB. principles defining the connections among different variables TC. definitions describing the impact of biorhythm on one's behavior FD. criteria measuring a person's performance levels with biorhythm FQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes，entertainers，and entrepreneurs，not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education——not to pursue knowledge for thesake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual，”says education writer Diane Ravitch.“Schools could be a counterbalance. ”Ravitch's latest book，Left Back：A Century of Failed School Reforms，traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools，concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject thelife of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically，to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others，they cannot fully participate in our democracy.Continuing along this path，says writer Earl Shorris，“we will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege，”writeshistorian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life，a Pulitzer Prize winnig book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in U. S. politics，religion，and education. From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.(Q17A)Practicality，common sense，and nativeintelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.“人们很憎恨知识被看做一种能力或特权。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编57(总分50, 做题时间90分钟)1. Structure and Vocabulary1.**ing of the railways in the 1830s______our society and economic life.SSS_SINGLE_SELA transmittedB transportedC transferredD transformed分值: 2答案:D解析：transform(into)vt．改造，改善；使改观；变换，使变样(transform an old house into a showplace；transform heat into power；transform sb．into a responsible person)。

transmit vt．传送，传递，输送；播送，发射。

transport vt.运输，运送。

transfer vt.转移，转换；调动。

2.These technological advances in communication have______ the way people do business.(2006年厦门大学考博试题)SSS_SINGLE_SELA revoltedB adoptedC representedD transformed分值: 2答案:D解析：通信方面的技术进步改变了人们经商的方式。

四个选项中，revolted的意思是“反抗，起义，反叛”；adopted的意思是“采用，收养”：represented的意思是“表现，描绘，声称，象征”：transformed的意思是“转换，改变，改造，使……变形”。

根据题意，D项为正确答案。

3.Planning our vocation we must take the frequent ______ of the weather into consideration.(2008年四川大学考博试题)SSS_SINGLE_SELA transformationB transmissionC transactionD transition分值: 2答案:A解析：transaction交易，处理；transition过度，转变。

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试题（2009年12月）考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一（PAPER ONE）和试卷二（PAPER TWO）两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读大题纸，画线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

答题纸切忌折叠。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I 词汇15分钟10分II 完形填空15分钟15分III 阅读80分钟40分小计110分钟65分试卷二：IV 英译汉30分钟15分V 写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分GRADUATE UNIVERSITY , CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORPH. D PROGRAMMEDecember 2009PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY（15 minutes，10 points，0.5 point each）Directions：Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. We were delighted with the friendliness and of these village people.A. hostilityB. hospitalityC. honorabilityD. heritage2. The disarmament talks failed because neither side was prepared to risk taking the .A. initiativeB. offensiveC. defenseD. stake3. Such a noisy environment was not to a good night’s sleep.A. proneB. conduciveC. entitledD. attributable4. It is sometimes difficult to discuss medical issues in a way that is to ordinary people.A. informativeB. comprehensiveC. intelligibleD. adaptable5. It is perhaps desirable to explain why the animal man-eating tendency.A. developsB. shapesC. followsD. moulds6. His basic salary is low but he gets 20% on everything he sells.A. marginB. commitmentC. commissionD. deduction7. There is always a temptation to cut when you are pushed for time, but it is not usually worth it.A. bordersB. cornersC. edgesD. paths8. The Association of University Teachers claims that taxpayers’ money, for basicresearch, is being used to prop up industrial and other applied research projects.A. supposedB. engagedC. orientedD. intended9. “Gentle Ben’s Brewing Company”will a bell with anyone who has lived in Arizona.A. ringB. spellC. strikeD. sound10. She showed us her arms, and we saw with horror that her skin was where she had been beaten.A. black as inkB. black and whiteC. black and blueD. black as soot11. Science has to to the available evidence even in spite of seeming contradiction.A. applyB. clingC. reactD. lead12. I honestly don’t think they would object to my marrying Madeleine of my birth.A.on the groundsB. on the principleC. on the conditionD. on the line13. The two members were required to be ; they were not representatives of the interests of employers and employees.A. impersonalB. identicalC. interdependentD. impartial14. We would like to a warm welcome to the two South Africans who are attending today’s meeting.A. extendB. expandC. exclaimD. exhibit15. A consumer should know enough about advertising and selling techniques to enable him to the honest from the deception.A. differB. deriveC. detachD. discern16. The predominant feature of his character is shyness, so he seldom his views in public.A. concealsB. confidesC. airsD. vents17. Smith insisted on arguing with the referee, although the other players tried to him.A. remindB. restrainC. restrictD. retard18. What is is not the creation of a private zone in a public place, but the restoration of a local facility which everyone can enjoy.A. at bottomB. at faultC. at randomD. at stake19. When a storm develops, especially like the big storms that have hit the eastern United States, the of the weather channel soar.A. ratingsB. costsC. tuningD. turns20. On that trip, the loneliness was a little harder to handle, so I brought along our puppy to keep me .A. partnerB. companyC. accompliceD. fellowship PART II CLOZE TEST（15 minutes，15 points）Directions：For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.I am still recovering from a daunting challenge: to speak about “popular science writing” to a conference of literary theorists. This has led me to ask just what such science writing is about. The great immunologist (and the science writer) Peter Medawar 21 analyzed what he called the “fraudulent”22 of scientific research papers. He showed how they 23 the messy reality of doing research by a 24 as rigid in form as a sonnet, with 25 use of the passive voice, and formal division 26 Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion, 27 denying the accident, failure and serendipity which characterizes most lab work.That’s 28 sometimes science fiction does it better. The more I think about the nature of popular science writing, the more I become 29 that, despite the best of 30 , it too is somewhat of a fraud.So what was responsible for the boom in popular science book? Go back to the 1900s and early 1970s and you will find the books people wanted to read were about sociology, politics, Marxism, feminism, revolution in general. The mood was that 31 we understood society, we could change the world. When those hopes 32 out in the gloomier 1980s, it seemed the world could not be changed so 33 . And if it couldn’t, perhaps the natural sciences, 34 the new biology, could explain why. Books on genetics and evolution 35 the old bestsellers.21. A. just B. later C. once D. then22. A. repute B. nature C. quality D. content23. A. exposed B. substituted C. reproduced D. disguised24. A. style B. manner C. stand D. mode25. A. faithful B. successful C. tasteful D. careful26. A. for B. into C. with D. over27. A. thereby B. without C. despite D. wherein28. A. whether B. where C. when D. why29. A. enlightened B. acknowledged C. convinced D. realized30. A. attempts B. intentions C. promotions D. endeavors31. A. because B. before C. though D. if32. A. boomed B. lingered C. waned D. loomed33. A. willingly B. easily C. naturally D. radically34. A. above all B. in all C. after all D. for all35. A. outnumbered B. cornered C. replaced D. dominated PART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A ( 60 minutes，30points )Directions：Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneIt is a common error to imagine that a barking dog is threatening you. It may be making a loud noise that appears to be aimed directly at you, but this is misleading. For the bark is a canine alarm and is meant for other members of the pack, including the human pack to which the dog belongs.In the wild the bark has two effects: It causes puppies to take cover and hide, and it arouses adults to assemble for action. In human terms it is rather like the sounding of a bell, beating of a gong, or blowing of a horn to announce that “someone is approaching the gates” of a fortress. The alarm does not yet tell us whether the arrivals are friends or foes, but it ensures that necessary precautions can be taken. This is why loud barking may greet the arrival of a domestic dog’s master, as well as signal the intrusion of a burglar.Out and out attack is, by contrast, completely silent. The fearlessly aggressive dog simply rushes straight at you and bites. Demonstrations of police dogs attacking men pretending to be fleeing criminals confirm this. As the man with the heavily padded arm runs away across the field and the police dog is released by its handler, there is no barking, no sound at all. The silent bounding of the big dog quickly ends with clamping its jaw ontothe padded arm and clinging on tightly.It is equally silent when fleeing. The dog trying desperately to escape keeps quiet as it scampers off into the distance. V ocalizations are essentially indications of conflict or frustration and they nearly always accomplish aggressive encounters with dogs. The complete silence of the all-out attack of the police dog is less common than the snarling attack. Snarling, with the lips retracted to display the canine teeth, is typical of the dog who is strongly aggressive and only mildly fearful. The slight tinge of fear is what converts the silent attack into a snarling one, but this is not a dog to be trifled with. The urge to attack is still much too strong in relation to the urge to escape. A snarling dog is a postman’s nightmare.36. A dog usually barks in order to .A. inform people of something frighteningB. draw attention to what’s happeningC. show its aggressivenessD. show its bravery37. According to the passage, which of the following is intended by a dog’s barking?A. To alert its dog family to possible dangers.B. To stop a thief from breaking into the house.C. To inform its master of the coming of an enemy.D. To inform its master of the coming of a friend.38. Which idiom does Paragraph3 remind you of?A. Barking dogs seldom bite.B. Let sleeping dogs lie.C. Do not beat about the bushes.D. An empty kettle makes the loudest sound.39. A snarling dog is .A. fearless in some circumstancesB. aggressive but mixed with a bit fearC. fiercely competitiveD. generally coward with a little gut though40. A snarling dog cannot be trifled with because .A. it may explode into an attack at any momentB. its snarling is more threatening than its biteC. its desperate fear may drive it crazyD. its bite will probably cause rabies41. What kind of dog is most aggressive?A. A sleeping dog.B. A police dog.C. A snarling dog.D. A barking dog.Passage TwoLike all forms of communication, advertising has many different effects and these effects are often related to one another. The message in an advertisement, no matter how strong and persuasive, will have no effect if the consumer does not see the advertisement or pay attention to it. One useful framework for understanding these multiple effects and their interrelationships is called the hierarchy of effects model. The hierarchy of effects model identifies different stages in the communication process. Effective communication must begin by obtaining the attention of the consumer. Then, the consumer must process the information carried in the advertisement. Such processing of information may be followed by an evaluation of the information, the source of the information, and ultimately the desirability of any actions suggested by the communication. This evaluation process may, in turn, give rise to the formation of attitudes, the development of intentions for future action, and, eventually, an action. Different characteristics of an advertisement have effects at different points in this hierarchy.In the context of advertising, the first hurdle for an advertiser is to obtain the attention of the consumer. This involves two important actions. First, it is important for the advertiser to know where a communication should be placed to increase the odds of reaching a particular type of consumer; this is the media decision. Careful analysis of the consumer use of various media allows the advertisers to identify those media to which target consumers are unlikely to see it assures that the advertising will be ineffective. However, just because a consumer happens to view a television show or read a magazine in which an advertisement is placed does not guarantee that the consumer will see the advertisement. The consumer will may have left the room when the television commercial aired or may not have read the particular part of the magazine in which the advertisementappeared. Advertisers solve this problem by repeating advertising in the same and in different media in order to increase the probability that a given consumer will actually be exposed to the advertising. Thus, a key task for the advertiser is to identify those media to which relevant consumers regularly attend and develop a schedule of repetition for the advertisement that maximizes the number of consumers who will be exposed to the advertising message.42. According to the passage, the most important element in advertising is .A. providing a clear messageB. inviting public evaluationC. appealing to consumersD. using striking expressions43. According to the advertising hierarchy, information processing includes .A. judging the origin of the informationB. making classification of the informationC. developing an intention to take actionsD. giving the message enough attention44. The boldfaced word “odds” (in Paragraph 2) most probably means “.”A. ratesB. timesC. chancesD. numbers45. Of the following, the most irrelevant information about the consumer’s use of media is .A. the magazines they like to readB. the music albums they like to buyC. the bulletin board they like to visitD. the TV shows they like to watch46. According to the second paragraph, when consumers watch a TV program with inserted ads, they might .A. trust the adsB. feel excitedC. get irritatedD. miss the ads47. In order to guarantee that the advertising reaches its target customers, advertisers will choose to .A. offer the media more moneyB. research on popular choicesC. turn to public figures for helpD. repeat the same ads in the mediaPassage ThreeMonsanto’s announcement of their plans to purchase Seminis, the largest fruit and vegetable seed producer in the world, was quickly followed by a statement that Monsanto does not intend to apply biotech to develop these seeds—at least not yet. This is a curious assertion from a dominant biotech company.Biotech crops and food remain unpopular throughout much of the world. In the United States, biotech corporations successfully fought labeling and slipped the foods into grocery stores, knowing that these products would likely have been rejected if consumers had a choice.Europeans actively oppose genetically engineered (GE) foods to the point that major grocery chains in the European Union have vowed to remove GE ingredients from their name-brand products. Subsequently, biotech corporations have increasingly turned to the developing world to find additional markets for GE foods. Even there resistance builds.The biotech industry promotes GE foods by claiming these technologies will help break the cycle of hunger and increase food production. These claims are not supported by available scientific evidence. Tests run by the University of Nebraska, and in Australia and Argentina, discovered significant drops in production associated with the switch to biotech crops on the order of 10 to 30 percent.The world’s food system is quickly consolidating. Five corporations control 90 percent of the global grain market while five supermarket chains control most of the global retail trade. Monsanto knows that consolidation of the global food system in the hands of a small number of corporations is likely to continue. Analysts believe Monsanto’s future is dependent on the success of GE seed development. Increasing its share of the proprietary seed market will allow Monsanto to exercise significant control over the food we grow and eat. They already control most of the biotech soy and corn markets. Now they’re extendedthat reach to the global seed market.The Monsanto purchase has yet to be approved while anti-trust issues are investigated. We face a crucial juncture on the direction our food supply will take. This Monsanto deal certainly favors a course that those concerned with food security, equity, and real consumer choice would do well to oppose.48. Monsanto is probably a company specialized in .A. developing GE foodsB. GE foods exports and importsC. world hunger researchD. food marketing49. In the US GE foods are .A. banned by many local governmentsB. not popular among consumersC. clearly labeled as such in storesD. resisted by many grocery stores50. What have some European stores planned to do with GE foods?A. Suspend the sale of GE foods.B. Restrict the sale of GE foods.C. Eliminate GE ingredients from some foods.D. Examine GE ingredients in some foods.51. GE food technologies are disadvantageous in that they .A. actually reduce productionB. do little in improving productionC. have unpredictable outcomeD. have a bad impact on nature52. What would be an example of consolidation?A. Companies do business at home and abroad.B. The market is controlled by a few companies.C. The market is shared by many corporations.D. Companies give priority to overseas market.53. The last paragraph suggests that the Monsanto deal .A. has been closed and publicizedB. has been rejected by the courtC. will stabilize our food supplyD. will cause strong disapproval from safe food advocatesPassage FourAmericans began to search for some moral principles and justification for their increasingly interventionist conduct of international affairs. Psychologically, it was impossible for them to perceive a role without “good” aims and ideals. Politically, the state had already been reached in which America was involved in international affairs simply because of the reality of its increasing power politics base and expanding economic system. Subsequently, the net effect of Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionist and aggressive diplomacy around the world was the maintenance of strong United States position in Latin America and its monitoring of the continuance of the precarious balance of power among the nations in the Far East and Europe. But Americans maintained that all such foreign policies were conducted in the cause of peace and democracy.The rapid changes in the international environment, however, presented a paradox. Along with the pursuit of peace and democracy, for example, went peripheral involvement in war and power politics and the paradox of a growing peace movement in the midst of mounting appropriations for armaments and battleship. For virtually the first time in its history, except in war, the United States began to take very seriously the establishment of a strong military force.But the moral rhetoric of American foreign police continued to be the underlying basis of its aims. Exercising its new-found powers, America moved toward world leadership, intervening in the cause of peace and democracy and urging the view that peace must be enforced, if necessary—through what was certainly the ultimate paradox—by war. Without yielding their faith in the goals of peace and democracy as mainsprings of that policy, the American people became more willing to accept new means to accomplish the ends. The methods of peace through power, and of democracy by intervention and force rather than by example, though not without precedent in American history, came to achieve nevertheless a new degree of official sanction and popular support.Therefore, peace and democracy were linked as related goals in American foreign policy—and the hint of America’s need to intervene in the international affairs of other nations became a latent tenet of U.S foreign policy.54. According to Paragraph 1, what justifies the American foreign policy?A. Maintenance of an internationally leading position.B. The cause of peace and democracy.C. The desire to get involved in international affairs.D. The wish to keep balance among nations.55. Theodore Roosevelt’s diplomatic policies were mainly intended to .A. impose the US influence on much of the worldB. achieve friendship with other nationsC. solve the European problemsD. promote regional democracy56. The result of the paradox as discussed in Paragraph 2 is that .A. the conflicts between nations became more intenseB. every nation was taking part in the military armamentsC. the United States was involved in several major warsD. developing military power became clearly important to the US57. Which of the following could replace “appropriations” in Paragraph 2?A. Seisures.B. Allocations.C. Supports.D. Possessions.58. The last two paragraphs seem to suggest that .A. the warlike nature of the United States is reflected adequately in its foreign policyB. the intention was good but it ends up with the all-round intervention of international affairsC. both the US government and the public feel the need for intervention in the international affairsD. the United States has drifted away from its original goals and are deeply involved in power politics59. The tone of the writing is mostly .A. factualB. humorousC. hostileD. contemptuousPassage FiveThe U.S. energy policy is about the last thing I wanted to write about this month since I pretty much wrote off that our government would tend to it anytime soon. If you’ve lost track, the last major energy bill was passed 13 years ago.As it turns out, our political leaders still haven’t tended to it, although they passed an energy bill which the President signed. Technically, it’s a bill; politically, it’s a bill of goods sold to the American public.Like any political football this issue got kicked up and down the field numerous times. Both the Democrats and Republicans put forth rhetoric that would make you think that they were out to save ourselves from ourselves.Take what Majority Leader Bill Frist said as an example: “We must take steps to reduce out dependence on foreign countries and thereby enhance out energy security at home.” Take a breath (editor’s note). “When we rely on other nations for more than half our oil supply, we simply put our security at risk.”If you liked that one, check out what the President said concerning the need for this energy bill. “Our dependence on foreign oil is like a foreign tax on the American dream, and the tax is growing every year.”Who’s going to argue with that? That’s damn good speech writing. But that’s what is said in front of the camera. It’s a different story when you get down to the stinky bowels of government. Case in point is the House-Senate conference committee. For context, realize that this country uses 20 million barrels of oil every day with the promise that it will continue to increase.Amazingly, some people on this committee woke up with a conscience one morning and peddled a measure to ask the President to reduce oil consumption by one million barrels of oil a day by 2015. But that moment of sensibility was overcome with a wave of political practicality. In other words, the President wasn’t about to let this idea fly. But why? The administration didn’t think there would be affordable technology to meet higher fuel-efficiency standards. That’s only 10 years away, you know.Without a strong policy, we basically leave it up to the car companies to sit around and dream up solutions. According to Massachusetts Representative Ed Markey, auto fuel economy peaked at 26.5 miles per gallon in 1986. Nineteen years is a long time to besitting on your best year when fuel consumption is going up and our means to get it are going down.60. The author did not want to write about the U.S. energy policy that month because .A. he began to take charge in some other governmental workB. he was fed up with commenting on the government policyC. he was not sure about the government’s attitude towards energyD. he thought that politicians would not deal with that issue soon61. In Paragraph 2, the sentence “politically, it’s a bill of goods sold to the American public” means .A. the government has overcharged the American publicB. the government has cheated the American publicC. the government has clearly conveyed its intention to the publicD. the government has partly solved the energy problem for the public62. In Paragraph 6, the phrase “the stinky bowels” refers to .A. inner motivesB. the governmental departmentsC. the opposite partiesD. the supporters from the business circles63. What was the President’s response to some people’s suggestion to reduce oil consumption?A. He would think about passing a bill for it.B. He promised to have it discussed in Congress.C. He urged to resort to some practical approach to it.D. He would take no action for the lack of suitable solutions.64. From the last paragraph, we can learn that .A. the record mileage per gallon in 1986 was finally broken this yearB. the US auto fuel economy has experienced ups and downs for 19 yearsC. the fuel-efficiency standards in the U.S. have little changed since 1986D. the car companies have been successful in handling the energy crisis65. The author’s attitude towards U.S. government on energy policy is .A. supportiveB. doubtfulC. admiringD. criticalSection B（20 minutes，10 points）Directions：In each of the following passage, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks（numbered 66 to 75）. For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAt Christmas, many people do things they would never dream of the test of the year, from giving presents to getting drunk. Some even go to church. Attendance soars, as millions of once-a-year worshippers fill the pews. 66 Even in America, where two-fifths of the people say they go frequently, the share climbs in December.Some of the occasional churchgoers must wonder whether they might benefit from turning up more often. 67 Jonathan Gruber, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, claims that regular religious participation leads to better education, higher income and a lower chance of divorce. His results imply that doubling church attendance raises someone’s income by almost 10%.The idea that religion can bring material advantages has a distinguished history. A century ago Max Weber argued that the Protestant work ethic lay behind Europe’s prosperity. More recently Robert Barro, a professor at Harvard, has been examining the links between religion and economic growth. 68 Richard Freeman, another Harvard economist, found 20 years ago that churchgoing black youths were more likely to attend school and less likely to commit crimes or use drugs.Until recently, however, there was little quantitative research on whether religion affects income directly and if so, by how much. A big obstacle is the difficulty of disentangling cause and effect. That frequent churchgoers have higher incomes than non-churchgoers does not prove that religion made them richer. It might be that richer people are likelier to go to church. 69To distinguish cause from coincidence, Mr. Gruber uses information on the ethnic mix of neighbourhoods and congregations. 70 Thus Poles in Boston (which has lots ofItalian and Irish Catholics) are more likely to attend mass than Poles in Minneapolis (which has more Scandinavian Protestants). Measuring the density of nationalities that share a religion in a particular city can therefore be a good predictor of church attendance.A. If they did so, they could gain more than spiritual nourishment.B. Another possibility is that a church’s members enjoy mutual emotional and (maybe) financial insurance.C. In Britain, where most weeks fewer than one people in ten goes to church, attendance more than triples.D. Sociologists have long argued that people are more likely to go to church if their neighbours share their faith.E. At the microeconomic level, several, several studies have concluded that religious participation is associated with lower rates of crime, drug use and so forth.F. Or unrelated traits, such as greater ambition or personal discipline, could lead people both to go to church and also to succeed in their work.Passage TwoAn international team of scientists has been gathered together to undertake the biggest study yet of ozone levels over the Arctic.Researchers from the EU, Canada, Iceland, Japan, Norway, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and the US will examine the processes that control ozone amounts during the Arctic winter more than 20 kilometers above the Earth.71Ozone is a molecule in which three oxygen atoms are joined together. It is constantly being made and destroyed in the stratosphere. It plays a crucial role in protecting life below by filtering out harmful ultraviolet radiation (less than 290 nanometres) come from the sun.72It has been known for some time that man-made chlorine and bromine compounds can upset the balance of chemistry at high altitudes leading to a thinning of ozone.The chlorine compounds have been produced for use as refrigerants, aerosol sprays, solvents and foam blowing agents, while bromine-containing halons have been used in fire extinguishers.73。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编51(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The Taganka production Poslushaite(“Listen”), culled from statements and works of Vladimir Mayakovsky, proved to be a singular exception.(2006年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．rejectedB．descendedC．confirmedD．selected正确答案：D解析：这里的culled的意思是“精选”。

四个选项中，rejected的意思是“拒绝，抵制、否决”：descended的意思是“下来，下降：遗传(指财产，气质，权利)”；confirmed的意思是“确定，批准，使巩固，使有效”；selected的意思是“选择，挑选”。

四个选项中，只有D项符合题意要求。

2．What is the______ in going by boat when the plane costs no more and is quicker?(2002年武汉大学考博试题)A．impressionB．meaningC．comprehensionD．sense正确答案：D解析：本题意为“飞机上的开销不比船上大，而且飞机速度更快，那乘船还有什么意义呢?”。

D项“sense道理，意义”符合题意。

其他三项“impression印象；meaning词义；comprehension理解”都不正确。

3．They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still could not make ______of them.(2013年北京航空大学考博试题)A．impressionB．comprehensionC．meaningD．sense正确答案：D解析：本题考查固定词组。

考博英语词汇语法试题及答案1. Some women ________ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.A. must makeB. should have madeC. would makeD. could have made2. A light with no more power than ________ by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam.A. as is producedB. that producedC. that is producedD. produced3. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, letalone________ what lay beneath the surface.A. askingB. askC. to askD. be asked4.Even if they are on sale, these ________refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than, at the other store.A. anyoneB. the othersC. thatD. the ones5. The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as ________ its soil and the water of its lakes, rivers and oceans.A. areB. isC. doD. has[答案解析]D这是一个含蓄虚拟句，意为“有些妇女完全可以不呆在家里，干一份工作挣得可观的`工资，可是她们决定不工作，为的是照顾家庭”，所以选D。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国矿业大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题High grades are supposed to（）academic ability, but John's actual performance did not confirm this.问题1选项A.certifyB.clarifyC.classifyD.notify【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项certify“证明；保证”；B选项clarify“澄清；阐明”；C选项classify“分类；分等”；D选项notify“通知；公布”。

句意：高分应该能……学术能力，但约翰的实际表现并没有证实这一点。

后半句的“证实”也是在提示high grade与academic ability之间的逻辑关系，综合对比选项可得A选项正确。

2.单选题Although we tried to concentrate on the lecture, we were（）by the noise from the next room.问题1选项A.distractedB.displacedC.dispersedD.discarded【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项distract“转移；分心”；B选项displace“取代；置换；转移”；C选项disperse“分散；传播”；D选项discard“抛弃；丢弃”。

句意：尽管我们努力集中精力听演讲，但还是被隔壁房间的噪音……了。

句中存在转折关系词，表明前后方向改变，前半句说“集中精力”，后半句则是噪音让我们“无法集中精力”。

综合分析选项可知A选项正确。

3.单选题We have just located a（）avenue for the sale of your goods.问题1选项A.prospectiveB.perspectiveC.respectiveD.protective【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。

2015中国矿业大学（北京）考博英语分析一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。

攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。

二、中国矿业大学（北京）考博英语题型Part1:词汇，15题15分Part2:完型填空,20题10分。

Part3:阅读理解，五篇20题40分。

Part4:翻译短文，英译汉10分，汉译英10分。

Part5:写作，15分。

三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。

在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。

四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。

大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。

因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。

一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。

在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。

如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。

通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。

导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。

这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。

我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。

（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。

很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。

其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。

(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。