中英文数据库简介

单词汇总(数据库专业一点的词汇其实主要就是每章后面review items的内容,在这里简单列一下,如果你实在没时间看书,至少这些单词要熟悉.)：1. 数据库系统：database system(DS),database management system(DBMS)2.数据库系统(DS),数据库治理系统(DBMS )3. 关系和关系数据库table= relation , column = attribute 属性,domain, atomic domain, row= tuple ,relational database, relation schema, relation instance, database schema, database instance;4.表=关系,列=属性属性,域,原子域,排二元组,关系型数据库,关系模式,关系实例,数据库模式,数据库实例；1. key 们：super key, candidate key, primary key, foreign key, referencing relation, referenced relation;2.超码,候选码,主码,外码,参照关系,被参照关系5.关系代数(relational algebra): selection, project, natural join, Cartesian product, set operations, union, intersect, set difference( except\minus), Rename, assignment, outer join, grouping, tuple relation calculus6.(关系代数)：选择,工程,自然连接,笛卡尔积,集合运算,集,交集,集合差(除负),重命名,分配,外连接,分组,元组关系演算7.sql组成：DDL ：数据库模式定义语言,关键字：createDML ：数据操纵语言,关键字：Insert > delete、updateDCL ：数据库限制语言,关键字：grant、removeDQL ：数据库查询语言,关键字：select8.3.SQL 语言：DDL , DML , DCL , QL , sql query structure, aggregate functions, nested subqueries, exists(as an operator), unique(as anoperator), scalar subquery, assertion, index(indices), catalogs, authorization, all privileges, granting, revoking , grant option, trigger, stored procedure, stored function4.SQL语言：DDL , DML , DCL , QL , SQL查询结构,聚合函数,嵌套子查询,存在(如运营商),独特的(如运营商),标量子查询,断言指数(指数),目录,授权,所有权限,授予,撤销,GRANT OPTION ,触发器,存储过程,存储函数9. 表结构相关：Integrity constraints, domain constraints, referential integrity constraints10.完整性约束,域名约束,参照完整性约束5.数据库设计(ER 模型)：Entity-Relationship data model, ER diagram, composite attribute, single-valued and multivalued attribute,derived attribute, binary relationship set, degree of relationship set, mapping cardinality, 1-1, 1-m, m-n relationship set (one to one, one to many, many to many), participation, partial or total participation, weak entity sets, discriminator attributes, specialization and generalization6.实体关系数据模型,ER图,复合属性,单值和多值属性,派生属性,二元关系集,关系集,映射基数的程度,1-1, 1-米,MN关系集合(一对一,一对多,多对多),参与局部或全部参与,弱实体集,分辨符属性,特化和概化11. 函数依赖理论：functional dependence, normalization, lossless join (or lossless) decomposition,First Normal Form (1NF), the third normal form (3NF), Boyce-codd normal form (BCNF), R satisfies F, F holds on R, Dependency preservation 保持依赖,Trivial, closure of a set of functional dependencies 函数依赖集的闭包,closure of a set of attributes 属性集闭包,Armstrong 's axioms Armstrong 公理,reflexivity rule 自反律,augmentation rule,增广率, transitivity 传递律,restriction of F to R i F 在Ri 上的限定,canonical cover 正那么覆盖, extraneous attributes 无关属性,decomposition algorithm 分解算法.7.函数依赖,标准化,无损连接〔或无损〕分解,第一范式〔1NF〕,第三范式〔3NF〕 BC范式〔BCNF〕, R满足F, F持有R,依赖保存,平凡,一组函数依赖封闭,一组属性,8. 事务：transition, ACID properties ACID特性,并发限制系统concurrency control system,故障恢复系统recovery system,事务状态transition state,活动的active,局部提交的partiallycommitted,失败的failed,中止的aborted,提交的committed,已结束的terminated,调度schedule,操作冲突conflict of operations, 冲突等价conflict equivalence,冲突可串彳f化conflictserializablity ,可串行化顺序serializablity order,联级回滚cascading rollback,封锁协议lockingprotocol ,共享〔S〕锁shared-mode lock 〔S-lock〕,排他〔X〕锁exclusive -mode lock 〔X-lock〕, 相容卜i compatibility,两阶段封锁协议2-phase locking protocol,意向锁intention lock,时间戳timestamp, 恢复机制recovery scheme,日志log, 基于日志的恢复log-based recovery, 延迟的修改deferredmodification,立即的修改immediate modification,检查点checkpoint.数据库系统DBS Database System数据库系统应用Database system applications文件处理系统file-processing system数据不一致性data inconsistency——致性约束consistency constraint数据抽象Data Abstraction实例instance模式schema物理模式physical schema逻辑模式logical schema物理数据独立性physical data independence数据方^型data model实体-联系模型entity-relationship model 〔E-R〕关系数据模型relational data model基于对象的数据模型object-based data model半结构化数据模型semistructured data model数据库语言database language数据定义语言data-definition language数据操纵语言data-manipulation language查询语言query language元数据metadata应用程序application program标准化normalization数据字典data dictionary存储治理器storage manager查询治理器query processor事务transaction原子性atomicity故障恢复failure recovery并发限制concurrency-control两层和三层数据库体系结构two-tier/three-tier数据才2掘data mining数据库治理员DBA database administrator表table关系relation元组tuple空值null value数据库模式database schema数据库实例database instance关系模式relation schema关系实例relation instance码keys超码super key候选码candidate key主码primary key外码foreign key参照关系referencing relation被参照关系referenced relation属性attribute域domain原子域atomic domain参照完整性约束referential integrity constraint模式图schema diagram查询语言query language过程化语言procedural language非过程化语言nonprocedural language关系运算operations on relations选择元组selection of tuples选择属性selection of attributes自然连接natural join笛卡尔积Cartesian product集合运算set operations关系代数relational algebraSQL 查询语言SQL query structureSelect 字句select clauseFrom 字句from clauseWhere 字句where clause自然连接运算natural join operationAs 字句as clauseOrder by 字句order by clause相关名称 (相关变量,元组变量) correlation name (correlation variable , tuple variable ) 集合运算set operationsUnionInterestExcept空值null values真值"unknown " truth “ unknown 〞聚集函数aggregate functionsavg, min, max, sum, countgroup byhaving嵌套子查询nested subqueries集合比拟set comparisons{ «,? 二 ,〉〉,?=}{some , all}existsuniquelateral 字句lateral clausewith 字句with clause标量子查询scalar subquery数据库彳修改database modification删除deletion插入insertion更新updating参照完整性referential integrity参照完整T约束referential Hntegrity constraint 或子集依赖subset dependency 可延迟的deferrable断言assertion连接类型join types内连接和夕卜连接inner and outer join左外连接、右外连接和全外连接left、right and full outer joinNatural连接条件、using连接条件和on连接条件natural using and so on 视图定义view definition物化视图materialized views视图更新view update事务transactions提交commit work回滚roll back work原子事务atomic transaction完整性约束integrity constraints域约束domain constraints唯——性约束unique constraintCheck 字句check clause参照完整性referential integrity级联删除cascading delete级联更新cascading updates断言assertions日期和时间类型date and time types默认值default values索弓I index大对象large object用户定义类型user-defined types域domains目录catalogs模式schemas授权authorization权卜M privileges选择select插入insert更新update所有权限all privileges授予权卜M granting of privileges收回权卜M revoking of privileges授予权限的权限privileges to privilegesGrant option角色roles视图授权authorization on views执行授权execute authorization调用者权限invoker privileges行级授权row-level authorizationJDBCODBC预备语句prepared statements 访问元数据accessing metadata SQL 注入SQL injection 嵌入式SQL embedded SQL 游标cursors 可更新的游标updatable cursors 动态SQL dynamic SQL SQL 函数SQL functions 存储过程stored procedures 过程化结构procedural constructs夕卜部语言例程external language routines触发器triggerBefore 和after 触发器before and after triggers过渡变量和过渡表transition variables and tables递归查询recursive queries单调查询monotonic queries排名函数ranking functionsRankDense rankPartition by分窗windowing联机分析处理〔OLAP 〕 online analytical processing多维数据multidimensional data度量属性measure attributes维属性dimension attributes转轴pivoting数据立方体data cube切片和切块slicing and dicing上卷和下钻rollup and drill down交叉表cross-tabulation第七章实体-联系数据模型Entity-relationship data model实体和实体集entity and entity set属性attribute域domain简单和复合属T生simple and composite attributes单值和多值属T生single-valued and multivalued attributes空值null value派生属性derived attribute超码、候选码以及主码super key ,candidate key, and primary key联系和联系集relationship and relationship set二元联系集binary relationship set联系集的度degree of relationship set描述性属性descriptive attributes超码、候选码以及主码super key ,candidate key, and primary key角色role自环联系集recursive relationship setE-R 图E-R diagram映射基数mapping cardinality——对——联系one-to-one relationship——对多联系one-to-many relationship多对——联系many-to-one relationship多对多联系many-to-many relationship参与participation全部参与total participation局部参与partial participation弱实体集和强实体集weak entity sets and strong entity sets分辨符属性discriminator attributes标识联系identifying relationship特化和概化specialization and generalization超类和子类superclass and subclass属性继承attribute inheritance单和多继承single and multiple inheritance条件定义的和用户定义的成员资格condition-defined and userdefined membership 不相交概化和重叠概化disjoint and overlapping generalization全部概化和局部概化total and partial generalization聚集aggregationUMLUML 类图UML class diagram第八章E-R 模型和标准化E-R model and normalization分解decomposition函数依赖functional dependencies无损分解lossless decomposition原子域atomic domains第一范式(1NF) first normal form(1NF)合法关系legal relations超码super keyR 满足 F R satisfies FF在R上成立 F holds on RBoyce-Codd 范式BCNF Boyce-Codd normal form(BCNF)保持依赖dependency preservation第三范式(3NF) third normal form(3NF)平凡的函数依赖thivial functional dependencies函数依赖集的闭包closure of a set of functional dependenciesArmstrong 公理Armstrong s axioms属性集闭包closure of attribute setsF 在Ri 上的限定restriction of F to Ri正贝 1 覆盖canonical cover无关属T生extraneous attributesBCNF 分解算法BCNF decomposition algorithm3NF 分解算法3NF decomposition algorithm多值依赖multivalued dependencies第四范式(4NF) fourth normal form(4NF)多值依赖的限定restriction of a multivalued independency投影-连接范式(PJNF) project-join normal form(PJNF)域-码范式(DKNF ) domain-key normal form(DKNF)泛关系universal relation唯一角色假设unique-role assumption 去标准化denormalization。

* ？
W/n PRE/n
“ ” { } ( )
精确短语检索，所有符号都将被作为检索词进行严格匹配 {c++} 定义检测词顺序，例：(remote OR satellite) AND education
SDOL其他检索技巧
拼写方式
当英式与美式拼写方式不同时，可使用任何一种形式检索 例：behaviour 与behavior; psychoanalyse 与psychoanalyze
检索结果
IEEE Xplore检索说明
1.内容涉及电机工程、电子电气、计算机、通信、应用物理、核能等学科 领域。是我校机电学院、电控学院、应用数理学院常用的数据库。 2.可下载期刊文章、会议论文、IEEE标准全文.
标准状态 Active____现行标准； Withdraw____作废的标准(完全作废)
第二章 数据库检索
英Hale Waihona Puke 期刊全文数据库主要内容1. 英文全文数据库的概况 2. 英文全文数据库的检索——以SDOL为例 3. 作业
中英文期刊全文数据库的差异
1. 运作模式的差别使中文期刊全文数据库的文献与纸质期刊发行有一 定时差，而英文期刊全文数据库没有时差，甚至可以下载先于纸质刊 物发行的文章，online first, Articles in Press等 2. 中文期刊数据库一般能查到国内几乎全部的学术刊物，而英文期刊 全文数据库往往是自己出版社、学会协会的刊物。 3. 一般英文全文数据库的个性化服务优于中文全文数据库，提供 RSS,Alert等服务。
Drafts____草拟的标准； Archived____存档的标准(有新版本，但不 完全作废）
IEEE Xplore检索说明——高级检索

11、 Nature
12、 Nucleic Acids Research /
13、 Plant Cell http://www.plantcell
14、 Plant Physiology
University of Pretoria : Electronic Theses and Dissertations
http://upetd.up.ac.za/
10、 Kluwer
荷兰Kluwer Academic Publisher是具有国际性声誉的学术出版商，它出版的图书、期刊一向品质较高，备受专家和学者的信赖和赞誉。Kluwer Online是Kluwer出版的750余种期刊的网络版，专门基于互联网提供Kluwer电子期刊的查询、阅览服务。
德国著名出版社Springer提供的数据库，包括该出版社出版的430余种期刊的全文。
18、UMI /pqdweb
商业数据库
三、关于生命科学的出版物
1、 美国科学杂志中文版：
2、 遗传：
8、 Idealibrary
世界著名全文数据库，与Elsvier 等出版社有合作,今年年底将于SCIENCEDIRECT合并
9、 Ingenta/Uncover
是Ingenta公司的一个主要产品，是一个全球性学术研究的大型网关。它致力于学术研究性文章的网上检索和传递，目前收集有25，000种出版物的摘要和4，500种出版物全文。140个出版商在上提供了他们的文章全文。
Williams Obstetrics - 22nd Ed. (2005)
还有一些免费外文文献网站。
/cgi/collection/MDG?page=77

中英文对照外文翻译Database Management SystemsA database (sometimes spelled data base) is also called an electronic database , referring to any collection of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval , modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations .Databases can be stored on magnetic disk or tape, optical disk, or some other secondary storage device.A database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage , and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database . Using keywords and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search , rearrange, group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregate of data.Complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases .The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system(DBMS).The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database.. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.)A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements form the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined ,but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts:(1)a storage subsystemthat stores and retrieves data in files;(2) a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add , delete, maintain, and update the data;(3)and an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems;Managers: who require more up-to-data information to make effective decisionCustomers: who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.Users: who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.Organizations : that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.The Database ModelA data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database. The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represented(such as tree, tables, and so on ).The manipulative part of the model specifies the operation with which to add, delete, display, maintain, print, search, select, sort and update the data.Hierarchical ModelThe first database management systems used a hierarchical model-that is-they arranged records into a tree structure. Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records. The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is ,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first, then records one level below the root ,and so on.The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships are commonly found in business applications. As you have known, an organization char often describes a hierarchical relationship: top management is at the highest level, middle management at lower levels, and operational employees at the lowest levels. Note that within a strict hierarchy, each level of management may have many employees or levels of employees beneath it, but each employee has only one manager. Hierarchical data are characterized by this one-to-many relationship among data.In the hierarchical approach, each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created. Each record in a hierarchical database can contain only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fields. This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy.Relational ModelA major breakthrough in database research occurred in 1970 when E. F. Codd proposed a fundamentally different approach to database management called relational model ,which uses a table asits data structure.The relational database is the most widely used database structure. Data is organized into related tables. Each table is made up of rows called and columns called fields. Each record contains fields of data about some specific item. For example, in a table containing information on employees, a record would contain fields of data such as a person’s last name ,first name ,and street address.Structured query language(SQL)is a query language for manipulating data in a relational database .It is nonprocedural or declarative, in which the user need only specify an English-like description that specifies the operation and the described record or combination of records. A query optimizer translates the description into a procedure to perform the database manipulation.Network ModelThe network model creates relationships among data through a linked-list structure in which subordinate records can be linked to more than one parent record. This approach combines records with links, which are called pointers. The pointers are addresses that indicate the location of a record. With the network approach, a subordinate record can be linked to a key record and at the same time itself be a key record linked to other sets of subordinate records. The network mode historically has had a performance advantage over other database models. Today , such performance characteristics are only important in high-volume ,high-speed transaction processing such as automatic teller machine networks or airline reservation system.Both hierarchical and network databases are application specific. If a new application is developed ,maintaining the consistency of databases in different applications can be very difficult. For example, suppose a new pension application is developed .The data are the same, but a new database must be created.Object ModelThe newest approach to database management uses an object model , in which records are represented by entities called objects that can both store data and provide methods or procedures to perform specific tasks.The query language used for the object model is the same object-oriented programming language used to develop the database application .This can create problems because there is no simple , uniform query language such as SQL . The object model is relatively new, and only a few examples of object-oriented database exist. It has attracted attention because developers who choose an object-oriented programming language want a database based on an object-oriented model. Distributed DatabaseSimilarly , a distributed database is one in which different parts of the database reside on physically separated computers . One goal of distributed databases is the access of informationwithout regard to where the data might be stored. Keeping in mind that once the users and their data are separated , the communication and networking concepts come into play .Distributed databases require software that resides partially in the larger computer. This software bridges the gap between personal and large computers and resolves the problems of incompatible data formats. Ideally, it would make the mainframe databases appear to be large libraries of information, with most of the processing accomplished on the personal computer.A drawback to some distributed systems is that they are often based on what is called a mainframe-entire model , in which the larger host computer is seen as the master and the terminal or personal computer is seen as a slave. There are some advantages to this approach . With databases under centralized control , many of the problems of data integrity that we mentioned earlier are solved . But today’s personal computers, departmental computers, and distributed processing require computers and their applications to communicate with each other on a more equal or peer-to-peer basis. In a database, the client/server model provides the framework for distributing databases.One way to take advantage of many connected computers running database applications is to distribute the application into cooperating parts that are independent of one anther. A client is an end user or computer program that requests resources across a network. A server is a computer running software that fulfills those requests across a network . When the resources are data in a database ,the client/server model provides the framework for distributing database.A file serve is software that provides access to files across a network. A dedicated file server is a single computer dedicated to being a file server. This is useful ,for example ,if the files are large and require fast access .In such cases, a minicomputer or mainframe would be used as a file server. A distributed file server spreads the files around on individual computers instead of placing them on one dedicated computer.Advantages of the latter server include the ability to store and retrieve files on other computers and the elimination of duplicate files on each computer. A major disadvantage , however, is that individual read/write requests are being moved across the network and problems can arise when updating files. Suppose a user requests a record from a file and changes it while another user requests the same record and changes it too. The solution to this problems called record locking, which means that the first request makes others requests wait until the first request is satisfied . Other users may be able to read the record, but they will not be able to change it .A database server is software that services requests to a database across a network. For example, suppose a user types in a query for data on his or her personal computer . If the application is designed with the client/server model in mind ,the query language part on the personal computer simple sends the query across the network to the database server and requests to be notified when the data are found.Examples of distributed database systems can be found in the engineering world. Sun’s Network Filing System(NFS),for example, is used in computer-aided engineering applications to distribute data among the hard disks in a network of Sun workstation.Distributing databases is an evolutionary step because it is logical that data should exist at the location where they are being used . Departmental computers within a large corporation ,for example, should have data reside locally , yet those data should be accessible by authorized corporate management when they want to consolidate departmental data . DBMS software will protect the security and integrity of the database , and the distributed database will appear to its users as no different from the non-distributed database .In this information age, the data server has become the heart of a company. This one piece of software controls the rhythm of most organizations and is used to pump information lifeblood through the arteries of the network. Because of the critical nature of this application, the data server is also the one of the most popular targets for hackers. If a hacker owns this application, he can cause the company's "heart" to suffer a fatal arrest.Ironically, although most users are now aware of hackers, they still do not realize how susceptible their database servers are to hack attacks. Thus, this article presents a description of the primary methods of attacking database servers (also known as SQL servers) and shows you how to protect yourself from these attacks.You should note this information is not new. Many technical white papers go into great detail about how to perform SQL attacks, and numerous vulnerabilities have been posted to security lists that describe exactly how certain database applications can be exploited. This article was written for the curious non-SQL experts who do not care to know the details, and as a review to those who do use SQL regularly.What Is a SQL Server?A database application is a program that provides clients with access to data. There are many variations of this type of application, ranging from the expensive enterprise-level Microsoft SQL Server to the free and open source mySQL. Regardless of the flavor, most database server applications have several things in common.First, database applications use the same general programming language known as SQL, or Structured Query Language. This language, also known as a fourth-level language due to its simplistic syntax, is at the core of how a client communicates its requests to the server. Using SQL in its simplest form, a programmer can select, add, update, and delete information in a database. However, SQL can also be used to create and design entire databases, perform various functions on the returned information, and even execute other programs.To illustrate how SQL can be used, the following is an example of a simple standard SQL query and a more powerful SQL query:Simple: "Select * from dbFurniture.tblChair"This returns all information in the table tblChair from the database dbFurniture.Complex: "EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'dir c:\'"This short SQL command returns to the client the list of files and folders under the c:\ directory of the SQL server. Note that this example uses an extended stored procedure that is exclusive to MS SQL Server.The second function that database server applications share is that they all require some form of authenticated connection between client and host. Although the SQL language is fairly easy to use, at least in its basic form, any client that wants to perform queries must first provide some form of credentials that will authorize the client; the client also must define the format of the request and response.This connection is defined by several attributes, depending on the relative location of the client and what operating systems are in use. We could spend a whole article discussing various technologies such as DSN connections, DSN-less connections, RDO, ADO, and more, but these subjects are outside the scope of this article. If you want to learn more about them, a little Google'ing will provide you with more than enough information. However, the following is a list of the more common items included in a connection request.Database sourceRequest typeDatabaseUser IDPasswordBefore any connection can be made, the client must define what type of database server it is connecting to. This is handled by a software component that provides the client with the instructions needed to create the request in the correct format. In addition to the type of database, the request type can be used to further define how the client's request will be handled by the server. Next comes the database name and finally the authentication information.All the connection information is important, but by far the weakest link is the authentication information—or lack thereof. In a properly managed server, each database has its own users with specifically designated permissions that control what type of activity they can perform. For example, a user account would be set up as read only for applications that need to only access information. Another account should be used for inserts or updates, and maybe even a third account would be used for deletes.This type of account control ensures that any compromised account is limited in functionality. Unfortunately, many database programs are set up with null or easy passwords, which leads to successful hack attacks.译文数据库管理系统介绍数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。