英汉翻译教程
张培基
第一讲翻译原则简介
一、教学目的：了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题
二、教学过程：
1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）
Translation is an art/ science/craf
2.中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）
严复：信达雅--- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide”is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.
傅雷：神似---spiritual conformity. Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。
钱钟书：化境---sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.
刘重德：信、达、切---faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.
3．中国翻译史上的论争：
鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。目的：引入英文句式的表达法
梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信---rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流。
4．直译与意译：
直译---literal translation意译：free translation
直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿; chain reaction连锁反应; gentlemen’s agreement君子协定; one country, two systems 一国两制;
The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流;
paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last---断气; go to one’s external rest---安息; the long sleep---长眠; see Marx 见马克思; Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂; blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡
kick the bucket 蹬腿:
直译不等于死译(dead translation):
街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.
“In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”.
她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：
She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. Public father should be father in law.
意译的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam’s apple
句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish
直译：小鱼不吃大鱼意译：胳膊拧不过大腿
试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福：
直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.
意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable
有人说，翻译是带着镣铐跳舞（translation is like dancing in fetters）；
还有人说，翻译像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实。实际上，忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。
5．归化与异化（domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation）
归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具；在实践上，强调通俗易懂，避免多义或歧义。习惯认为，当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时，“要用译语文化替代原语文化”即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面，或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法，把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。
归化派代表人物尤金•奈达（Eugene A. Nida）: Functional Equivalence 功能对等
What is functional equivalence?
“The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”;
“Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original”---- Nida
For instance: as white as snow 通常译为白如雪/ 但没有见过雪的人可以将其翻译为“白如白鹭毛”，以达到功能对等的目的。
Spring up like mushrooms---雨后春笋
Everybody's business is nobody's business. 三个和尚无水喝
Among the blind the one -eyed man is king. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王
然而，翻译负有文化交流的使命，即尽可能把一个民族的语言和文化习惯介绍给另一个民族。鲁迅先生就特别强调译文要“保留原文的丰姿”。在南京大学姜秋霞教授举办的一次翻译调查中，多数读者认为，读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格，他们在读译文之前就已经对不同文化的差异有了一定的心理准备，有些人读译文的目的之一是想了解外国人与中国人之间的异同究竟在什么地方。因此，从促进世界文化交流这个角度上讲，我们在处理英译汉或汉译英时，都应着力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方(己方)的全部意蕴，包括文化。特别要强调的是，在汉译英中，我们尤其要树立这种文化意识，积
