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HomeandregionalbiasesandbordereffectsinArmingtontypemodels☆

JohnWhalleya,b,c,⁎,XianXina,d

aDepartmentofEconomics,TheUniversityofWesternOntario,London,Ontario,CanadaN6A5C2bNationalBureauofEconomicResearch,(NBER),Cambridge,MA,U.S.AcTheCentreforInternationalGovernanceInnovation(CIGI,Waterloo),CanadadCollegeofEconomicsandManagement,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing,PRChina

abstractarticleinfo

Articlehistory:Accepted31July2008

JELclassification:F10

Keywords:BordereffectHomebiasTradeWediscussbiasesinpreferencesandtheirtradeeffectsintermsofimpactsonnon-neutraltradeflowsmotivatedbyrecentliteratureonbothhomebiasandthebordereffect.Thesetermstakeonmultipledefinitionsintheliteratureandareoftenusedinterchangeablyeventhoughtheydiffer.Thebordereffectreferstoahigherproclivitytotradebehindratherthanacrossnationalbordersandisusuallydefinedbythecoefficientsofregionaldummiesfromanestimatedgravitymodel.Itcanbepresentbothindataandincounterfactualmodelsolutions.SometimesthereducedformofthegravitymodelusedisassertedtoreflectanArmingtontypemodel.Forthebordereffecttooccurasamodeloutcome,astructuralmodelwithatleast2homeregionsand1countryabroadisneeded.Incontrasttocurrentliterature,weofferacharacterizationofvariousformsofpreferencebiasintrademodelsandmeasuresoftheirassociatedtradeeffectsbasedonaconceptwetermtradeneutrality.Theseeffectsgobeyondconventionalbordereffects,andcanbebothacrossandwithinborders.HomebiasistypicallyspecifiedasanArmingtonpreferencefordomesticovercomparableforeignproductsinatrademodelwheregoodsareheterogeneousacrosscountries.Itisreflectedinbothmodelstructureandparameterization,butdefinedinseveraldifferentwaysintheliterature.Weassessthecontributionofeachformofbiastothesetofpossibletradeeffectsusingacalibratedmodelwith3Canadianregions,theU.S.,andtherestoftheworldusing2001data.Wealsoevaluatehowmuchoftheconventionalbordereffectisaccountedforwhenmodelbiasesaremodifiedinvariousways.©2008PublishedbyElsevierB.V.

1.Introduction

Thelast10yearshaveyieldedalargebodyofresearchontwo

seeminglycloselyrelatedissues:thebordereffectandhomebias.The

bordereffectisafeaturethatcanbepresenteitherinobserveddataor

acounterfactualmodelsolutionandisusuallyassociatedwith

McCallum's(1995)paperinwhichheusedthegravitymodelapplied

toboththeinternationalandinterprovincialtradeofCanadianprov-

incestoshowthatevencorrectingfordistancethereisstillalarge

effectoftheCanadianborderonCanada–UStradepatterns.Thisistrue

eveniftherearelowtariffsinbothcountries.McCallum'sobjective

wastocounterearlierclaimsintheliteraturethatduetopostwar

economicintegrationintheOECDbordershadeffectivelydisappeared

intermsoftheirimpactsonbehavior.

Multipleconstructsareusedtorepresenthomebiasbyvarious

authors(Trelfer,1995;BlonigenandWilson,1999;HeadandRies,2001;BrulhartandTrionfetti,2005;HillberryandHummels,2002).

Sometimesitisassumedtobereflectedinshareparametersthat

weightstheimportgoodrelativetothedomesticgoodinArmington

typetrademodel(BlonigenandWilson,1999);sometimesinrelative

shareparametersacrosscountryArmingtonfunctionsina2country

models(HeadandRies,2001);sometimesthroughanaddedtermin

preferenceswhichgivesutilityfromconsumptionofadomesticgood

overtotalconsumption(BrulhartandTrionfetti,2005);sometimesin

anadditionalterminlineardemands(Trelfer,1995);sometimesasa

featureofdata(HillberryandHummels,2002).

Neitherofthesetwoterms,homebiasorbordereffect,isclearlyor

uniformlydefinedintheliterature.Thesetwotermsbordereffectand

homebiasalsodonotrefertothesamething,despiteseveralplacesin

theliteraturewherethetermsareusedinterchangeably.Obstfeldand

Rogoff(2000),forinstance,refertothe“McCallumHomeBiasin

Trade”puzzleasoneofthe6leadingpuzzlesinmoderninternational

macroeconomics,1andtorecentotherliterature(Wei,1996;

Evans,EconomicModelling26(2009)309–319

☆TheauthorswouldliketothanktheEditorandanonymousreferees,JamesDavies,RandyWigle,EdgarCudmore,andYongfuChenfortheirhelpfulcommentsandsuggestions.FinancialsupportfromaCNPost-doctoralFellowshipsinTransportationPolicyheldbythesecondauthoralsomakesthispaperpossibleandisgreatlyappreciated.⁎Correspondingauthor.DepartmentofEconomics,TheUniversityofWesternOntario,London,Ontario,CanadaN6A5C2.E-mailaddresses:jwhalley@uwo.ca(J.Whalley),xinxian@cau.edu.cn(X.

合集下载

BIOS

BIOS

利用BIOS－ID获得主板的信息

以下是AMI的BIOS－ID，，同时也会逐步加入新的代码的。

在计算机启动，进行设备自检时，按下PAUSE键暂停，这时屏幕左下端的一段字符串就是我们所说的BIOS－ID。

AMI和AWARD是两家最著名的BIOS厂家。虽说目前大多主板都采用AWARD公司的BIOS，但是也有不少主板厂商采用AMI的BIOS，例如，大家都知道的、以生产TXPRO、VXPRO系列主板而出名的香港明致公司（PCCHIPS）。在很多人眼里，明致公司的产品是质优价廉的同义词，著名的宏鹰主板，麒麟主板等等，实际上都是明致公司的产品，它们采用的BIOS大部分都是AMI公司的。很多朋友，尤其是当初攒机时追求低价位的朋友，使用的是明致公司的主板产品；采用的是AMI公司的BIOS。这些朋友在升级时同样也遇到了如何准确识别主板型号的问题，在升级BIOS之前同样需要知道主板的详细资料。

一、在采用AMI公司BIOS的主板上，如何获得BIOS号码。

同采用AWARD BIOS的主板一样，采用AMI BIOS的电脑启动到自检内存时，BIOS号码也会在屏幕的最下面一行显示出来，其格式大约是：

５１－０１１９－００１１０７－００１１１１１１－０７１５９５－８２４３７ＦＸ－Ｈ

您的主板身份就隐藏在上述的信息中。这时，您可以按下键盘上的ＰＡＵＳＥ键把这些信息抄下来，以供仔细研究。很多朋友向我抱怨，“按下PAUSE键后，机器暂停的时间太短；来不及抄下BIOS号码，机器就接着启动了”。您先不用着急，我下面就向您介绍另外一个办法；使用该办法，您即使将屏幕上显示的所有内容都仔细地抄下来也都会有足够的时间。方法就是：

按着键盘上的某个按键，然后打开电脑的电源开关；电脑在启动的过程中，自检到了键盘错误就会停止继续引导，直到您按F1键。这时您就可以随心所欲地抄下BIOS信息了。当然，您也可以干脆将键盘从电脑中拔下来，然后开机；电脑启动后，自检到键盘错误停下来后，您就可以有充足的时间来抄写主板的BIOS号码了。

DP2K-S2全部错误代码概要

DP2K-S2全部错误代码概要

CodeNRTypeDescription5003Elight sensor - no communication 5004Elamp - no communication 5005Elamp power supplies - communication failed 5010Wpump - refill mode is on 5040Ecold mirror fan - speed too high 5041Wcold mirror fan - speed high 5042Ecold mirror fan - speed too low 5043Wcold mirror fan - speed low 5050Eengine fan - speed too high 5051Wengine fan - speed high 5052Eengine fan - speed too low 5053Wengine fan - speed low 5060Eheat exchanger fan - speed too high 5061Wheat exchanger fan - speed high 5062Eheat exchanger fan - speed too low 5063Wheat exchanger fan - speed low 5070Elamp anode fan - speed too high 5071Wlamp anode fan - speed high 5072Elamp anode fan - speed too low 5073Wlamp anode fan - speed low 5080Elamp cathode fan - speed too high 5081Wlamp cathode fan - speed high 5082Elamp cathode fan - speed too low 5083Wlamp cathode fan - speed low 5100Esmps fan 1 (left side) - speed too high 5101Wsmps fan 1 (left side) - speed high 5102Esmps fan 1 (left side) - speed too low 5103Wsmps fan 1 (left side) - speed low 5110Esmps fan 2 (right side) - speed too high 5111Wsmps fan 2 (right side) - speed high 5112Esmps fan 2 (right side) - speed too low 5113Wsmps fan 2 (right side) - speed low 5120Elamp rear fan - speed too high 5121Wlamp rear fan - speed high 5122Elamp rear fan - speed too low 5123Wlamp rear fan - speed low 5140Eelectronics fan 1 (top side) - speed too high 5141Welectronics fan 1 (top side) - speed high 5142Eelectronics fan 1 (top side) - speed too low 5143Welectronics fan 1 (top side) - speed low 5150Eelectronics fan 2 (bottom side) - speed too high 5151Welectronics fan 2 (bottom side) - speed high 5152Eelectronics fan 2 (bottom side) - speed too low 5153Welectronics fan 2 (bottom side) - speed low 5160Eengine switch - not ok 5180Elamp house - not connected 5190Eprism switch - error 5191Wprism switch - warning (lens probably touches prism) 5210Epump - speed too high 5211Wpump - speed high 5212Epump - speed too low 5213Wpump - speed low 5230Wlens zoom position - requested target not reached 5231Wlens focus position - requested target not reached 5232Wlens horizontal shift position - requested target not reached 5233Wlens vertical shift position - requested target not reached 5250Edmd red fan - speed too high 5251Wdmd red fan - speed high 5252Edmd red fan - speed too low 5253Wdmd red fan - speed low 5260Edmd green fan - speed too high 5261Wdmd green fan - speed high 5262Edmd green fan - speed too low 5263Wdmd green fan - speed low 5270Edmd blue fan - speed too high 5271Wdmd blue fan - speed high 5272Edmd blue fan - speed too low 5273Wdmd blue fan - speed low 5280Eambient - temperature too high 5281Wambient - temperature high 5282Eambient - temperature too low 5283Wambient - temperature low 5284Eambient - temperature sensor open 5285Eambient - temperature sensor short 5290Edmd blue - temperature too high 5291Wdmd blue - temperature high 5292Edmd blue - temperature too low 5293Wdmd blue - temperature low 5294Edmd blue - temperature sensor open 5295Edmd blue - temperature sensor short 5300Edmd green - temperature too high 5301Wdmd green - temperature high 5302Edmd green - temperature too low 5303Wdmd green - temperature low 5304Edmd green - temperature sensor open 5305Edmd green - temperature sensor short 5310Elamp - temperature too high 5311Wlamp - temperature high 5312Elamp - temperature too low 5313Wlamp - temperature low 5314Elamp - temperature sensor open 5315Elamp - temperature sensor short 5320Efcb - force lps/lamp off (overtemperature, lamp house not con5330Epfc heatsink - temperature too high 5331Wpfc heatsink - temperature high 5332Epfc heatsink - temperature too low 5333Wpfc heatsink - temperature low 5340Edmd red - temperature too high 5341Wdmd red - temperature high 5342Edmd red - temperature too low 5343Wdmd red - temperature low 5344Edmd red - temperature sensor open 5345Edmd red - temperature sensor short 5350Esmps primary heatsink - temperature too high 5351Wsmps primary heatsink - temperature high 5352Esmps primary heatsink - temperature too low 5353Wsmps primary heatsink - temperature low 5360Esmps secundary heatsink - temperature too high 5361Wsmps secundary heatsink - temperature high 5362Esmps secundary heatsink - temperature too low 5363Wsmps secundary heatsink - temperature low 5364Esmps secundary heatsink - temperature sensor open 5365Esmps secundary heatsink - temperature sensor short 5370Edmd red fan - voltage too high 5371Wdmd red fan - voltage high 5372Edmd red fan - voltage too low 5373Wdmd red fan - voltage low 5380Edmd green fan - voltage too high 5381Wdmd green fan - voltage high 5382Edmd green fan - voltage too low 5383Wdmd green fan - voltage low 5390Edmd blue fan - voltage too high 5391Wdmd blue fan - voltage high 5392Edmd blue fan - voltage too low 5393Wdmd blue fan - voltage low 5420Etec blue - voltage too high 5421Wtec blue - voltage high 5422Etec blue - voltage too low 5423Wtec blue - voltage low 5430Ecold mirror fan - voltage too high 5431Wcold mirror fan - voltage high 5432Ecold mirror fan - voltage too low 5433Wcold mirror fan - voltage low 5440Eengine fan - voltage too high 5441Wengine fan - voltage high 5442Eengine fan - voltage too low 5443Wengine fan - voltage low 5450Eheat exchanger fan - voltage too high 5451Wheat exchanger fan - voltage high 5452Eheat exchanger fan - voltage too low 5453Wheat exchanger fan - voltage low 5460Elamp anode fan - voltage too high 5461Wlamp anode fan - voltage high 5462Elamp anode fan - voltage too low 5463Wlamp anode fan - voltage low 5470Elamp cathode fan - voltage too high 5471Wlamp cathode fan - voltage high 5472Elamp cathode fan - voltage too low 5473Wlamp cathode fan - voltage low 5490Esmps fan - voltage too high 5491Wsmps fan - voltage high 5492Esmps fan - voltage too low 5493Wsmps fan - voltage low 5510Etec green - voltage too high 5511Wtec green - voltage high 5512Etec green - voltage too low 5513Wtec green - voltage low 5530Epump - voltage too high 5531Wpump - voltage high 5532Epump - voltage too low 5533Wpump - voltage low 5540Etec red - voltage too high 5541Wtec red - voltage high 5542Etec red - voltage too low

通讯设备出现的告警处理大全

通讯设备出现的告警处理大全

1.2_1V 含义 1.2_1V。表示交叉芯片1的1.2V供电故障。 告警级别

紧急告警 相关单盘

MXCU、SXCU 对系统的影响

机盘无法正常工作。 可能原因

机盘故障。 处理步骤

1. 通过OTNM2000网管系统查看告警，确定该告警所在的机盘。

2. 采用相同型号的备件机盘对故障机盘进行更换，参照《常用操作》。 1.2_2V 含义

1.2_2V。表示交叉芯片2的1.2V供电故障。 告警级别 紧急告警 相关单盘

MXCU、SXCU 对系统的影响

机盘无法正常工作。 可能原因

机盘故障。

处理步骤

1. 通过OTNM2000网管系统查看告警，确定该告警所在的机盘。 2. 采用相同型号的备件机盘对故障机盘进行更换，参照《常用操作》。 1.2_3V 含义 1.2_3V。表示交叉芯片3的1.2V供电故障。 告警级别

紧急告警 相关单盘

MXCU、SXCU 对系统的影响

机盘无法正常工作。

可能原因

机盘故障。 处理步骤

1. 通过OTNM2000网管系统查看告警，确定该告警所在的机盘。 2. 采用相同型号的备件机盘对故障机盘进行更换，参照《常用操作》。 ADC_ALM 含义

色散补偿告警。当波分侧速率为40Gbit/s的OTU盘的TDCM模块色散调节失败时，产生此告警；当机盘的TDCM自适应色散补偿设置项为“禁止”时，将不产生此告警。 告警级别 次要告警。 相关单盘

OTU3E、OTU3F、OTU3S、LMS3E。 对系统的影响 线路盘或OTU盘上运行的业务会出现误码甚至中断。 可能原因

◆ 线路侧集中DCM补偿过低或过高。 ◆ 机盘TDCM的色散补偿值设置过低或过高。 ◆ 机盘故障。 处理步骤

1. 通过OTNM2000查看告警，确定产生该告警的机盘。 2. 检查线路侧集中DCM补偿是否过低或过高，如果过低或过高，则更换或增加合适的DCM模块。 3. 如果告警仍存在，检查机盘的TDCM的色散补偿值是否设置过低或过高，如果不正确，修改并重新下载配置。 4. 如果告警仍存在，确认告警机盘故障，更换告警机盘，具体操作见《常用操作》。

MBR分区表

MBR分区表

MBR分区表构成

MBR分区表以80为起始，以55AA为结束，共64个字节，分为4个分区表，一个可启动分区和三个不可启动分区。其结构如下：

分区表一：

第1个字节

80（HEX） *可启动分区

第2~4字节

01/01/00

（HEX）*开始磁头/开始扇区/开始柱面

换算一下，二进制表示就是。

0000 0001/00000001/0000 0000

（BIN）*开始磁头/开始扇区/开始柱面

以下将使用16进制表示，不再换算成二进制！

第五个字节

0C *分区类型FAT32 NTFS为07，可自己变更

第6~8字节

FE/FF/FF *结束磁头/结束扇区/结束柱面

第9~12字节

00 00 00 3F *分区前的隐藏扇区

63个隐藏扇区，此设计使0磁道使用0扇区，而1到62扇区不使用，减少读取，以此保护分区表，个人认为是个很不错的设计，不过很少有人知道这个。

第13~16字节

5B 24 40 01 *分区大小

20980827个扇区

当然好要算上分区表的63个扇区

一共20980889个扇区 合10GB 公式为20980889*512/（1024^3）=10GB

------------------------------------------------------我是一条分割线-----------------------------------------------

分区表二：

第17个字节

00：不可启动分区

第18~20字节

开始磁头/开始扇区/开始柱面

第21字节

0F *分区类型为扩展分区

第22~24字节

结束磁头/结束扇区/结束柱面

第25~28字节

分区前的隐藏扇区

第29~32字节

分区大小

分区表三，分区表四，以此类推，不再解释。

至于分区表的修改WinHex（DISKEDIT DOS下）是个不错的软件，了解了这些，就可以自己重建分区表了。

另：MBR是主分区表，误操作使MBR损坏时，DBR或者DBR备份应该没损坏，我们可以通过搜索55AA来获得DBR信息（往前找就行了），来寻找DBR从而了解更多信息（主要是分区大小和开始结束的扇区，磁头，柱头），来帮助我们重建分区表。