附件2论文中英文摘要格式作者姓名：解垩论文题目：城乡卫生医疗服务均等化研究作者简介：解垩，男，1971年9月出生，2006年9月师从于山东大学樊丽明教授，于2009年6月获博士学位。
中文摘要卫生医疗服务在许多方面表现出巨大的城乡差异，如医疗资源占有、卫生筹资、健康消费、医疗保障等的城乡不均等。
城乡卫生医疗服务不均等不仅影响到国民的健康, 也会带来一系列社会问题。
国内外现有研究在揭示城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的特征及原因方面虽然做出了一些很好尝试，但总体而言尚不够全面和深入，忽略了一些重要问题，如城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的范围是什么？如何为城乡卫生医疗服务均等化制定标准？城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的实质是什么？城乡卫生医疗服务不均等有什么负面效应？卫生体制和其他的制度安排在城乡卫生医疗服务不均等中扮演了什么角色？而这些关键问题的解答显然对于我们更深刻地认识我国的城乡卫生医疗服务均等化具有重要意义。
为此，本文在国内外已有研究的基础上，运用国际上较为先进和流行的方法对我国城乡卫生医疗服务均等化进行全面、系统的研究，以期完善有关城乡公共服务均等化基本理论，对我国城乡卫生医疗服务均等化及医疗体制改革实践提供科学的政策建议。
全文共8章，除第1章绪论以外，第2－4章是本文分析的基础和前提：第2章是有关城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的理论及实证研究综述。
第3章是城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的机理分析。
第4章是城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的国际经验。
第5章到第8章具体考察中国城乡卫生医疗服务的公平性、城乡卫生医疗服务不均等的效应、中国城乡卫生医疗服务不均等的原因并提出对策建议：第5章从卫生筹资、健康消费、医疗服务利用和健康公平等视角出发，对城乡卫生医疗服务的公平性进行分解分析。
第6章剖析城乡卫生医疗服务非均等的经济和社会效应。
第7章，从政府方、需求方、医疗保障方探究我国城乡卫生医疗服务不均等的原因。
第8章为本文的政策建议部分。
第2章是文献综述。
教育公平与社会进步英语作文1Education fairness plays a crucial role in social progress.In many places, there is an unequal distribution of educational resources. Some areas have excellent schools and well-trained teachers, while others lack basic teaching facilities. This imbalance hinders the development of individuals and society as a whole.Education fairness can promote the flow of social classes. It provides opportunities for those from disadvantaged backgrounds to change their fate through learning and knowledge. For example, in some poor areas, with the support of educational policies and resources, more children have the chance to receive a good education and then go on to higher education or find better jobs. This not only improves their own lives but also contributes to the economic development and social stability of their hometowns.Furthermore, education fairness can enhance the overall quality of the national population. When everyone has equal access to education, the overall level of knowledge and skills in society will increase, which is conducive to promoting scientific and technological innovation and cultural prosperity.In conclusion, education fairness is essential for social progress. We should strive to create a more equitable educational environment toensure that every child can enjoy the right to quality education and contribute to the development and progress of society.2Education equity is a crucial factor for social progress. It is not merely an educational issue but a fundamental aspect that influences the overall development and stability of a society.Data analysis reveals that countries where education is more equitable tend to have lower poverty rates, higher economic growth, and better social cohesion. For instance, Nordic countries have achieved remarkable success in providing equal educational opportunities, resulting in high levels of social welfare and innovation.In contrast, some developing countries face significant challenges in ensuring education equity. Disparities in educational resources between urban and rural areas, as well as among different social classes, hinder the potential of many individuals and slow down social progress.To promote education equity, governments should increase investment in education, especially in disadvantaged areas. They should also establish fairer education policies and allocation mechanisms. Moreover, efforts should be made to improve the quality of teachers and educational facilities in all regions.In conclusion, achieving education equity is not only a moral imperative but also an essential strategy for building a more prosperousand harmonious society. We must all strive towards this goal to create a better future for generations to come.3I think education fairness is very important. It means that every student has the same chance to learn and grow, no matter where they come from or how rich their families are.In my school, some students have better teachers and more advanced teaching facilities, while others don't. This makes a big difference in their learning results. For example, my friend Tom used to study in a poor village school. There were not enough books and the teachers were not very experienced. But later, he got a chance to go to a better school in the city. With good teachers and rich resources, he studied hard and made great progress. Now he is doing very well in his studies and has a bright future.Education fairness is not only important for individuals like Tom, but also for the whole society. When everyone has equal educational opportunities, more talents can be cultivated and the society can develop better.I really hope that in the future, education fairness can be achieved everywhere. All students can enjoy high-quality education and realize their dreams.4Education fairness is a fundamental principle that aims to provide every individual with equal opportunities to acquire knowledge and skills, regardless of their background or circumstances. It is the key to building a harmonious and progressive society.In reality, however, there are various roots causing educational inequality. Economic disparities between regions lead to differences in educational resources. Some schools in underdeveloped areas lack advanced teaching facilities and qualified teachers. Social discrimination based on gender or ethnicity also affects students' access to quality education. This not only hinders the development of individual students but also has a negative impact on the overall progress of society.To achieve educational fairness, specific measures and methods must be implemented. The government should increase investment in education in backward areas, improve the infrastructure of schools, and provide training and incentives for teachers to work there. Schools should establish a fair evaluation system to ensure that every student has the opportunity to show their potential. As an educator, I have witnessed the unfairness in my teaching practice. For example, some students from poor families struggle to get extra educational support. I have tried to organize volunteer tutoring activities to help them.In conclusion, achieving educational fairness requires the jointefforts of the whole society. Only when every child has the same chance to receive a good education can our society move towards a brighter future.5Education equity is a crucial issue in modern society. Currently, there exists an imbalance in educational opportunities. For instance, children from affluent families often have access to better educational resources, including top-quality schools and extracurricular activities. In contrast, those from disadvantaged backgrounds may struggle to obtain even basic education.The relationship between educational equity and social fairness is inseparable. Equal access to education provides everyone with an equal chance to succeed, reducing social inequality and promoting social mobility. It helps break the cycle of poverty and creates a more just society.Education equity also plays a vital role in economic development. A well-educated workforce is essential for a nation's prosperity. When all individuals have the opportunity to acquire quality education, they can contribute more effectively to the economy, leading to overall growth and progress.To promote educational equity at the social level, we need to increase investment in education in underdeveloped areas. Provide bettertraining for teachers and improve educational facilities. Moreover, policies should be implemented to ensure equal access to education regardless of one's background. Only by striving for educational equity can we build a more harmonious and prosperous society.。
一、劳动经济学劳动经济Labour Economics / Industrial Relation劳动经济学Labour Economic Science / Industrial Relation Studies 劳动社会学Labour Social Science劳动政治学Labour Political Science劳动心理学Labor Psychology福利经济学Welfare Economics社会政策Social Policy公共管理Public Management社会保护Social Protection劳动法Labour Law劳动关系Labour Relation / Industrial Relationship劳动合同Labour Contract劳资谈判Collective Bargaining劳资纠纷Trade Dispute劳动统计Labour Statistics劳动指标Labour Indicators就业指标Employment Indicators社会保障指标Social Security Indicators就业Employment劳动力Manpower经济活动人口Economically Active Population就业人口Employment Population在业人口Working Population劳动力参与率Labor Force Participation Rate 就业登记Employment Registration再就业Re-employment非正规就业Informal Employment灵活就业Flexible Employment自雇者Self-employment失业Unemployment / Jobless失业率Unemployment Rate / Jobless Rate 城镇登记失业率Registered Unemployment Rate in Cities and Towns调查失业率Surveyed Unemployment Rate失业周期Period of Unemployment长期失业Long-term Unemployment青年失业Unemployment for Y outh培训Training职业培训V ocational Training职业教育Occupational Education职业技能鉴定Occupational Skill Testing资格证书Certification职业介绍Employment Exchange人力资源Human Resource人力资本Human Capital公开招聘Open Recruitment面试Interview职位Position工作经历Work Experience企业文化Corporate Culture定位Orientation工作分析Job Analysis职位分析问卷调查法Management Position Description Questionnaire 工资Wages / Income / Salary工资水平Income Level工资等级Salary Grade最低工资Minimum Wages收入分配Income Distribution收入差距Income Disparities / Income Gap职业安全Work Safety劳动保护Labour Protection事故预防Accident Prevention职业病Occupational Disease社会保障Social Security社会保障号码Social Security Number社会保险Social Insurance劳动保险Labour Insurance社会保险范围Social Insurance Coverage社会保险基金Social Insurance Fund缴费Contribution社会保险待遇Social Insurance Benefit社会保险待遇享受资格Qualification of Social Insurance养老保险Pension / Old-Age InsuranceOld-Age Security职工退休费用社会统筹Social Pooling个人账户Individual Account现收现付Pay as Y ou Go职业年金（企业年金）Annuity Pension / Supplementary Pension / Private Pension 医疗保险Medical Care / Public Health公费医疗Medical Services at State ExpenseFree Medical Service大病统筹Social Pooling for Serious Disease医疗救助Medical Assistance失业保险Unemployment Insurance失业救济Unemployment Benefit生育保险Maternity Insurance女工保护Women Worker Protection工伤保险Worker’s Compensation / Insurance against Employment Injury工伤康复Injury Rehabilitation家庭津贴Family Benefit / Family Allowance 社会福利Social Welfare贫困Poverty扶贫Poverty Relief / Poverty Alleviation 社会捐助Social Donation孤儿Orphan五保Five Guarantee社会救济Social Relief最低生活保障Living Standard Guarantee弱势群体Disadvantaged / V ulnerable Population Groups社会工作Social Work优抚Preferential Treatment二、劳动关系一、劳动关系的基本概念：劳动关系industrial relations劳资关系union-management relations雇佣关系employment relations员工employee员工团体employee colltive管理方management雇主协会manager union政府government斡旋者councilor调解者mediator仲裁者arbitrator二、劳动关系的表现形式：合作cooperation冲突conflict力量power权利right罢工stike沟通communication共同协商negotiation三、雇主协会：雇主协会Employer’s Association德国雇主联合会The confederation of German Employer’s Association英国化学工业协会The Chemical Industries Association西英格兰毛纺织业雇主联合会The West of England Wool Textile Employer’s Association 四、管理模式的分类：独裁型autocratic集权型bureaucratic自主型autonomic剥削型exploitive替代工人replacement workers工贼scabs撤销工会承认选举derecognition election计划报废planned obsolescence灵活就业flexible employment外购outsourcing转包contracting our宽容型accommodative职位阶梯job ladder合作型consociative家长制管理paternalistic management工作生活质量计划quality of work life programs,QWL 职务扩大化job enlargement职务轮换job rataion职务丰富化job enrichment职务深度job depth自主性工作团队autonomous work teams综合性工作团队integrated work teams雇员参与计划employee involvement schemes劳资联合委员会labor-management committees共同管理计划comanagement arrangement内部公平制度internal justice system工会申诉制度union grievance sustem雇员持股计划employee stock ownership plans 全面质量管理total quality management双轨经营战略twin-track business strategy心理契约psychological contract“非强制“条款non-imposition clause五、工会有关概念（一）、工会trade union总工会general union职业协会professional association职业工会occupational union同行工会craft union白领工会non-manual union行业工会industrial union公司工会company union垄断性行业工会monopoly industrial union谈判单位bargaining unit中央仲裁委员会Central Arbitration Committee 首席工会代表chief plant steward劳动协调委员会grievance committee全国代表大会national convention执行委员会executive board职业介绍所hiring hall工会代表steward地区性劳资委员会areawide labor-management committee A WLMC纺织工人联合会Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers生产委员会production committee甄选委员会screening committee中华全国总工会All China Federation of Trade Union北美自由贸易协定North American Free Trade Agreement全国高教联合会National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education NA TFHE（二）、劳资合作对抗confrontation休战armed truce和睦相处working harmony合作cooperation斯坎伦计划Scanlon plan拉克计划Rucker plan集体收益分享计划improshare plan利润分享计划gainsharing program授权选举certification election会费扣缴dues check off间接纠察secondary picketing失业效应disemployment effect蓄意破坏industrial sabotage工会巡视员walking delegate申诉程序grievance procedure选票制度transferable vote system雇用者pubilc sector employer公共选择理论pubilc choice theory自由放任主义laissez faire社团主义corporatism社会正义social justice维持生活工资living wage社会倾销social dumping热炉规则hot-stove rule渐进性惩处progressive discipline停职disciplinary cationg without punishment 不当劳动行为unfair labor practices六、政府公平与公正fairness and equity权利与职权power and authority个人主义individualism集体主义collectivism保护者protector促进者promoter调停者peace-maker规划者planner雇佣者public sector employer选举捐款campaign contribution社会伙伴机制social partnership失业政策unemployment policy收入政策income policy维持生活工资living wage社会倾销social dumping小额福利fringe benefit七、劳动法相关概念调整劳动关系readjust industrial relationship 劳动期限period of labor contract劳动合同labor contract体面工作decent work核心劳动标准core labor standards工资决定机制wage determination计时工hour rated worker非正规部门informal sector书面合同written contract诚实谈判bargain in good faith剩余权力the doctrine of residual rights正式谈判formal bargaining协调性谈判coordinated bargaining示范性谈判pattern bargaining分配谈判distributive整合谈判integarative实体性问题substantive issues劳动关系问题relationgal issues合作式谈判cooperative bargaining让步式谈判concession bargaining和解conciliationg实情调查fact-finding利益仲裁interest arbitration常规仲裁conventional arbitration最后仲裁final offer selection集体协议collective agreement劳动力储备库labor pan替补权bumping right小环境niche国际劳工公约International Labor Organization Convention三、企业年金企业年金corporate pension /annuity pension特征Features of corporate pension补充养老保险supplementary old-age insurance企业补充养老保险supplementary old-age insurance for enterprise多层次养老保障体系multi-level old-age security system退休多元化multi-source of retirement市场化运营和管理marketing operation and administration资金来源fund source个人缴费individual contribution用人单位缴费contribution of the employing units基金筹集模式the mode of fund collection缴费确定型defined contribution〔DC〕完全积累式total accumulation model个人储蓄性养老保险old-age insurance by personal savings基金收缴contribution collection企业/个人负担比例ratio of corporate/individual responsibility企业/个人缴费率contribution rate of enterprise / individual contribution rate 企业/个人缴费额amount of corporate/ individual contribution个人账户individual account企业/个人缴费基数bases of corporate/ individual contribution月平均工资average monthly wage企业在职职工工资总额total pay-roll of enterprise employees 年金生命表annuity life table职工福利费workers welfare fund从成本中列支be listed as a production cost代扣代缴withhold and remit待遇支付benefit paymentl 给付方式benefit formula现金给付cash payment一次性给付one-off benefit分期给付staged benefitl 给付条件qualifying condition/qualification for benefit实际缴费年限actual contribution time法定退休年龄statutory retirement age提前退休early retirement正常退休normal date retirement累计缴费时间accumulated contribution timel 待遇水平benefit level企业年金替代率replacement rate of corporate pension个人账户基金fund for individual accountsü专项基金special fundü积累基金accumulation funds个人账户存储额deposit amount of individual accountsü累积数额accumulation amount个人账户计息利率interest rate for calculation of individual accounts基金收入revenue of the fund给付增长率accrual rate of benefit年金购买率annuity purchase rate年金领取人/受益人annuitant企业年金基金管理和运营management and operation of enterprise pension fund 经办机构operation institution主体subjects1) 受托人trustee/fiduciarya) 企业年金理事会administration of corporate pension企业代表corporate representatives职工代表workers＇representativesb) 受托机构mandate institution2) 账户管理机构/人account management institution3) 投资管理机构/人investment and management institutions4) 托管人/机构trusteeship institutions托管权trusteeship中介机构intermediary institutions监管机构institutions for monitoring and management基金筹集contribution collection费率调整adjustment of contribution rate费用结算settling accounting of fees费用审核expense audit基金财务管理finance management for funds基金监管fund supervision投资机构investment institutions投资运营investment operation投资组合investment portfolio投资基金investment fund年金风险annuity risk运营收益率return rate of operation保值增值maintenance and appreciation of values信托trust信托财产/基金trust property/fund信托受益人beneficiary of trust* 信托合同trust contract〔between corporate and trustee〕信托关系fiduciary relation* 委托代理合同trust agency contract〔among trustee, account management institution,investment and management institutions and trusteeship institutions〕委托关系trust relations委托机构authorized agencies委托投资entrusted investment委托资产trusted property企业申报declaration of enterprise行政审批administrative examination and approval税费减免reduction and exemption of taxes企业自主分配self-determination distribution by enterprises非行政强制措施non-coercive measures非强制性non-compulsion集体协商机制collective consultation system职工代表大会congress of works representation职工大会works congress四、社会保障劳动与社会保障Labor and social security社会保障的主要内容Main content of social security:社会救助Social Assistance社会保险Social Insurance1．养老保险Pension Insurance2．医疗保险Medical Care; Medical Insurance; Health Care Insurance2.1住院医疗保险：Hospitalization Medical Insurance3.工伤保险Occupational Injury Insurance; employment injury insurance3.1工伤保险条例Work-related Injury Insurance Regulations4.失业保险Unemployment Insurance5.生育保险Maternity Insurance ; Birth insurance社会福利Social Welfare6.老年人福利Old-Age Welfare7.残疾人福利Disabled Welfare8.妇女儿童福利Women and children’s Welfare9.其他福利Other Welfare9.1住房公积金：Housing Provident Funds9.2住房抵押贷款：Housing Mortgage Loan社会优抚Social Entitle10．军人保障Soldier Security11．补充保障Additional Security11．1慈善事业Charity Work ；Philanthropy11．2社区服务Community Service11．3企业年金Annuity Pension11．31积累制企业年金Accumulation of enterprise annuity 11．32现收现付制企业年金Admission is pay-Enterprise Annuity 11．4商业保险Commercial Insurance11．5家庭保障Family protection社会保障的主要模式The main mode of social security社会保险型模式The social insurance-type models福利国家模式The welfare state model强制储蓄型模式Compulsory savings-type model国家保险型模式National Insurance-mode社会保障基金Social Security Fund社保基金的来源渠道Sources of Social Security Fund12．国家财政拨款State funding13．雇主和个人缴费Employers and individual contribution 14．社会筹资Community funding15．其他渠道Other channels15．1社会福利服务收益Social welfare services receipts15．2基金运营收益Operating income fund15．3发行特种国债Issuing special bonds15．4国际援助International aid社会保障基金的筹集模式The social security fund-raising mode16．现收现付式Pay-as-you-go17.完全积累式Funding-sheme18.部分积累式Some accumulation社会保障基金的筹资模式The social security fund financing mode 19．征税方式Tax form20．征费方式Levy way21.强制储蓄制Compulsory savings system22．自由筹资Free Financing22．1发行福利彩票Welfare Lottery Issue22．2社会募捐Community donations社会保险基金Social Insurance Fund社会保险基金的所有权分类The social insurance fund ownership classification 23．公共基金Public funds24．机构基金Institutions Fund25．个人基金Personal Fund社会保险基金的主要种类26．养老保险基金Pension Funds27．医疗保险基金Medical insurance Funds 28．失业保险基金Unemployment insurance fund 29．工伤保险基金Injury Insurance Fund 30．生育保险基金Maternity Insurance Fund 31．护理保险基金Care Insurance Fund社会保险基金来源Social insurance fund sources 32．三方负担Tripartite burden33．双方负担Both burden34．单方负担Unilateral burden五、失业失业：unemployment失业可有以下类型的分类：高失业：High unemployment低失业：low unemployment自然失业：natural unemployment大学生失业：college Students unemployment青年失业：Unemployment for Y outh白领失业：White-collar unemployment高龄失业：Old unemployed高学历失业：Highly educated unemployed结构性失业：Structural unemployment周期性失业：Cyclical unemployment隐蔽性失业：Disguised Unemployment摩擦性失业：Frictional unemployment季节性失业：Seasonal unemployment教育性失业：Educational unemployment制度性失业：Institutional unemployment永久性失业：Permanent unemployment知识性失业：Intellectual Unemployed暂时性失业：Temporary unemployment需求不足型失业：Unemployment of insufficient demand自愿失业：V oluntary unemployed非自愿失业：Involuntary unemployment城镇登记失业：Registered Unemployment Ratein Cities and Towns长期失业：Long-term Unemployment均衡失业：Balanced unemployment体制型失业：Structural unemployment增长型失业：Increasing unemployment有关失业率的分类：失业率：Unemployment Rate / Jobless Rate平均失业率：The average unemployment rate自然失业率：natural rate of unemployment原住民登记失业率：registered unemployment rate in indigenous最优失业率：也就是自然失业率（natural rate of unemployment ）调查失业率：Surveyed Unemployment Rate最低可持续失业率：The lowest sustainable unemployment rate有关失业后的保险及福利的分类：失业救济：Unemployment Relief 失业救济金：dole失业津贴：Unemployment benefits失业保险：unemployment insurance失业保险金：Unemployment insurance benefits失业给付：Unemployment benefits失业补助金：Unemployment benefits失业补偿金：unemployment compensation失业辅助：Unemployment Guidance失业赔偿：Unemployment compensation其他失业相关名词：失业登记：registration of unemployment失业人员：Unemployed城镇失业人员：Urban unemployed失业保险制度：the unemployment insurance system失业风险：Unemployment Risk失业理论：Unemployment Theory失业周期：Period of Unemployment失业期：layoff失业调控：Unemployment contr七、医疗保险医疗保险medical care/ public health1. 公费医疗medical services at state expense2. 大病统筹social pooling for serious disease3. 全民医疗civil medical treatment4. 免费医疗free medical service5. 农村合作医疗cooperative medical service in rural areas6. 离休人员医疗保障medical security for honored retirees7. 医疗卫生体制health care system8. 社会医疗救助social medical relief/social medical assistance9. 医疗保障制度medical insurance system10. 城镇职工基本医疗保险制度basic medical insurance system for urban employees11. 医疗保险制度改革the reform of the medical insurance system12. 劳保医疗制度medical labor insurance system13. 基本医疗保险basic medical insurance14. 大额医疗费用互助subsidy for big amount of medical expenditure15. 企业补充医疗保险supplementary medical insurance for enterprise16. 商业医疗保险commercial medical insurance17. 多层次医疗保障体系multi-level medical security system18. 大病风险risk for catastrophic disease19. 医疗保险覆盖范围medical insurance coverage20. 卫生部Ministry of Health21. 卫生所health care center22. 卫生院community clinic23. 医务室clinic/infirmary24. 医疗保险机构medical insurance institution25. 医疗保险协会medical treatment insurance association26. 商业医疗保险公司commercial medical insurance company27. 医院hospital28. 医院信息管理系统information management system for hospitals29. 专科医院specialized hospitals30. 综合医院general hospitals31. 民营医疗机构private medical institutions32. 营利性医疗机构profit-going medical institutions33. 医院等级hospital grade34. 定点医疗机构designated medical institution35. 社区医院community hospital36. 定点药店designated pharmacy/designated drug store37. 患者sufferer38. 慢性病chronic disease39. 精神病mental illness40. 医疗保险费medical insurance expenses41. 基本医疗保险基金basic medical insurance fund42. 企业补充医疗保险基金supplementary medical insurance fund for enterprise43. 医疗保险信息管理系统medical insurance management information system44. 医疗补助金medical subsidies45. 社会统筹social pooling46. 离退休人员医疗费用统筹social pooling for medical expenditures of retirees47. 个人帐户individual account48. 医疗保险金medical insurance premium49. 门诊outpatient service50. 门诊包干reimbursement quotas system for outpatient service charge51. 门诊病人patients of outpatient department52. 门诊部outpatient department53. 门诊费outpatient service charge54. 门诊人次person-times of outpatient service55. 门诊特殊病种special disease in outpatient service56. 诊疗项目范围scope of clinic items57. 诊疗项目管理management of clinic items58. 急诊费emergency call charge59. 手术费operation costs60. 药品费用drugs expenses。
53 If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable.The speaker asserts that if a goal is worthy then any means of attaining that goal is justifiable. In my view this extreme position misses the point entirely. Whether certain meansare justifiable in reaching a goal must be determined on a case-by-case basis, by weighingthe benefits of attaining the goal against the costs, or harm, that might accrue along the way. This applies equally to individual goals and to societal goals.Consider the goal of completing a marathon running race. If I need to reduce my workinghours to train for the race, thereby jeopardizing my job, or if I run a high risk of incurring a permanent injury by training enough to prepare adequately for the event, then perhaps my goal is not worth attaining. Yet if I am a physically challenged person with the goal of completing a highly-publicized marathon, risking financial hardship or long-term injury might be worthwhile, not only for my own personal satisfaction but also for the inspiration that attaining the goal would provide many others. Or consider the goal of providing basic food and shelter for an innocent child. Anyone would agree that this goal is highly worthy--considered apart from the means used to achieve it. But what if those means involve stealing from others? Or what if they involve employing the child in a sweatshop at the expense of educating the child? Clearly, determining the worthiness of such goals requires that we —based on our own conscience, value system, and notions of fairness and equity. On a societal level we determine the worthiness of our goals in much the same way —by weighing competing interests. For instance, any thoughtful person would agree that reducing air and water pollution is a worthy societal goal; dean air and water reduce the burden on our health-care resources and improves the quality of life for everyone in society. Yet to attain this goal would we be justified in forcing entire industries out of business, thereby running the risk of economic paralysis and widespread unemployment? Or consider America's intervention in Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Did our dual interest in a continuing flow of oil to the West and in deterring a potential threat against the security of the world justify our committing resources that could have been used instead for domestic social-welfare programs--or a myriad of other productive purposes? Both issues underscore the fact that the worthiness of a societal goal cannot be considered apart from the means and adverse consequences of attaining that goal. In sum, the speaker begs the question. The worthiness of any goal, whether it be personal or societal, can be determined only by weighing the benefits of achieving the goal against its costs--to us as well as others.作者的这种改写比较简单 对于语言水平一般的同学可以模仿这句话清晰地表达了作者的观点这个体现了范围拆分 个人和社会这里作者在句首就开始 举例子，这种写法并 不推荐给大家 我们在日常写作是还是需要有一句中心句能够 有效的概括全段的内容 可以稍微抽象一点这个reasoning很好，表达精炼，且突出了重点-- 怎么样评判个人的目标是有价值的这个部分是对个人目标的递进，受影响的是国家内容；同时这个例子的分析很到位，某项政策的利弊-- 大家也可以写类似的例子这个就递进到了国家层面，中心句 依然需要修改一下这个例子的分析不到位 没有具体阐明什么地方是有价值的，什么地方是没有的 这两个中心段落的篇幅差距比较大，这个最好避免这个结尾段中规中矩， 大家可以模仿。
