Red Power II

Benjamin West Janke6 Feb2019165-year-old brand alleges trademark infringement against best-selling videogameBaker Donelson - USACo-publishedIn under three months, Red Dead Redemption 2 became the highestselling video game of 2018. Set in the 1800s in the Wild West, Red Dead 2is as much a film (with a main storyline that unfolds over more than60 hours) as it is an interactive action-adventure game with over 100missions for the player to navigate. It was released to universal acclaimand received several perfect scores from leading critics, due in large partto the game developers' creation of an immersive and complex environmentwith a relentless commitment to historical accuracy and detail. Red Dead2's developers, Take-Two Interactive Software and Rockstar Games, spentover seven years with the efforts of more than 2,000 people to create agame with more than 500,000 lines of dialogue and 300,000 animations.Red Dead 2 is widely celebrated for its realism and historical accuracy. Forexample, an article in The Guardian noted that the developers aim to provide players with a Wild West fantasy so authentic that "you can forget it is not real”. Other historically andgeographically accurate details (eg, flora and fauna, music, technology and wildlife)contribute to the game's believable and authentic experience. Even the birds are location-appropriate and sing with accurate pitch. Such commitment to realism has garneredattention from unlikely sources: the Audubon Society praised the game's inclusion of 200 distinct, interactive species of animals and 40 different plant species. In one of the 100 or so missions throughout Red Dead 2's story, fact meets fiction when the game's protagonists rob a train. The owner of the train hires Pinkerton security agents to find the culprits. In a cinematic cut-scene, two men introduce themselves to the main character as agents of the "Pinkerton Detective Agency, seconded to the United States government”, and tell him he is a wanted man with a bounty on his head. The detectives are dressed in bowler hats, red vests, ties and grey coats – apparel typical of the real Pinkerton detectives.They also wear silver shield-shaped badges on their chest and at times, the Pinkerton name can be seen. It is the same badge that the Pinkerton National Detective Agency used from 1850 to 1925. The Pinkerton detectives make appearances in 10 of the 100 or so missions. Red Dead 2 introduces the Pinkerton detectives in the same context that the company was founded in real life: hired by railroad companies to act as private security to protect shipments in the American West. In real life, the US government hired the Pinkerton National Detective Agency to track down criminals, including famous Wild West outlaws such as Jesse James and Butch Cassidy. In the latter part of the twentieth century, when agencies like the FBI subsumed much of the detective work, Pinkerton focused more on security. Today, Pinkerton provides a variety of corporate risk management services as a subsidiary of Securitas AB, a Swedish security firm and one of the largest in the world.Rockstar Games and Take-Two Interactive did not ask for Pinkerton's permission to use its name or badge. But did they have to?Six weeks after the release of Red Dead 2, Pinkerton sent Rockstar and Take-Two Interactive a cease and desist letter alleging that the unauthorised use of the Pinkerton brand, including PINKERTON'S (US Registration Number 887,265), and the Pinkerton Detective Badge (US Registration Number 546,426), constitutes trademark infringement.In response, Take-Two Interactive and Rockstar Games filed a declaratory judgment action in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York, seeking a declaration that it is not liable for trademark infringement based on three theories.First, the developers relied on First Amendment grounds, arguing that "Red Dead 2 references the Pinkerton Detective Agency and Historical Pinkerton Badge as part of the creative expression of the video game”, which references are relevant to their "artistic message as [they] have sought to create a historically realistic depiction of the Wild West, and the references relate to the historical feel, setting, and plot of the video game”. The developers argued that the Pinkerton name and badge are only used in the context of the video game itself and are not used in the game packaging or promotional material. In such a context, they do not suggest sponsorship or affiliation between Red Dead 2 and Pinkerton and that the First Amendment precludes a trademark infringement claim when "the use of a mark in a creative work that is artistically relevant to the work and not overly misleading”. Second, the developers sought a declaratory judgment that their use of the Pinkerton name and badge constitute nominative fair use. Under US trademark law, a commercial user is entitled to a nominative fair use defence under the following circumstances:◾the product or service in question is not readily identifiable without the use of the trademark;◾only so much of the mark or marks is used as is reasonably necessary to identify the product or service; and◾the user does not do anything that would, in conjunction with the mark, suggest sponsorship or endorsement by the trademark holder.Red Dead 2's developers argued that they used the Pinkerton name and badge to refer to the historical Pinkerton National Detective Agency, that they only used so much of the name and badge as necessary to identify it as such, and that consumers are not likely to be confused about the source of their products as compared with those of Pinkerton.Finally, the developers sought a declaratory judgment that their use of the Pinkerton name and badge is not likely to cause confusion as to the source or affiliation of its products or confuse consumers into believing that its products are sponsored or endorsed by the defendants, because the developers and the defendants provide completely different goods and services (video games versus corporate risk management and security).The developers' declaratory judgment action is in its infancy and Pinkerton has not yet filed a response. Prior to the lawsuit, Pinkerton's lawyers argued in writing to the developers that there must be artistic relevance of the use of the mark for the First Amendment defence to apply:Assessing the game's use of the Pinkerton assets, it is difficult to see how suchuse enhances the content, tone, style, purpose or appeal over the use of any otherlaw enforcement brand, and thus leaves the question of whether the use wasarbitrarily chosen to exploit the Pinkerton brand.The game developers addressed Pinkerton's argument in its lawsuit in part by identifying extensive use of the Pinkerton name in media and popular culture, including dozens of classic and contemporary television shows and movies.Pinkerton's president also issued a public statement on Red Dead 2, arguing that the game's claim to historical accuracy was “misleading”. The statement says in part:One cannot rewrite history to create profit in the present at the expense of real-life people who represent a brand today. In the game, Pinkertons are seenshooting horses, shooting guns and firebombs into buildings where women andchildren are present, and as violent villains in the community. History tells adifferent story.The statement also lamented that Pinkerton employees "now have to explain to their young game players why Red Dead Redemption 2 encourages people to murder Pinkertons," and that such an image is inaccurate and detrimental to the Pinkerton brand.CommentThe Red Dead 2 lawsuit raises several interesting issues. In particular, it highlights two aspects of trademark law that are often overlooked.First, consider the duration of trademark rights, which theoretically can last forever so long as they remain in use, as compared to other IP disciplines such as copyright and patent law, which are statutorily limited. Red Dead 2 is set in 1899 – nearly 50 years after the first Pinkerton office opened. In 1899 commercial electricity was in its infancy and the notion of a video game would not have crossed even the wildest of imaginations. Over 100 years later avenerable security company that has been using the same name for over 165 years is accusing a video game company of trademark infringement.Second, the Red Dead 2 lawsuit spotlights how trademark infringement claims require trademark use. It is never sufficient to simply claim "you can't do that, it's trademarked”. Whether ‘use’ constitutes trademark use, and whether it is permissible is a nuanced analysis. Inquiry must be made into such matters as the nature of the goods and services, or whether there is no descriptive subsite for the mark.The Red Dead 2 lawsuit is certainly one to watch. The developers of the game could have made up a fictitious detective agency in the style of the Pinkerton agency, but to provide the player with the most realistic experience of the 1890s Wild West, they went further – using the Pinkerton name and badge, as well as apparel and bowler hats distinctive of Pinkerton detectives. The developers defend that they used Pinkerton's marks only as much as necessary to identify Pinkerton in historical context. Arguably, historical details are even more important in a visual context than in a strictly literary one and the game relies on those details as anchor points to create an immersive and realistic experience. On the other hand, does the fictional aspect of historical fiction permit the developers to take creative licence when it suits them, if to do so is not authorised by the owner of the brand depicted in historical fiction? Red Dead 2's developers put dozens of outlaws in the game, but Pinkerton is hoping it can apprehend just one more.For further information contact:Benjamin West JankeBaker DonelsonView websiteEmail:************************Tel: +1 504 566 8607Meghan E CarterBaker DonelsonView websiteEmail:*************************Tel: +1 504 566 8607This is a co-published article whose content has not been commissioned or written by the IAM editorial team, but which has been proofed and edited to run in accordance with the IAM style guide.TAGSNorth America, United States of America。

RACK-UP® SERIESModel RU-MX4LPro Audio Line Level Mixer∙Four Channel Line-Level Audio Mixer∙XLR Balanced, Phono Jack Unbalanced Inputs∙Mic or Line XLR Output, Switchable∙Unbalanced Line Output and Direct Input∙Studio Quality, Low-Noise Performance∙Expansion Bussing Capability∙Additional Line Inputs Bussed to an RU-MX4∙Output Isolation Transformer (RU-MX4LT)The RU-MX4L is part of the group of RDL RACK-UP products. The compact design permits high-density installations, with three products mounted in a single rack unit. The RU-MX4L may be used alone, or mounted using a wide variety of RACK-UP series options.APPLICATION: The RU-MX4L is the ideal choice in many applications where a combination of balanced line and/or unbalanced line-level signals need to be mixed. All balanced connections are made through XLR connectors. Unbalanced signals are coupled through phono jacks. The RU-MX4L may be used as a standalone mixer, or may be connected to an RDL RU-MX4 Mic/Line Mixer to provide four additional line level inputs.Each of the four RU-MX4L inputs can accept either a balanced XLR line or an unbalanced line-level phono jack input.A separate unbalanced DIRECT input allows an external audio source to be summed directly into the mix amplifier, bypassing the front-panel input level controls. The unbalanced phono jack LINE OUTPUT from one RU-MX4L may connect to the unbalanced input of other equipment, or may be connected to the DIRECT input of another RU-MX4L or an RU-MX4 to expand mixing capabilities. Up to 3 RU-MX4 type mixers may be rack mounted in a single rack unit using a rack adapter. A power interconnect cable is supplied with each RU-MX4L allowing the rack mounted mixers to run from a single 24 Vdc power supply.The RU-MX4L provides one balanced output, switchable for mic or line level. The balanced XLR output and the unbalanced phono jack output may be used at the same time.Audio levels are adjustable on the front panel. A convenient label area is provided below each fader knob. A label tab included with the mixer may be professionally labeled using a commercial lettering machine, or the user may write on the front of the tab. The tab locks into a protected pocket inside the RU-MX4L front panel for a professionally labeled appearance.Each input channel is equipped with a front-panel dual-LED VU meter that follows standard VU ballistics. A green LED illuminates at 15 dB below the optimum input gain, becoming progressively brighter with increasing audio level. The adjacent red LED illuminates when the input gain exceeds the correct operating level. Maximum headroom and signal-to-noise are assured when these individual input meters are used to correctly adjust each input gain.The final mix is displayed on an LED string VU meter featuring a visually comfortable arc motion. An optional security cover (RU-MX4SC) is available to prevent user access to the rear panel switches. The RU-MX4L is electronically balanced. A factory installed output isolation transformer is available by ordering the RU-MX4LT.Wherever a line-level mixer is needed to provide superior audio clarity, user adjustments, reliability, compactness and unsurpassed versatility, the RU-MX4L is the ideal choice.RDL ∙ 659 6th St. ∙ Prescott, AZ., USA 86301 ∙ (928) 443-9391 ∙ FAX (928) 443-9392 ∙RACK-UP ® SERIES Model RU-MX4LProfessional Audio Line MixerTYPICAL PERFORMANCEBalanced Line Inputs(4): 20 k Ω balanced bridging Balanced Line Input Level: -13 to +22 dBu for +4 dBu output Unbalanced Line Inputs (4): 2 k Ω unbalanced Unbalanced Line Input Level: -25 dBV to +20 dBV for +4 dBu output; -10 dBV nominal Gain Adjustments (5): Balanced Line: Off to 17 dB gain Unbalanced Line: Off to 27 dB gain Output Attenuator: 0 dB to infinity Frequency Response: 20 Hz to 30 kHz (+/- 0.25 dB) THD+N: < 0.01% Residual Noise (below +4dBu output): 4 line level sources (unity gain): < -82 dB (wideband) Outputs (2): +4 dBu 150 Ω balanced (switchable MIC or LINE ); -10 dBV unbalanced Indicators (17): Dual-LED VU meter for each input; POWER LED; 8-segment bar mode string LED audio mix level meter, 0 dB = +4 dBu VU ballistic: -20 dB, -10 dB, -6 dB, -2 dB, 0 dB, +3 dB; Peak reading: +8 dB,+12 dB Power Requirement: 24 Vdc @ 150 mA, Ground-referencedOverall Dimensions: Height: 1.7 in. 4.3 cmLength: 5.8 in. 15.0 cmDepth: 4.8 in. 12.2 cmInstallation/OperationDeclaration of Conformity available from . Sole EMC specifications provided on product package. Specifications are subject to change without notice. 891-3195D Radio Design Labs Technical Support Centers U.S.A. (800) 933-1780, (928) 778-3554; Fax: (928) 778-3506 Europe [NH Amsterdam] (++31) 20-6238 983; Fax: (++31) 20-6225-287。

1300 Henley CourtPullman, WA 99163509.334.6306www.store. Pmod VGA Reference ManualRevised January 22, 2018This manual applies to the Pmod VGA Rev. COverviewThe Pmod VGA (Rev. C) provides a VGA port to any board with Pmod connectivity. The VGA port can be used to drive standard displays such as televisions and monitors. The host board must be capable of driving a fast parallel data bus in order to properly drive a display with the Pmod VGA.•Standard VGA port for connecting commonly founddisplays•12-bit RGB444 color depth•Simple, high-speed R-2R resistor ladder DAC•High-speed buffers support pixel clocks up to 150 MHzThe Pmod VGA.1 SpecificationsPin Signal Description1 R0 Red 02 R1 Red 13 R2 Red 24 R3 Red 35 GND Power Supply Ground6 VCC3V3 Positive Power Supply7 B0 Blue 08 B1 Blue 19 B2 Blue 210 B3 Blue 311 GND Power Supply Ground12 VCC3V3 Positive Power SupplyTable 1. Pmod header J1.Pin Signal Description1 G0 Green 02 G1 Green 13 G2 Green 24 G3 Green 35 GND Power Supply Ground6 VCC3V3 Positive Supply Ground7 HS Horizontal Sync8 VS Vertical Sync9 NC Not Connected10 NC Not Connected11 GND Power Supply Ground12 VCC3V3 Positive Power SupplyTable 1. Pmod header J2.1.1 Physical DimensionsThe pins on the pin header are spaced 100 mil apart. The PCB is 1.7 inches (4.3 cm) long on the sides parallel to the pins on the pin header and 1.7 inches (4.3 cm) long on the sides perpendicular to the pin header.2 Functional DescriptionThe Pmod VGA uses 14 input pins to create an analog VGA output port. This translates to 12-bit color depth and two standard sync signals: Horizontal Sync (HS) and Vertical Sync (VS). The digital-to-analog conversion is done using a simple R-2R resistor ladder. The ladder works in conjunction with the 75-ohm termination resistance of the VGA display to create 16 analog signal levels for the red, blue, and green VGA signals. This circuit produces video color signals that proceed in equal increments between 0V (fully off) and 0.7V (fully on). With 4 bits each for red, blue, and green, 4096 (16x16x16) different colors can be displayed, one for each unique 12-bit pattern.When used with an FPGA host board, a video controller circuit must be created in programmable logic to drive the sync and color signals with the correct timing in order to produce a working display system. It may be possible to drive the video signals using a very fast microcontroller with a parallel bus controller; however, Digilent does not provide examples for this use case.2.1 Interfacing with the PmodVGA signal timings are specified, published, copyrighted, and sold by the VESA organization (). The following VGA system timing information is provided as an example of how a VGA monitor might be driven in 640 by 480 mode.NOTE: For more precise information, or for information on other VGA frequencies, refer to documentation available at the VESA website. CRT-based VGA displays use amplitude-modulated moving electron beams (or cathode rays) to display information on a phosphor-coated screen.LCD displays use an array of switches that can impose a voltage across a small amount of liquid crystal, thereby changing light permittivity through the crystal on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Although the following description is limited to CRT displays,LCD displays have evolved to use the same signal timings as CRT displays (so the “signals” discussion below pertains to both CRTs and LCDs).Color CRT displays use three electron beams (one for red, one for blue, and one for green) to energize the phosphor that coats the inner side of the display end of a cathode ray tube (see Fig. 1).Electro n beams emanate from “electron guns,” which are finely-pointed heated cathodes placed in close proximity to a positively charged annular plate called a “grid.” The electrostatic force imposed by the grid pulls rays of energized electrons from the cathodes, and those rays are fed by the current that flows into the cathodes. These particle rays are initially accelerated towards the grid, but they soon fall under the influence of the much larger electrostatic force that results from the entire phosphor-coated display surface of the CRT being charged to 20kV (or more). The rays are focused to a fine beam as they pass through the center of the grids, and then they accelerate to impact on the phosphor-coated display surface. The phosphor surface glows brightly at the impact point, and it continues to glow for several hundred microseconds after the beam is removed. The larger the current fed into the cathode, the brighter the phosphor will glow.Between the grid and the display surface, the beam passes through the neck of the CRT where two coils of wire produce orthogonal electromagnetic fields. Because cathode rays are composed of charged particles (electrons), they can be deflected by these magnetic fields. Current waveforms are passed through the coils to produce magnetic fields that interact with the cathode rays and cause them to transverse the display surface in a “raster” pattern, horizontally from left to right and vertically from top to bottom, as shown in Fig. 2. As the cathode ray moves over the surface of the display, the current sent to the electron guns can be increased or decreased to change the brightness of the display at the cathode ray impact point.Information is only displayed when the beam is moving in the “forward” direction (left to right and to p to bottom), and not during the time the beam is reset back to the left or top edge of the display. Much of the potential display time is therefore lost in “blanking” periods when the beam is reset and stabilized to begin a new horizontal or vertical display pass. The size of the beams, the frequency at which the beam can be traced across the display, and the frequency at which the electron beam can be modulated determine the display resolution.Modern VGA displays can accommodate different resolutions, and a VGA controller circuit dictates the resolution by producing timing signals to control the raster patterns. The controller must produce synchronizing pulses at 3.3V to set the frequency at which current flows through the deflection coils, and it must ensure that video data is applied to the electron guns at the correct time. Raster video displays define a number of “rows” that corresponds to the number of horizontal passes the cathode makes over the display area, and a number of “columns” that correspond s to an area on each row that is assigned to one “picture element”, or pixel. Typical displays use from 240 to 1200 rows and from 320 to 1600 columns. The overall size of a display and the number of rows and columns determines the size of each pixel.Video data typically comes from a video refresh memory with one or more bytes assigned to each pixel location (the Pmod VGA uses 12 bits per pixel). The controller must index into video memory as the beams move across the display, and retrieve and apply video data to the display at precisely the time the electron beam is moving across a given pixel.A VGA controller circuit must generate the HS and VS timings signals and coordinate the delivery of video data based on the pixel clock. The pixel clock defines the time available to display one pixel of information. The VS signal defines the “refresh” frequency of the display, or the frequency at which all information on the display is redrawn. The minimum refresh frequency is a function of the display’s phosphor a nd electron beam intensity, with practical refresh frequencies falling in the 50Hz to 120Hz range. The number of lines to be displayed at a given refresh frequency defines the horizontal “retrace” frequency. For a 640-pixel by 480-row display using a 25MHz pixel clock and 60 +/-1Hz refresh, the signal timings shown in Fig. 3 can be derived. Timings for sync pulse-width and front and back porch intervals (porch intervals are the pre- and post-sync pulse times during which information cannot be displayed) are based on observations taken from actual VGA displays.A VGA controller circuit, such as the one diagrammed in Fig. 4, decodes the output of a horizontal-sync counter driven by the pixel clock to generate HS signal timings. You can use this counter to locate any pixel location on a given row. Likewise, the output of a vertical-sync counter that increments with each HS pulse can be used to generate VS signal timings, and you can use this counter to locate any given row. These two continually running counters can be used to form an address into video RAM. No time relationship between the onset of the HS pulse and the onset of the VS pulse is specified, so you can arrange the counters to easily form video RAM addresses, or to minimize decoding logic for sync pulse generation.3 Additional InformationThe schematics of the Pmod VGA are available here. Additional information about the transceiver used including voltage levels and specific timings of the chip can be found by checking out its datasheet here.Example code demonstrating how to get information from the Pmod VGA can be found on its ResourceCenter here.If you have any questions or comments about the Pmod VGA, feel free to post them under the appropriate section (“Add-on Boards”) of the Digilent Forum.。

颜色中英文对照颜色中英文对照大全Natural color;begin colour 自然色Primary colour;fundamental colour 原色Pure colour 纯色Complementary colour 补色Fashion colour;trend colour 流行色Inter colour 国际流行色Essential colour 基本色Similar colour 同类色Multicolour 多种色彩Full colour 彩色Plain colour 素色Secondary color 混合色Contract colour 对比色Cold colour 冷色Warm colour 暖色Neutral colour;intermedium colour 中间色Soft colour 柔和色Rich in colour 浓色Advancing colour 前进色Receding colour 后退色Expansive colour 膨胀色Contracting colour 收缩色Ground colour 底色Surface colour 表面色Transparent color 透明色Metal colour 金属色Accent colour 强调色Colour matching;colour combination 配色Colour mixing 调色====================================== === red 红色vermeil, ponceau 朱红pink;soft red; rose bloom 粉红色plum;crimson;梅红rose 玫瑰红peach blossom;桃红cherry 樱桃红salmon pink 桔红色garnet石榴红purplish red;date red 枣红色lotus red 莲红色fuchsia pink 浅莲红bean red 豆红capsicum red辣椒红Kaoliang red 高梁红poppy red 芙蓉红lake;rouge red胭脂红salmon 鲑鱼红hawksbill turtle red 玳瑁红cadmium orange 海螺红ruby red 宝石红agate red 玛瑙红coral珊瑚红bronze red金红iron oxide red铁红rust red铁锈红chrome red铬红brick red砖红reddle 土红purplish red;wine red;紫红（酒红）prune;mulberry深紫红henna棕红dark red;dull red暗红fresh red;blood red;bright red鲜红scarlet绯红silver pink米红deep red深红light red 淡红===================================== 橙色 orange黄色 yellow深桔黄 deep orange浅桔黄 light orange; clear orange柠檬黄 lemon yellow;lemon玉米黄 maize橄榄黄 olive yellow稻草黄 straw yellow芥末黄 mustard杏黄 broze yellow蛋黄 york yellow;egg yellow藤黄 rattan yellow象牙黄 nude日光黄 sunny yellow土黄 earth yellow ;yellowish brown;砂黄 sand yellow金黄 golden yellow;gold深黄 deep yellow棕黄 tan青黄 bluish yellow灰黄 sallow;grey yellow米黄 cream嫩黄 yellow cream鲜黄 cadmium yellow鹅黄 light yellow中黄 midium yellow浅黄 light yellow ,pale yellow;buff淡黄 primrose;jasmine====================================== ====绿色 green豆绿 pea green;bean green浅豆绿 light bean green;橄榄绿 olive green;olive茶绿 tea green; plantation葱绿 onion green;苹果绿 apple green森林绿 forest green苔藓绿 moss green草地绿 grass green灰湖绿 agate green水晶绿 crystal玉绿 jade green石绿 mineral green松石绿 spearmint ; viridis孔雀绿 peacock green墨绿 green black ;jasper墨玉绿 emerald black深绿 petrol ;bottle green;Chinese green暗绿 deep green青绿 dark green碧绿 azure green; viridity蓝绿 blue green黄绿 yellow green灰绿 grey green;褐绿 breen中绿 medium green;golf green浅绿 light green淡绿 pale green====================================== ========== 靛青 ingigo蓝色 blue天蓝 ;蔚蓝 sky blue ; azure月光蓝 moon blue海洋蓝 ocean blue海蓝 sea blue湖蓝 acid blue深湖蓝 vivid blue中湖蓝 bright blue冰雪蓝 ice-snow blue孔雀蓝 peacock blue宝石蓝 sapphire;jewelry blue粉末蓝 powder blue藏蓝 purplish blue ;navy海军蓝 navy blue宝蓝 royal blue墨蓝 blue black紫蓝 purplish blue浅紫蓝 dutch blue青蓝 ultramarine深灰蓝 blue ashes深蓝 dark blue ; deep blue鲜蓝 clear blue中蓝 medium blue浅蓝 light blue淡蓝 pale blue ;baby blue=================================== 紫色purple ;violet紫罗兰色 violet紫水晶色 amethyst葡萄紫 grape茄皮紫 wineberry;aubergine玫瑰紫 rose violet丁香紫 lilac墨紫 violet black绛紫 dark reddish purple暗紫 violet deep;dull purple乌紫 raisin蓝紫 royal purple鲜紫 violet light深紫 modena浅紫 grey violet淡紫 pale purple ;lavender淡白紫 violet ash青莲 heliotrope雪青 lilac墨绛红 purple black暗绛红 purple deep浅绛红 purple light================================黑色 black炭黑 carbon black;charcoal black 暗黑 pitch-black ; pitch-dark漆黑 dull black白色 white象牙白 ivory white牡蛎白 oyster white珍珠白 pearl white玉石白 jade white银白 silver white羊毛白 wool white乳白 milky white米白 off-white; shell雪白 snow-white灰白 greyish white纯白 pure white本白 raw white ;off white粉红白 pinky white浅紫白 lilac white灰色 grey银灰色 silver grey炭灰色 charcoal grey烟灰 smoky grey雾灰 misty grey黑灰 grey black金色 gold银色 silver青古铜色 bronze;bronzy驼色 camel ;light tan米色 beige;cream; gray sand卡其色 khaki奶油色 cream豆沙色 cameo brown水晶色 crystal荧光色 iridescent彩虹色 iris; rainbow棕色 brown茶褐 umber;auburn淡褐 light brown咖啡 coffee琥珀色 amber=========================Taupe 浅灰褐色lavender 浅紫mushroompistachio 淡黄绿色（开心果的颜色）hunter green 森林绿色fanionaquamarine 海蓝宝石的蓝色palominochestnut 栗褐色mocha 咖啡色burgundy 葡萄酒红bordeaux 波尔多红，紫红======================英汉语中某些颜色的词语，在平时的运用中其客观色彩意义已经淡化，而常用来表示不同的喻义。