1) 先后次序关系：
at this time（这时候、此时）; first; second; at last; next; previously（以前）;
simultaneously[saim?l'teini?sli]（同时）;eventually（最后）;last but not least（最后但并不是最不重要的）;
to begin with（首先、本来）; to start with =for a start（首先）; first of all（首先，第一）;to end with（最后）; finally（最后）; since then(从那时以来); afterwards(然后、后来);
following this：
following This Trend顺应这种趋势；By Following This Strategy通过采用这种策略；只要遵循这项策略following This Pattern下面这个模式；Following This Opinion由此来看
following This Way沿着这条思路；Following This Thought循此思路
following This Commitment根据这一承诺；Following This Example下面这位比如;
preceding this（在这之前）.
2) 因果关系：because; because of this; being that(既然、因为、由于); another important factor／reason of... ; since （既然、因为、由于、自…以来）; as（因为、依照、当…时、随着、虽然）; for; in that... (既然、因为、由于); owing to（由于，因为…）; due to; for the reason that...; in view of（鉴于、考虑到）; the reason seems to be obvious; for this reason; as a result of this; therefore; ...and so（因此、所以）...; consequently（所以、因此、结果）; as a result; thus; hence; so; so that...; in consequence（因此、结果）; as a consequence（因此、结果）; accordingly（因此、于是）; inevitably（不可避免地、必然地）; under these conditions(在这种情形下、在此情况时、在这些情况下); thereupon [,eε?r?'p?n ]于是; seeing... （因为；鉴于；由于）;
3) 转折关系：but; even so（虽然如此，即使如此）; however; though（可是、虽然、然而、不过）; even though （虽然、即使）; independent of（不管）; despite that（尽管、不管）; in spite of that（尽管、不管）; regardless of（不管）; yet...（然而、但是）; and yet（可是、然而）; but unless（除非）.
4) 并列关系：and; also; too; as well as（也；和…一样；不但…而且）; either...，or...（不是…就是…；或者…或者…）; both...and...
5) (补充)递进关系：furthermore(此外、而且); moreover(此外、而且); further（更远地；进一步地；而且）; In this way（这样）; still（但是；仍然；尽管如此）; not only...but also...; not that…but that…（不是(因为)…而是(因为)…）; in addition (to)（另外，此外（除…之外））; additionally(此外), much more interesting, more specifically（更具体地说）, next（其次；然后）, besides（而且；此外；除…之外）; as far as... （至于，就…而言）；in other words(换句话说); on the one hand...，on the other hand...(一方面，另一方面); even（甚至；即使）; as a popular saying goes...( 常言说); in order to do it...( 为了做这件事); meanwhile(同时); at the same time; accordingly(因此，于是); In the first place...(首先)，in the second place...(其次、第二); equally important(同样重要); of even greater appeal(更吸引).
6) 比较关系：
similarly（同样地）; in like manner（同样地）； in comparison with（与…比较）;
when compared with（当和...相比时）; compared with（与...相比较）; when in fact...（而实际上；但事实上）; like...（如同）; likewise(也；同样地); apart from (doing)...( 除…之外；且不说；);
... rather than...( 而不是；宁可…也不愿)；by doing so(通过这样来做); both…and...;
in the same way(同样地；以同样的方式); not only...but (also)；
7) 对照(不同点)：
yet; still（但是；仍然；尽管如此）; notwithstanding(尽管，虽然); rather(宁可);
neither ... nor(既不是…也不是…); although; though; but; however; conversely(相反地);
unlike(和…不同，不像); opposed to(反对); as opposed to(与…截然相反) ; in contrast (to)(与此相反);
on the contrary（正相反）; different from this; nevertheless(然而，不过); contrary to(与…相反);
whereas [hwε?'?z] (反之；然而); while(而); but on the other hand(但另一方面).
8) 举例关系：
for example; for instance; in this case(假若这样); namely(也就是；换句话说);
as you know(正如你知道的); as you may say(如你所说); like(像；如同); such as(比如；诸如);
a case in point is...( 一个典型的例子); in particular(尤其，特别); put it simply(简单地说);
for one thing...首先，for another...其次、第二; as an illustration(作为一个例证), I will say...;
a good example (of...)would be...; It is interesting to note that...; in this situation(在这种情况下);
take…as example(以……为例); as for(关于，至于); as regards(关于，至于); as to(关于，至于);
according to(根据); on this occasion(场合).
9) 强调关系：in fact; especially; particularly; moreover; naturally(自然地);
what is more important is that…(更重要的是); in reality(实际上；事实上); certainly(当然);
of course; indeed(的确); in particular(尤其，特别); not to mention...( 更不必说);
believe it or not(信不信由你); undeniably(不可否认地); other thing being equal(另一件是同等的);
it is certain／sure that...; to be true(说实话); by definition(明显地); definitely(明确地，肯定地); undoubtedly(无庸置疑地); without a doubt(无疑地); in truth(事实上); in any event(不论怎样);
without reservation(毫无保留地); obviously(明显地), not only.. but(also...), both... and...
10) 条件关系：if; unless; lest(唯恐); provided that(倘若；假如); if it is the case(如果是这样的情况);
in this sense(在这一点上，从这点来说); once...(一旦); if possible(如果可能的话);
if necessary(如果必要的话); if so(如果是这样的话); if anything(如果有什么区别的话).
11) 归纳总结类：in other words(也就是说); on the whole(就全体而论); in sum(总而言之); therefore; hence; in short(总之；简言之); in brief(总之); to sum up(总之；概括地说);
in conclusion(总之，综上所述); in summary(总之；概括起来); to conclude(最后);
the conclusion can be drawn that... (可以得出的结论); for this reason(为此)
12) 地点关系：beyond(在...较远的一边); opposite to(在…对面); adjacent to(接近); at the same place; there; over(从头到尾、在…之上); in the middle; around(在附近、在…周围); in front of; in the distance(在远处); farther(此外；更远地；更进一步地); here and there(各处，到处); above(在……之上；在上面);
below(在下面；在…下面);at the right side(在右边);between(在…之间；在中间);on this side(在这边).
13) 目的关系：for this purpose; in order that; in this way；since; so that; on that account（由于那个缘故）;
in case万一、假使；with a view to（鉴于、由于考虑到）；for the same reason。
14) 重申关系：in other words（换句话说）; that is to say（就是、即、换言之）;
as I have said（就像我说过的）；again；once again（再一次）.
15) 结果关系：accordingly（因此、于是、相应地）；thus；consequently（所以、因此、结果）；hence；therefore；thereupon（结果、因此）；inevitably（必然地、不可避免地）；under these conditions；
as a result；as a consequence（结果、因此）；because; because of; so that; not only...but (also...);
so as to（以便，为了）.
16) 顺序关系：first; second; thirdly; next; then; at the outset(在开始时)，following this; at this time; now;
at this point; after; afterward（以后，后来）; after this; subsequently（随后、其后、后来）; lastly（最后，终于）; finally; consequently（所以、因此、结果）; before this; previously（以前）;
preceding this（precede的ing形式：在...之前）;simultaneously（同时地）; concurrently(同时).
17) 时间关系：at once（马上，立刻）; immediately; at length（最后，终于）; in the mean time; meanwhile; at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after（不久）; later; at last; finally; some time ago（不久前）at present; all of a sudden（突然地，出乎意料地）; from this time on（从今以后）;
from time to time（不时，有时）; since then; when; whenever; next point（下一点）;
a few minutes later; formerly（以前、原来）; as（当…的时候）; once(一旦);
since(自…以来、自…以后；); occasionally(偶而); in a moment(一会儿，不久)；
shortly（不久，马上，立刻，简短地）; whereupon（于是、因此）; previously（以前、预先）.
常用程度和语句副词： 常用的程度副词包括： absolutely,almost,awfully,completely,considerably,deeply,entirely,exactly, extremely,fairly,greatly,hardly,immensely, increasingly, more and more, much, nearly, partly, perfectly, profoundly, quite, rather, scarcely, slightly, somehow, somewhat, thoroughly, to some extent, utterly, very. 常用语句副词包括： Actually,admittedly,certainly,clearly,definitely,evidently,fortunately,frankl y,honestly,luckly,more importantly,naturely,surprisingly,obviously,perhaps,preferably,probably,p ossible,strangely,superficially,surely,technically,theoretically,undeniably,u nexpectedly,unfortunately. 常用逻辑连接词： 1.因果关系：…and so …; another important factor/reason…; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for; hence; for this reason; in consequence; in that…; in view of; owing to; since; so; …so that…; the reason seems obvious; there are about…; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently 2.并列关系：and; also; as well as; both…and…; either…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also; in the same way; too 3.序列关系：first…,second…,third, and so forth; A…,B…,C…, and so
2020年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一） Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. __1__ a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this __3__ should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health. The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures.This means that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas and only __8__ toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans. Scientists say the compound is "__11__ to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof. __12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. __14__, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__. Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? __17__, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening. 1. A In B Towards C On D Till 2. A match B express C satisfy D influence 3. A patience B enjoyment C surprise D concern 4. A intensified B privileged C compelled D guaranteed 5. A issued B received C ignored D canceled 6. A under B at C for D by 7. A forget B regret C finish D avoid 8. A partially B regularly C easily D initially 9. A Unless B Since C If D While 10. A secondary B external C inconclusive D negative 11. A insufficient B bound C likely D slow 12. A On the basis of B At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to 13. A interesting B advisable C urgent D fortunate 14. A As usual B In particular C By definition D After all 15. A resemblance B combination C connection D pattern 16. A made B served C saved D used 17. A To be fair B For instance C To be brief D in general 18. A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully 19. A promise B experience C campaign D competition 20. A follow up B pick up C open up D end up 解析：
英语语法专业术语表达 英语语法语语语语表达 1. Morphology 语法 2,Notional Words 语语语3, Form Words 虚语 4,Parts of Speech 语语 5,The Noun 名语 6,The Pronoun 代语 7,The Numeral 数语 8,The Verb 语语 9,The Adjective 形容语 10. The Adverb 副语 11. The Article 冠语 12. The Preposition 介语 13. The conjunction 语语 14. The Interjection 感语语15. The Particle 小品语 16. Word Building 构语法17. Conversion 语化 18. Derivation 派生 19. Composition 合成 20. Prefix 前语 21. Suffix 后语 22. Compound Words 合成语23. Classification of Nouns 名语的分语
24. Common Nouns 普通名语 25. Proper Nouns 语有名语26. Countable Nouns 可名语数27. Uncountable Nouns 不可名语数28. The Singular Form 语形式数29. The Plural Form 语形式数 30. Individual Nouns个体名语31. Collective Nouns集名语体32. Material Nouns物语名语33. Abstract Nouns抽象名语34. The Common Case普通格35. The Possessive Case所有格36, Personal Pronouns 人代语称37. Possessive Pronouns物主代语38. Self Pronouns反身代语39. Demonstrative Pronouns指示代语40. Interrogative Pronouns疑语代语不意达41. Conjunctive Pronouns语接代语42. Relative Pronouns语系代语43. Indefinite Pronouns不定代语44. Reciprocal Pronouns相互代语45. The Subjective Case主格46. The Objective Case语格47. Cardinal Numerals基语数48. Ordinal Numerals 序语数49. Fractional Numerals分语数50,Notional Verbs语意语语 51. Link Verbs语系语语 52. Auxiliary Verbs助语语 53. Modal Verbs情语语语 54. Transitive Verbs及物语语 55. Intransitive Verbs不及物语语56. Regular Verbs语语语语 57. Irregular Verbs不语语语语 58. Person人称 59. Number数 60. Tense语语 61. Voice语语 62. Mood语气
老外怎样哼哼哈哈？——英语中的语气词。 2010-03-19 20:40 当你听到有人这么说英语：Aiya, what’s the matter with you? Wei, are you John? Aiyo, I hurt my head. 你会感觉怎么样？Too Chinglish是吗？说的是英语，发出的语气词却是地道的汉语。这种现象太普遍了…… 原因就在于，我们对老外的语气词太不了解了。所以要想把英语讲得有洋味儿，你首先要学会像老外那样哼哼哈哈！ 下面是老外常用的语气词，快学会它们吧： Ah [ɑ:] 表痛苦、欢乐、懊悔、憎恨、厌恶、惊讶、遗憾、蔑视等 Aha [ɑ:'hɑ:] 表满意、快乐、胜利、得意、惊讶等；常含有冷嘲热讽或愚弄意1. Aha! That's it. Now I know what to do. 啊哈！就是这样。现在我知道该怎么做了！ 2. Aha, so there you are! 啊哈，原来你在这里。 Ahem [?'hem] 咳嗽声，唤起注意, 或表示怀疑 Ahem, I wonder if I can raise this problem with you now. 呃哼，我现在能否向您提及这问题。 Bah! [ bɑ: ] 轻蔑，厌恶 Bah! You've wasted my time. Goodbye. 呸！你在浪费我的时间，再见。 Blah [bla:] 反复地说，什么什么的 1. All she does is go "blah-blah-blah" all night, but she never says anything worth remembering the next morning. 她整夜说个不停，但没有一句值得记到第二天早上的话。 2. You have to listen to Charles talk about how bad the Rockets are and that it needs to be T-Mac's team, blah blah blah. 你必须听着巴克力说火箭有多么糟糕，还有这应该是麦迪一个人的球队，什么什么的。 Brrr [br-r-r] 表领悟或冷颤 Brrr! It's already March, but it's so cold today! I can't stand it. 呜！都已经三月了，今天还这么冷！真受不了。 Eek [i:k] 表害怕 Eek! His eyes are wide open! But he's fast asleep! 咦！他的眼睛睁得大大的！但睡得正香呢！ Umm [?m] 表示犹豫或不确定 Umm, I’m not sure about that. You'd better go ask John. Haw-haw ['h?:'h?:] int. 哈哈大笑
英语连接词 连接词的意义分类 表递进moreover, in addition, what is more，furthermore, also, then, besides, etc.表转折however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, etc. 表层次on the one hand, ... on the other hand; first, ... second, ... finally; 表强调firstly, ... secondly, ... finally ...; first, ... then ... etc. 表强调in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, obviously, apparently, 表结果evidently, first of all, undoubtedly, without any shadow of doubt, etc.表结尾therefore, as a result, then, consequently, accordingly, thus, etc. 表例举in a word, in conclusion, therefore, in short, to sum up, etc. 表强调still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly,interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway,above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly. 表比较like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.表对比by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead,but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet,in contrast. 表列举for example, for instance, such as, take ...for example. Except (for), toillustrate. 表时间later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at thesame time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in themeanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as,afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. first after a few days eventually atthat time in the meantime meanwhile afterward from then on 表顺序first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place,last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.
根据对总结历年真题的总结发现，完型填空中的逻辑关系词总共有十大类。 第一：并列关系。并列关系是比较简单的一种逻辑关系词。 常考的标志词：and, and or so, not only…but also, neither nor, that is to say. 我们看一个真题： 1996(41)：They do not provide energy, ___do they construct or build and part of the body. [A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never 观察一下这句话，有一个显著的特点是在横线后面的语序采用的是倒装语序，那么回忆一下语法中哪些情况可以引起句子倒装呢?肯定有否定词前置引起句子倒装。同时，在本句中，逗号之前的句子有否定词，因此，横线上选择的词汇必然要满足两个条件，第一可以前面的否定呼应，第二，可以引起句子倒装。所以，纵观四个选项，只有nor 满足两个条件，为正确答案。 第二：因果关系。因果关系词是比较容易判断的一种逻辑关系，前面叙述原因，后面叙述结果，反之亦然。但是，在历年考研完型填空中，经常出现广大考生不熟悉的词组，为了帮助考生辨认，我将这些短语列出如下：bec ause, for, so that, such… that , in order that, due to, thanks to, in response to , considering that. 考生看到这样的短语就要想到是因果关系，反过来，判断出上下句逻辑关系是因果，要能够从选项中选出这些短语。 第三：转折关系。常用逻辑连接词有but, yet, however, on the contrary, on the other hand.下面我们看一道真题。看看这样的问题我们应该怎样解决。 1996(50)Many people ,___,be lieve in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. [A]nevertheless [B]therefore [C]moreover [D]meanwhile 我们看这道题的四个选项，就是让我们选择逻辑关系词，所以，我们首先要判断前后两句的逻辑关系。上文说“尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值，但获得足够的维生素对人的生命是至关重要的”而这句表达的大概意思为很多人——为了安全起见，服用额外的维生素。从这两句话，我们可以感觉出来是转折关系。因此，纵观四个选项，只有A表示转折，为正确答案。 第四：让步关系。常用逻辑连接词有although, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of, regardless of, anyway, anyhow. 第五：递进关系。常用逻辑连接词有aslo, then, besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more. 我们来看一道考研真题。 1994 The words used by the speaker may _44__ unfavorable reactions in the listener __45__ interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. __46___, inaccurate or indefinite words may make _47____ difficult for the listener to understand the __48___ which is being transmitted to him. 46 [A]Moreover [B]However [C]Preliminarily [D]Unexpectedly 我们看这道题，第一段文字是在说词汇可能会导致听话人错误的理解。而46空格后面继续说用词不准确会怎么样。由此，我们可以看出，这两段之间的关系应该是递进，即进一步说明用词不当会带来的后果。A选项刚好是递进关系比较常见的逻辑关系词。A为正确选项。第六：列举顺序关系。常用逻辑词有first, then, on one hand, some…others…still others. 最后一个短语如果出现，各位考生需要能够辨认出这种形式。 第七：对比关系。常用逻辑词有while, whereas, as, rather…than, instead of. 在对比关系的句子中，前后两部分应该有明显的对比成分。 例如：2007年(12)____most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ____ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the _____ of other faiths. 46 [A]Since [B]If [C]Unless [D]While
英语语法专业术语 本次听写要求：挑选部分英语术语打在PPT上，学生按序号写出相应中文术语。（一）词类part of speech 实词notional word ['n?u??n?l] 虚词structural word/ form word (e.g. article preposition conjunction interjection) 派生词derivative [di'riv?tiv, d?'riv?tiv] 复合词compound ['k?mpaund,k?m'paund] 词性part of speech 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form ['plu?r?l, 'plur?l] 抽象名词abstract noun [?b'str?kt,'?bstr?kt] 具体名词concrete noun ['k?nkri:t] 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb ['tr?nsitiv, 'tr?ns?tiv] 不及物动词intransitive verb [in'tr?nsitiv, in'tr?ns?tiv] 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb [?:g'zilj?ri] 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb ['freizl, 'freiz?l] 限定动词finite verb ['fainait] 非限定动词infinite verb ['infinit, 'inf?nit] 使役动词causative verb ['k?:z?tiv] 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb 形容词adjective 比较等级degrees of comparison ☆原级positive degree ☆比较级comparative degree
～Oops.. （错了的意思） ～Wow! （惊讶） ～Eh.. （和Er 意思一样） ～O.. (OH 的意思） ～Rawr.. （生气的意思） ～Awww （觉得可爱或可惜的意思） ～Uh.. （和Er/Eh 意思差不多） ～Uh-oh. （表示有什么不好的事情要发生） ～Mm.. ～Meh. （和Er/Eh/uh 意思差不多） ～Mhm. （恩/是的意思） ～Nah. （不是/不好的意思） Ho 哦 英语拟声词和惊叹词表达的感情或感觉或当时的情景Ah! 羡慕，满意 Aha! 满意，愉快，胜利 Ahem! 唤起注意 Alas! 遗憾，悲痛，不幸 Bah! 轻蔑，厌恶 Brrr! 寒冷 Darn!(Darn it!) 愤怒，失望 Eeeek! 害怕 For goodness sake! 惊奇，害怕 Gad! 惊奇，不赞同 Gee! 惊奇，赞美 God!(Good god! Great God! 惊奇，恐惧 My God! Oh, God!) Good gracious! 惊奇，恼怒 Goodness! 惊奇，害怕，恼怒 Gosh! 惊奇 Heaven forbid! 惊奇，害怕 Heaven help me! 惊奇，害怕 (Good) Heavens! 惊奇，害怕 Help! 求助 Hey! 惊奇，喜悦，疑问，或唤起注意 Hmmm! 思考 Ho(a)! 惊奇，满足，喜悦或唤起注意 I’ll be darned! 惊奇 Jesus(Christ)! 不满意，失望，痛苦，惊恐 Look out! 警告 Mmmm! 品尝满意
Mercy! 惊奇 Mercy me! 惊奇 My! 惊奇，羡慕 My,my! 惊奇 My goodness! 惊奇，害怕 My word! 惊奇 Oh! 惊奇，诧异，害怕，疼痛 Oh, boy! 激动，惊奇，惊喜（男女都可说）Oh, dear! 惊奇 Oh,my! 惊奇，羡慕 Oh, no! 害怕，惊奇，失望 Oho! 惊奇 Oh-oh! 遇到不顺心的事 Ouch 疼痛 Ow! 疼痛 Oh, well! 无可奈何 Psst! 唤起注意 Say! 唤起注意，或想起什么 Shit! 愤怒，厌恶，沮丧 Thank God! 宽慰，感谢 Thank goodness! 感谢 Tsk-tsk! 不赞同 Tut-tut! 不满，不耐烦 Ugh! 厌恶 Unbelievable! 惊讶 Watch it! 警告 Watch out! 警告 Well! 惊奇，宽慰 Well, I never! 惊奇，愤怒 Well,well! 惊奇 Whew! 如释重负 Whoopee! 高兴 Whoop! 欣喜，兴奋，或因手脚笨拙而感到尴尬Wow! 诧异，惊讶，羡慕，快乐 Yuck 厌恶
§1.6逻辑联结词（一） 教学目标 理解逻辑联结词“或”、“且”、“非”的含义及理解复合命题的结构. 教学重点 逻辑联结词“或”、“且”、“非”的含义及复合命题的构成. 教学难点 对“或”、“且”、“非”的含义的理解. 教学手段 粉笔、黑板 授课类型 新授课 课时安排 1课时 教学方法 讲授法 教学过程 一．情境设置 歌德是18世纪德国的一位著名文艺大师，一天，他与一位文艺批评家“狭路相逢”。这位批评家生性古怪，遇到歌德走来，不仅没有相让，反而卖弄聪明，一边高傲地往前走，一边大声说道：“我从来不给傻子让路！”面对如此尴尬局面，但见歌德笑容可掬，谦恭地闪在一旁，一边有礼貌地回答道：“呵呵，我可恰恰相反。”结果故作聪明的批评家，反倒自讨个没趣。 在这个故事里，批评家用他的语言和行动表明了这样几句语句： （1）我不给傻子让路（2）你歌德是傻子（3）我不给你让路。 歌德用语言和行动反击： （1）我给傻子让路（2）你批评家是傻子（3）我给你让路。 二、复习引入： 命题的概念：可以判断真假的语句叫命题 正确的命题叫真命题，错误的命题叫假命题 例如：①12>5 ②3是15的约数③0.5是整数 ①②是真命题，③是假命题 反例：④3是15的约数吗？⑤ x>8 都不是命题。 注：不涉及真假和无法判断真假的语句不是命题。 又如: “这是一棵大树”；“x＜2”．都不能叫命题．由于“大树”没有界定，就不能判断“这是一棵大树”的真假．由于x是未知数，也不能判断“x<2”是否成立． 注：疑问句、祈使句、感叹句都不是命题。 注意： ①初中教材中命题的定义是：判断一件事情的句子叫做命题；这里的定义是：可以判断真假的语句叫做命题.说法不同，实质是一样的 ②判断命题的关键在于能不能判断其真假，即能不能判断其是否成立；不能
英语语法专业术语 语法 grammar 句法 syntax 词法 morphology 结构 structure 层次 rank 句子 sentence 从句 clause 词组 phrase 词类 part of speech 单词 word 实词 notional word 虚词 structural word 名词 noun 专有名词 proper noun 普通名词 common noun 可数名词 countable noun 不可数名词 uncountable no 抽象名词 abstract noun 具体名词 concrete noun 物质名词 material noun 集体名词 collective noun 个体名词 individual noun 介词 preposition 连词 conjunction 动词 verb 主动词 main verb 及物动词 transitive verb 不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb 助动词 auxiliary verb 情态动词 modal verb 规则动词 regular verb 不规则动词 irregular verb 短语动词 phrasal verb 限定动词 finite verb 非限定动词 infinite verb 使役动词 causative verb 感官动词 verb of senses 动态动词 event verb 静态动词 state verb 感叹词 exclamation 形容词 adjective
副词 adverb 方式副词 adverb of manner 程度副词 adverb of degree 时间副词 adverb of time 地点副词 adverb of place 修饰性副词 adjunct 连接性副词 conjunct 疑问副词 interrogative adverb 关系副词 relative adverb 代词 pronoun 人称代词 personal pronoun 物主代词 possessive pronoun 反身代词 reflexive pronoun 相互代词 reciprocal pronoun 指示代词 demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词 interrogative pronoun 关系代词 relative pronoun 不定代词 indefinite 物主代词 possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词 nominal possessive 形容词性物主代词 adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词 article 定冠词 definite article 不定冠词 indefinite article 数词 numeral 基数词 cardinal numeral 序数词 ordinal numeral 分数词 fractional numeral 形式 form 单数形式 singular form 复数形式 plural form 限定动词 finite verb form 非限定动词 non-finite verb form 原形 base form 从句 clause 从属句 subordinate clause 并列句 coordinate clause 名词从句 nominal clause 定语从句 attributive clause 状语从句 adverbial clause 宾语从句 object clause 主语从句 subject clause 同位语从句 appositive clause 时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time 地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place
Ah! 羡慕，满意 Aha! 满意，愉快，胜利 Ahem! / ?'hem / 唤起注意, 用咳嗽来引起注意,或表示怀疑 e.g. Ahem, I wonder if I can raise this problem with you now. 呃哼，我现在能否向您提及这问题。 Alas! [ ?'l?s ] 唉, 遗憾，悲痛，不幸 e.g. Alas! He missed the train! 哎呀！他误了火车了！ Bah! [ bɑ: ] 轻蔑，厌恶 e.g. Bah! You've wasted my time. Goodbye. 呸！你在浪费我的时间，再见。 Bingo [ 'bi?g?u ] 你成功了, 中了！ e.g. Jay：Bingo. I think Mom will love it. Jay：答对了。我认为妈一定会很喜欢的。 Brrr! 阿，啊，寒冷 e.g. Jessie：Brrr! It's already March, but it's so cold today! I can't stand it. 洁西：呼！都已经三月了，今天还这么冷！真受不了。 Darn! (Darn it!) 愤怒，失望 Eeeek! 害怕 For goodness sake! 惊奇，害怕 Gad! 惊奇，不赞同 Gee! 惊奇，赞美 e.g. Gee, everything seems so good. 哇！每样好像都很不错 Gee, thanks. you make my day.哈，谢谢。你（这么说）叫我非常高兴。Gee! 是英语里面很常见的一个语气词，请看下面一段对话： L: 你是说gee放在句子里，可以表示惊奇或是怀疑。可要是拖长了调，说geeeeee，这说话的人啊就是假装他感到惊奇。等等，那要是我问你，纽约今年的冬天会冷吗？这个问题当然是很傻啦，因为纽约的冬天总是冷的，那，你会怎么样带着讽刺的口气来回答呢？ M: I would say, "Gee..., I don't know... Winter here has been cold every year for the last ten thousand years, but maybe this year will be different." L: 几千年来纽约的冬天都是冷的，今年可能会不同，哎，Michael, 你也真是能说反话哎！
2020年考研英语一答案：完型填空（文字版） Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,1those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man's parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family. The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.
英语语法专业术语表达( The Noun 名词 The Pronoun 代词 The Numeral 数词 The Verb 动词 The Adjective 形容词 The Adverb 副词 The Article 冠词 The Preposition 介词 The conjunction 连词 The Interjection 感叹词Classification of Nouns 名词的分类Common Nouns 普通名词 Proper Nouns 专有名词Countable Nouns 可数名词Uncountable Nouns 不可数名词The Singular Form 单数形式 The Plural Form 复数形式Individual Nouns个体名词Collective Nouns集体名词
Material Nouns物质名词Abstract Nouns抽象名词 The Possessive Case所有格Personal Pronouns 人称代词Possessive Pronouns物主代词Self Pronouns反身代词Demonstrative Pronouns指示代词Interrogative Pronouns疑问代词Conjunctive Pronouns连接代词Relative Pronouns关系代词Indefinite Pronouns不定代词 The Subjective Case主格 The Objective Case宾格Cardinal Numerals基数词Ordinal Numerals 序数词Fractional Numerals分数词Notional Verbs实意动词 Link Verbs 连系动词 Auxiliary Verbs助动词 Modal Verbs情态动词 Transitive Verbs及物动词Intransitive Verbs不及物动词