上海海事外应期末考试英汉对比知识点
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上海海事大学外应英汉对比与翻译期末考试知识要点知识点:1.ContrastiveLinguisticsisabranchoflinguisticsthataimsatasystematicsynchronicdescriptionoftwo(ormore)languagesinordertodeterminethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthemandtofindouttheimplicationsofsuchsimilaritiesanddifferencesforlanguage-relatedactivities,suchasforeignlanguageteaching,interlingualtranslation,thecompilationofbilingualdictionaries,thestudyofaparticularlanguage,thestudyoflanguagetypology,andthestudyoflanguageuniversals.
2.ClassificationofcontrastivelinguisticsTheoreticalvs.Appliedcontrastivelinguistics←theoreticalpurposesorforpracticalpurposesMicro-contrastivevs.Macro-contrastive←linguisticsthestudyobjectandscopeMicro-contrastive:contrastivestudiesbetweenlanguagesontheformal/structurallevel,includingphonologicalcontrastivestudies,lexicalcontrastivestudies,andgrammaticalcontrastivestudies.Macro-contrastive:dealswithhowpeoplespeakingdifferentlanguagesaredifferentorsimilarintheirwayofformingatext,howtheyaredifferentorsimilarintheiruseoflanguageasatoolofcommunication,andhowdifferentculturesmayaffecttheiruseoflanguage,andsoon.
3.TeriumComparationis,TC(第三对比项/共同对比基础/中间对比项)thecommonpointofdepartureorreference4.Translationequivalence:(翻译对等项)formal,semantical,pragmaticalequivalent4.1Ifwearecomparingsystemsand/orstructuresoflinguisticitems,wenormallytakedataitemsthathavesemanticequivalenceandwhichareasformallyclosetoeachotheraspossible:Wemusttakeactionbeforeitistoolate.我们必须在为时太晚之前采取行动。/趁现在还来得及,我们得赶快行动4.2Ifwearecomparingthefunctionanduseoflanguageitemsincontext,wenormallytakeitemsthathavepragmaticequivalence:路上辛苦了!:Didyouhaveagoodjourney?
5.English:Voiced—voiceless(区分意义)Chinese:Aspirated—unaspirated(区分意义)6.supra-segmentalphonemes(超音段音位):Soundunitsthatextendovermorethanonesoundsegmentinanutterance,suchaspitchandstress,arecalledsupra-segmentalphonemes(超音段音位).6.1Tone(声调)refersto“contrastivepitchofsyllablesincertainlanguageswheretwowordsmaybeidenticalexceptsuchdifferencesinpitch”.→Chinesetone-language语调没有变化6.2Intonation(语调)referstoachangeinpitchoveranutterancewhichaffectsthemeaningandfunctionofitindiscourse.→Englishintonation-language语调丰富6.3Stressmaybedefinedasamanifestationofintensityand/orofdurationthat,operatingonasyllable,emphasizingitwithrespecttoitsneighbors.
7.Speechrhythm(节奏)referstothepatternofrecurrentstrongandweakstresses,longandshortsyllables,andvocalizationandsilenceinspeech.7.1English:stress-timedlanguageChinese:syllable-timedlanguageWhatdoyouwantmetodoatthiscriticalmoment?在这关键时刻,你要我做点什么?Chinesehastendenciestowardsdisyllabicity(双音化)andquadrisyllabicity(四音化)whereEnglishhasnosuchtendencies.英汉两种语言具有不同的音韵节奏特点,汉语具有双音化和四音化的节奏倾向,而英语没有,在翻译过程中应灵活处理这一特点。Journalistsaretheeyesandtheearsoftheworldbywhichothermenmayseeandhear.
新闻记者是世人的耳目,世人见其所见,闻其所闻。Aboveall,thejournalistmusthavethetalentofdiscrimination.Hemustwithquickjudgmentseizeupontheessentialsandseparatethemfrominessentials.至关重要的是,新闻工作者必须善于分清主次。他必须敏于抉剔,去芜存青。国家无论大小、贫富、强弱,都应平等相待。Allcountries,bigorsmall,richorpoor,strongorweak,shouldbetreatedasequals.
要集中全国人民的智慧和力量,聚精会神搞建设,一心一意谋发展。Wewillpoolthewisdomandstrengthofthepeopleofthewholecountryandconcentrateonconstructionanddevelopment.
8.英语中的词缀产词能力极强,存在着大量的派生和曲折现象,而汉语作为分析型语言没有严格意义上的形态变化。WordFormation(构词法)E:Derivation&Compounding;C:compounding&reduplication
9.Asyntheticlanguageis“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships”→EnglishAnanalyticlanguageis“characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords(虚词),auxiliaryverbs(助动词),andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms”→ChineseChineseisatypicalanalyticlanguage,whilemodernEnglishissomethingbetweenanalyticandsynthetic,hencesynthetic-analyticlanguage.9.1汉语是分析型语言,英语是综合-分析型语言,英语用一个词就可以表达一个意思,汉语却要用短语或小句来表达。Hespokewithfirmness,buthisfacewasverysadandhiseyesattimesweredim.他说话时语气坚定,但面带愁容,时而眼神黯淡。9.2多种名词化的手段使得英语中常常用名词性结构来表示动作、行为,因此英语的语言呈静态,抽象的特征;
汉语动词没有形态变化,没有限定和非限定形式的区分,句子没有主谓一致关系,因而汉语中动词的使用非常灵活、不受限制。汉语缺乏形成抽象派生名词的机制,倾向使用较生动、具体的动词、形容词。见到自己的故乡,他想起了童年的情景。Thesightofhishometownremindshimofhischildhood.
10.Paradigmaticrelationships(语义关系):Synonym;Antonymy(反义);Hyponymy(上下义);Metonymy(转喻)11.Lexicalfield(语义场)maybedefinedastheorganizationofrelatedwordsandexpressionsintoasystemwhichshowstheirrelationshiptooneanother.12.Lexicalgap:Theabsenceofawordinaparticularplaceinalexicalfieldofalanguageiscalledalexicalgap.
13.英汉语法对比主要是哪些方面:Case;number;tense;aspect汉语语法具有柔性的,隐性的特点,缺乏严格意义的形态变化,英语语法具有刚性的,显性的特点,起基本作用的是形态。13.1英语中通过形态曲折变化表达语法意义,而汉语中没有严格意义的形态变化。因此在英译汉过程中,汉语需要使用词汇手段,讲英语中通过曲折变化来表达的语法意义充分的体现出来。Theold-timemotherwhousedtowonderwhereherboywasnowhasagrandsonwhowonderswherehismotheris.