萨缪尔森宏观经济学选择题100道（含答案）1. The scientific method is not applicable to the study of economics because economics is not a true scienee.A) True B) False2. Hypotheses derived from economic analysis can be validated through empirical analysis, but hardly ever with absolute certainty・A) True B) False3. Which of the following statements relates to the concept of efficiency?A) The absenee of waste・B) Using resources as effectively as possible・C) Being able to produce more of one good only by producing less of something else・D) All the above.E) b. and c・ only.Figure 14. Figure 1 displays the production-possibilities of two countries・ Given that both countries produce five units of x, which of the following best describes court try B's producti on of y?A) Less than country A's production of y.B) The same as country A*s production of y.C) More than country A f s production of y.D) Cannot be determined from the graph・E) None of the above・5・ Mass un employment of resources means society operates in side its production-possibility frontier.A) True B) False6. If two goods use the same resources and the same tech no logy, the producti on possibilities curve between the two goods will have a positive slope・A) True B) False7. It is scarcity that makes goods economic goods・A) True B) False8. Which of the following is the most basic of the subjects with which the study of economics must try to deal?A) Markets.B) Money ・C) Profit seeking.D) The price mechanism・E) Scarcity ・9・ Poor money management by the government, aside from increasing the unemployment rate, will have a relatively small effect on the economy.A) True B) FalseFigure 210. In Figure 2, what is Country B's cost of producing 1 unit of x in terms of y?A) 10 units of y.B) 1/2 units of y.C) 5 units of y.D) 2 units of y.E) None of the above・11 ・ Barter is inconvenient because:A) bargaining power is unequal between rich and poor.B) without money, who can define "fair" values?C) my wants and supplies do not match your supplies and wants.D) it leads to imperfect competition.E) all of the above・12. The econo mic role of gover nment in mixed econo mies can in elude:A) provision of public goods・B) tax collections.C) in come redistributio n.D) all of the above.E) none of the above・13. By the "in visible han d,n Smith meant the influe nee and lobbyi ng of the hidde n interest groups.A) True B) False14. A society which forgoes present consumption:A) is forced to do so because of excessive consumption within the country in the past.B) may be devoting new resources to new capital formation.C) is merely devoting resources to the replacement of capital.D) expects to consume only that amount tomorrow which was foregone today.E) does none of the above・15. An economic good is valued in part by its scarcity・A) True B) False1 6. The statement that roundabout methods of production are often more efficient than more direct methods:A) means that roun dabout methods use the same in puts as more direct methods, except for time, which is not a scarce economic good・B) means that consumers ought to choose those goods which most lend themselves to roundabout methods of production.C) means that the most roundabout method is always the most efficient method of producing any output・D) is false, for direct and indirect methods of production are usually the same in terms of efficiency.E) suggests that foreg one consumpti on devoted to investme nt sometimes in creases future output in ways that more closely match individual and/or social desires.17. Which of the following statements is true of specialization?A) Specializati on is inc on siste nt with the idea of in dividual freedom ・B) Economies that practice a division of labor are morally superior to those that do not.C) In accepting specialization, a person sacrifices his or her own interests for the sake of society's interest・D) While specialization has enormous advantages, the costs outweigh them・E) In creased productivity is more likely to be achieved through specializati on.18. In an affluent modern society, businesses may have to offer workers more fulfilling jobs ・A) True B) False1 9. Consumers vote their dollars primarily in:A) labor markets.B) land markets.C) capital markets ・D) goods markets ・E) none of the above. 20. An example of legal limitations on property rights is the prohibition of pollution.A) True B) False21. Lower pricescoax out higher quantities demanded along a downward-slopingdemand curve ・A) True B) False22. An increase in price will lead to a lower quantity demanded because:A) suppliers will supply only the smaller amount ・B) quality deteriorates.C) people will purchase less of the good ・D) all of the above.E) none of the above ・Use the following to answer question 24:Table 1Use the follow!ng to answer question 23:Quantity of QFigure 323. Let P* and Q* represent market clearing price and quantity, respective!y. Given the supply and demand curves drawn in Figure 3, a reduction in the price of an input used in the production of Q can be expected to cause:A) P* and Q* to climb.B) P* to climb while Q* falls.C) P* to climb while Q* holds steady ・D) P* to fall while Q* climbs.E) P* and Q* to fall. oThe Market for Potato Chips(quantities measured in bags per week)Price Quantity Supplied Quantity Demanded$1.00 500 20002.00 1000 17503.00 1500 15004.00 2000 12505.00 2500 100024. According to Table 1, the equilibrium price for potato chips is:A) $1.00.B) $2.00.C) $2.50.D) $3.00.E) $4.00.25. Upward-sloping supply curves are the result of:A) increasing returns to scale・B) increasing costs of production.C) changes in government policies・D) changes in technology・E) none of the above26. To say that a price "clears the market11 is to say that every one who wants that commodity is getting all they want.A) True B) False27. The position of the supply schedule for Americamade cars will not be directly affected by which of the following?A) Union wage rates.B) Car prices・C) The possibility of strikes・D) A cha nge in assembly tech no logy ・E) All of the above will affect supply.28. The demand curve for a normal good will shift to the right if:A) in come in creases.B) populati on in creases ・C) the price of a substitute good in creases ・D) all the above・E) none of the above・29. Given a fixed supply of lamb chops, a reduction in the price of pork chops (close substitutes) will tend to:A) shift the dema nd curve for lamb chops to the right ・B) shift the dema nd curve for pork chops to the right ・C) shift the dema nd curve for pork chops to the left ・D) raise the price of lamb chops・E) lower the price of lamb chops・30. One reason that supply curves display positive slope is that:A) expanded production may require the use of superior resources・B) people are not willing to pay a higher price for more goods・C) expa nded industry output might cause a labor shortage and subseque ntly in crease the wage rate in eluded in the cost of producti on.D) extra production brings in the more efficient, lower-cost producers.E) the law of diminishing returns is important to producers・31 ・ If a 1 percent change in price causes a 5 percent change in quantity demanded, then demand is price inelastic・A) True B) False32. Whenever total expenditure (i.e., total revenue) remains the same after a change in price, the elasticity of demand is:A) greater than 1 ・B) less than 1.C) equal to 0.D) equal to 1 ・E) equal to infinity.33. If price and quantity sold both decrease from one period to another, we may infer that the law of dow nward-sloping dema nd does not operate in that market ・A) True B) False34. In "tight” housing markets, rent controls are often applied to hold the price of hou sing to a ” reas on able" level. What is the immediate effect of this price policy with respect to the allocative functions of prices, and the relative in comes of ten ants and landlords?A) The allocative function of prices is impaired, but the tenants are prevented from gaining at the expense of the landlords.B) The allocative function of prices is not impaired, and the tenants are prevented from gaining at the expense of Iandlords・C) The allocative function of prices is impaired, and the tenants who find housing gain at the expense of Iandlords・D) The allocative function of prices is not impaired, but the Iandlords gain at the expense of tenants who do not find housing・E) None of the above・35. Which of the following in efficie ncies might be the result of mono poly power's destroyinga competitive equilibrium?A) Prices too high・B) Output too low.C) Wages distorted across the economy.D) In put prices distorted across the economy.E) All of the above.36. Dollar receipts for sellers of some commodities will be lower at higher prices・A) True B) False37. The quantity of a good which a person will purchase will not depend on which one of the following items?A) The price of the good・B) His or her tastes・C) The prices of substitute goods・D) His or her in come ・E) The elasticity of supply.Figure 438. Refer to Figure 4 once agai n. Suppose that now the dema nd curve has shifted to D'D'・ At what point along D'D' is price elasticity equal to 1 ?A) GB) between G and H.C) H.D) between H and I.E) I-39. Rank the supply curves in the figure below in order of greatest to least price elasticity at the common in tersection point ・QA) C, A, B.B) B, A, C.C) B, C, A.D) A, B, C.E) None of the above・40. A price subsidy of 20 cents per gallon on milk (which does not have a totally inelastic dema nd curve) will result in a:A) change in consumer tastes・B) drop in the equilibrium price of 20 cents per gall on.C) drop in the equilibrium price of less than 20 cents per gall on.D) drop in the equilibrium price of more than 20 cents per gallon.41 ・The law of dim inishing marginal utility states that the:A) ratio of MU to P for luxuries is lower than that for necessities・B) utility derived from the last unit of the good consumed falls as the consumption of the good increases・C) ratio of MU to P will be the same for all goods・D) utility derived from total consumption of a good falls as consumption increases・E) none of the above・42. A consumer is said to be in equilibrium in his or her choice between two goods A and B when:A) the purchase of good A gives the same satisfaction as the purchase of good B・B) the last purchase of good A gives the same addition to satisfaction as the last purchase of good B.C) each penny spent on good A gives the same satisfaction as each penny spent on good B.D) the last penny spent on good A gives the same addition to satisfaction as the last penny spent on good B.E) the last pennies spe nt on goods A and B gen erate no additions to satisfacti on.43. A con sumer spe nds all of her income on two goods, coffee and dough nuts. Shepurchases coffee at 25 cents a unit with a total utility of 800 and a marginal utility of 12・ Doughnuts are purchase at 75 cents a unit with a total utility of 200 and a marginal utility of 24. In order to reach consumer equilibrium, she should consume:A) less doughnuts and more coffee・B) more doughnuts but the same amount of coffee・C) more coffee but the same amount of doughnuts・D) more dough nuts and less coffee ・E) the same amount of coffee and doughnuts.44. If a person only consumes pickles and pea nut butter, he will consume peanut butter up to the point where the:A) marginal utility of the last unit of pea nut butter con sumed equals that of the last unit of pickles consumed・B) total utility of pea nut butter consumed equals the total utility of pickles con sumed ・C) con sumer surplus of peanut butter con sumption equals the consumer surplus of pickle consumption・D) last dollar spe nt on pea nut butter consumption provides the same marginal utility as the last dollar spent on pickle consumption.E) none of the above・45. Water tends to have a low marginal utility because substitutes for it are widely available ・A) True B) False46. A good which sells for a higher price than one which is more important for welfare reflects the concept of:A) complementarity in demand・B) substituti on.C) marginal or total utility.D) the paradox of value・E) law of diminishing marginal utility.47. The price of good X is $1.50 and that of good Y $1. A particular consumer who evaluates the marginal utility of Y to be 30 units, and is in equilibrium with respect to purchases of X and Y must consider the marginal utility of X to be:A) 15 units.B) 20 units.C) 30 units.D) 45 units.E) none of the above・48. It is possible to sum in dividual dema nd curves to get the market dema nd curve only whe n all con sumers are exactly alike in their dema nds.A) True B) False49. The paradox of value is not the result of declining marginal utility.A) True B) False50. In the figure below, which area represents consumer surplus at a price of 5?A) OADC.B) OBEC.C) CEH.D) OBEH.E) CEGF.51 ・ Both in nu mber and in dollar value of sales, the in dividual proprietorship is thedominant form of American enterprise ・A) True B) FalseUse the following to answer question 52:Figure 552. Suppose that two in puts, K and L, are variable and in crease at the same rate. Which one of the panels in Figure 5 represents Increasing Return to Scale (IRS)?A) Panel a.B) Panel b.C) Panel c.D) Panel d.E) None of the above ・53.”Unlimited liability** in partnerships refers to the liability of each partner for her percentage (C) LabOr (L ) QuantityTotal Product Total Product(b)share of any losses incurred, without limit, except for some legal minimum of property she is permitted to keep・A) True B) False54. The employme nt of which of the following in puts might be adjusted in the short run?A) Physical capital.B) Number of hours worked by labor.C) Units of energy required per unit output・D) Units of material required per unit output・E) None of the above・55. Numerically, the bulk of businesses in the U.S. are:A) corporati ons.B) partnerships ・C) sole proprietorships・D) farms.E) mom・and-pop retail shops・56. If in comes were properly distributed, competitive general equilibrium would move resources to the best use for consumers1 satisfaction.A) True B) FalseUse the following to answer questions 57:Total Product withVarious In put CombinationsLand 10 15 20LaborO 0 0 01 20 20.67 20.52 38 39.33 40.03 54 57.00 58.54 68 72.67 76.05 80 87.33 92.56 90 102.00 108.057. Suppose that product!on were defined by the function recorded in the table above. For diminishing returns to continue to hold for the 7th unit of labor with land equal to 15 units, total product for the combi nation of [labor =7; la nd = 15] would have to be less tha n:A) 0.B) 116.67.C) 115.67.D) 114.67.E) none of the above・Use the following to answer questions 58-59:Table 2 Total Product withVarious In put Combinati onsLandl0 15 20LaborO 0 0 01 20 20.67 20.52 38 39.33 40.03 54 57.00 58.54 68 72.67 76.05 80 87.33 92.56 90 102.00 10&058. The production process defined by the function recorded in Table 2 displays diminishing returns in both labor and land.A) True B) False59. The production process defined by the function recorded in Table 2 displays decreasing returns to scale for labor but not for land.A) True B) False60. Which of the following is an example of a project that could be observed in the short run?A) The construction of a new assembly line to match an existing one・B) The con structi on of a new assembly line to take adva ntage of a new tech no logy ・C) The moving of an established assembly line to bring it geographically closer to a market ・D) The sale of an existing assembly line on the scrap market to finance part of a new facility.E) None of the above・61 ・ Horizontal long-run MC is associated with constant returns to scale・A) True B) False62. A fixed cost is:A) the cost of any in put whose per-u nit price has bee n fixed, whether by Ion g-term con tract or by some similar means.B) a cost whose increases are exactly proportional to increases in output・C) any comp orient included in average cost which enters in AC as the same fixed per-unit amount, no matter what the level of plant output may be.D) a cost which the firm would in cur eve n if its output were zer o.E) none of the above.Use the follow!ng to answer questions 63・64:Table 3Quantity Variable Cost Total Cost1 2 3 4 5 6 7 25 40 45 60 60 75 70 85 85 100 105 120 132 14763.A)B)C)D)E) What is MC between Q = 3 and Q = 4 in Table 3?10152025None of the above.64.A)B)C)D)E) What is AFC at Q = 5 in Table 3? 3457.51565. unit.A) Total cost at " q + 1” minus total cost at “q " gives marginal cost for the 'q 'th True B) False66.A)B) The balanee sheet always balances because:by definition, profit is the residual between revenue and cost.every proper official business statement is audited by a firm of independentaccounta nts.C)D)E) accountants, like statisticians, know how to manipulate the truth・by definition, net worth equals the difference between assets and liabilities・ none of67. A driver wishes to buy gasoline and have her car washed・ She finds that the wash costs $3.00 when she buys 19 gallons at $1.00 each, but that if she buys 20 gallons, the car wash is free ・ Thus the margi nal cost of the twentieth gall on of gas is:A)B)C)D)E) -$2.00.$0.00.$1.00.$2.00.none of the above.68. If a firm produces more goods than it sells and buys more raw materials than it uses up during the year, an inventory adjustment must be made so as not to:A) overstate earnings for the year.B) understate earnings for the year.C) overstate liabilities at the end of the year.D) understate liabilities at the end of the year.E) overstate assets at the end of the year.69. Both the bala nee sheet and the in come statement in dicate the flow of sales, cost, and revenue over the accounting period.A) True B) False70. In calculati ng a firm's total costs, which of the following is not in eluded?A) The owner's expertise・B) The demand curve facing the firm.C) The taxes paid by the firm.D) Non・essential costs, such as advertising and entertainment experises・E) In put prices ・71. The zero・profit point for a perfectly competitive firm occurs where the price equals the minimum point of the:A) A VC curve ・B) AC curve.C) MC curve.D) AFC curve.E) none of the above・72・ In the long run, all costs:A) lie along a perfectly elastic Iong-run supply curve・B) are fixed costs・C) are variable costs・D) exhibit constant returns to scale・E) depe nd upon the dema nd structure of the give n market ・73. Pure economic rent is the price paid to a factor of production that is fixed in total supplyA) True B) False74. If, in long run equilibrium, the competitive price of some good is $1 6.67, then, for each and every firm in the industry,A) marginal cost > average cost = $16.67.B) marginal cost < average cost = $16.67.C) $16.67 = marginal cost = average cost・D) $16.67 = marginal cost > average cost・E) $16.67 = marginal cost < average cost・75. A tax on the emission of a pollutant from the firms of a competitive industry can be expected to cause the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied to decline・A) True B) False76・ In a market economy, the short・run reaction to an excess supply of a commodity after a decrease in dema nd is:A) price will rise, but profits fall・B) price and profits will fall・C) price will fall, but profits will be unchanged.D) price will fall, but profits will in crease ・E) price and profits will both in crease ・77. In the long run, any firm will eventually leave an industry if:A) price does not cover at least average total cost・B) price is not equal to marginal cost.C) price is higher than average variable cost.D) price is not at least equal to the minimum of the marginal cost curve.E) other firms in the industry are leaving.Figure 678. In Figure 6, the firm's economic profits will equal:A) 0.B) $40.C) $100.D) $150.E) none of the above.79・ Which of the following is incompatible with an efficient economic optimum?A) Perfect competition.B) Absenee of externalities・C) Monopoly.D) All of the above are incompatible.E) None of the above is in compatible ・80. Under conditions of decreasing cost:A) externalities are irrelevant and in applicable ・B) each of the firms in the industry will continue to produce more output at falling costs per unit・C) a strong case can be made for supplanting complete individualism by some kind of group action.D) a few large sellers may come to dom in ate the industry.E) monopolization of the industry becomes impossible・Use the following to answer questions 81 ・82:Table 4P Q$5 8$4 12$3 17$2 22$1 2781 ・ Suppose an imperfect competitor faces the dema nd curve defi ned in Table 4, and its MC is constant at $2.00・ If the firm is able to produce at any output level, then it maximizes profits at:A) P =£＞；q = 8B) P= 4q = 12.C) P=G q = 17.D) P= 2 !； q = 22.E) none of the above if fixed costs are less than $1.00.82. Consider the demand curve given in Table 4. If the imperfectly competitive firm is able to produce at any output level, then the price and quantity which maximize total revenueA) P = £＞；8B) P= 4 q = 12.C) P= 3 q = 17.D) P= 2 •: q = 22.E) P= 1 ；q = 27.83. Falling marginal reve nue faci ng an individual firm is in compatible with:A) growth of the firm.B) perfect competition.C) oligopol y.D) barriers to entry.E) none of the above・84. A percentage tax on a monopolist's profit has no effect on the profit-maximizing output as long as the tax is no greater than 100%.A) True B) False85. A profit・maximizing firm will always try to operate at the level of output at which its average costs are at a minimum, i.e., at the bottom of its U・shaped cost curve・A) True B) False86. Steel is an oligopolistic industry in the U.S.A) True B) False87. If all firms in an industry sell identical products, then it would never pay to advertise ・A) True B) False88. The marginal cost schedule faci ng an imperfect competitor is con st a nt at $12 ・ The dema nd curve is give n in Table 5. The profit maximizing output for this firm is:Table 5P Q$20 6$19 7$18 8$17 9$16 IOA) 6 unitsB) 7 unitsC) 8 unitsD) 9 unitsE) 10 units89. If a firm*s dema nd curve is horiz on tai, then the firm's marginal revenue is:A) less than the price of the product.B) equal to the price of the product.C) greater than the price of the product.D) greater than, equal to, or less than the price of the product, depending on the particular circumstances・E) not determ in able from the above inf ormati on.90. An imperfect competitor is not willing to increase sales at the prevailing price because todo so would reduce marginal revenue・A) True B) False91 ・ If price equals P1 for a monopolist good and P2 for a competitive good, then for any single consumer the ratio of marginal utilities, MU1/MU2:A) is exactly 1, and equal to the ratios of marginal costs, MC1/MC2.B) is exactly 1, and less than the ratios of marginal costs, MC1/MC2.C) is exactly 1, and greater than the ratios of marginal costs, MC1/MC2.D) is exactly 1, and MC1 = MC2E) cannot be determined on data given.Use the following to answer questions 92・93:Figure 792. By the deadweight loss due to monopoly, we mean the area in Figure 7 labeled:A) PAB.B) ABCD.C) FDEQ.D) PCEB.E) BDE.93. Consider Figure 7. The cartel solution would occur at point:A) B.B) E.C) H.D) G.E) none of the above.94. The H separation of ownership and control H in the large corporation refers primarilyto:A) government limitations on the rights of capital ownership・B) the ability of a small minority of shareholders or management to exercise effective control.C) the issuanee of voting warrants to management personnel.D) the lack of diversification of stock ownership.E) the fact that an officer of the company can sit on the board of directors, even though hemay not be a shareholder.95. "There are thousands of 'Ma and Pa1 grocery stores in the United States that sellvery similar merchandise・Therefore, the retail grocery business must be perfectly competitive.H This statement is:A) correct; grocery stores are like wheat farms, and if wheat farming is perfectly competitive, so is the grocery business・B) incorrect; since the production of food is nearly perfectly competitive, the distribution of food must be perfectly competitive also.C) in correct; grocery stores are best described as oligopolistic.D) in correct; the thousands of separate retail grocery markets may best be described as monopolistically competitive with product differentiation determined by location.E) correct; retail groceries are notoriously unprofitable・96. A concentration ratio measures:A) the number of firms in a perfectly competitive industry・B) the rwmber of products sold in a monopolistically competitive market・C) the ratio of the total number of firms in the market to the dollar value of industry revenues.D) the percent of total industry output that is accounted for by the largest firms・E) none of the above・97. Monopolistic deviation from P = MC means that:A) no body can be made better off without maki ng someone else worse off.B) goods are being produced efficiently.C) society is more able to achieve its welfare optimum.D) someone can be made better off without maki ng some one else worse off.E) none of the above・98. Which of the following best explains why collusive oligopolies are not stable?A) Compa nies are in here ntly hostile to each other.B) Companies feel they have a moral responsibility not to collude・C) Each company in the oligopoly can in crease its profits by deviating from the agreed upon price and/or quantity.D) Oligopolies are not unstable; rather they are quite stable・E) None of the above・99. Many firms practice mark up pricing, since it allows for profit maximization.A) True B) False100.Strategic interaction is a term used to describe the condition in which a firm's business strategy depends upon its competitors1 actions・A) True B) False。
可回收利用的英语可回收利用的英语是：Recyclable。
双语例句1、通过定义可回收利用Socket缓冲区的原语，并在NIC设备驱动程序中予以实现。
In this paper, the primitives of recycling socket buffer are defined and implemented in NIC device driver.2、静电贴膜方法制膜工艺的失败对MCP通道表面没有明显影响，MCP可回收利用。
However, the failing technique of electrostatic film-posting has no effect on the active channel surface, such MCPs can be rejuvenated.3、在日本的东京设计周上，JVC公司展出了这款内置多方位立体音箱的盆栽设计，而且该盆栽采用的是完全可回收利用的材料。
In Japan, Tokyo Design Week, JVC companies exhibited this multi-directional stereo speakers built-pot design, and the pot used is completely recyclable materials.4、该研究实现了回收铝资源，净化环境，且副产品Na2CO3可回收利用的目的，从而达到综合利用资源，变废为宝的绿色目标。
The research achieves recovery of aluminum resources, purifying of the environment, and recovery of byproductNa_2CO_3, thus making the waste into valuable resources without secondary pollution.5、热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）具有优良的综合性能，如高强度、高弹性、高耐磨、减震能力强以及可回收利用等，是一种理想的运动防护材料。
中文英文英文中文艾利应力函数Airy stress function Airy stress function艾利应力函数板plate anti-sysmetric tensor反对称张量板边bounday of plate applied elasticity应用弹性力学板的抗弯强度flexural rigidity of plate axisymmetry轴对称板的内力internal force of plate base vector基矢量板的中面middle plane of plate basic assumptions ofelasticity弹性力学基本假定贝尔特拉米-米歇尔方程Beltrami-Michellequationbasic equation for thebending of thin plate薄板弯曲的基本方程贝蒂互换定理Betti reciprocal theorem Beltrami consistencyequation贝尔特拉米相容方程变温temperature change Beltrami-Michellequation 贝尔特拉米-米歇尔方程表层波surface wave Betti reciprocal theorem贝蒂互换定理半逆解法semi-inverse method body force体力薄板thin plate boundary condition边界条件薄板弯曲的基本方程basic equation for thebending of thin platebounday of plate板边薄膜比拟membrage analogy Boussinesq problem布西内斯克问题布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem Boussinesq solution布西内斯克解答布西内斯克解答Boussinesq solution Boussinesq solution布西内斯克解答布西内斯克-伽辽金通解Boussinesq-Galerkingeneral solutionBoussinesq-Galerkingeneral solution布西内斯克-伽辽金通解半空间体semi-infinite body bulk modulus体积模量半平面体semi-infinite plane Castigliano formula卡斯蒂利亚诺公式贝尔特拉米相容方程Beltrami consistencyequationCauchy equation柯西方程边界条件boundary condition Cerruti problem塞路蒂问题变分法（能量法）variationalmethod,energy method characteristic equationof stress state应力状态特征方程薄板内力internal forces of thinplate coefficient of lateralpressure侧压力系数薄板弹性曲面elatic surface of thinplate complex potential复位势薄板弹性曲面微分方程differential equation ofelastic surface of thinplatecondition of single-value displacement位移单值条件薄板弯曲刚度flexural rigidity of thinplateconsistency equation相容方程布西内斯克解答Boussinesq solution contact problem接触问题产熵entropy prodction continuity连续性沉陷settlement continuous hypothesis连续性假设侧压力系数coefficient of lateralpressure coordinate curves坐标曲线ELASTICITY(弹性力学)常用专业名词中英文对照差分法finite-differencemethord coordinate surface坐标曲面差分公式finite-differencefromulate coupling耦合重三角级数double triangle series curvilinear coordinates曲线坐标大挠度问题large deflection problem deflection挠度单位张量unit tensor deformation形变单元分析element analysis density of comlementarystrain energy应变余能密度单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix density of internalenergy 内能密度等容波equivoluminal wave diaplacement位移等容的位移场equivoluminaldisplacement field diaplacementcomponents位移分量叠加原理superposition principle diaplacement method位移解法度量张量metric tensor diaplacement method位移法对称张量symmetric tensor diaplacement shapefunction位移的形函数单连体simply connected body diaplacement variationalequation位移变分方程单三角级数解single triangle series differential equation ofelastic surface弹性曲面的微分方程单元节点载荷列阵elemental nodal loadmatrix differential equation ofelastic surface of thinplate薄板弹性曲面微分方程单元劲度矩阵elemental stiffnessmatrix differential equation ofequilibrium平衡微分方程多连体multiply connected body differential equation ofequilibrium in terms ofdisplacement 以位移表示的平衡微分方程二阶张量second order tensor dilatation wave膨胀波反对称张量anti-sysmetric tensor discretization离散化符拉芒解答Flamant soluton discretization structure离散化结构反射reflection displacement boundarycondition位移边界条件傅里叶变换Fourier transform displacement model位移模式傅里叶积分Fourier integral distrotion wave畸变波复位势complex potential double triangle series重三角级数格林公式Green formula dummy index哑指标各向同性假设isotropic hypothesis elastic body弹性体供熵entropy supply elastic constants弹性常数广义变分原理generanized variatianalprincipleelastic matrix弹性矩阵广义胡克定律generanized Hooke law elastic principledirection 弹性主方向刚体位移rigid body displacement elastic symmetric plane弹性对称面各向同性isotropy elastic wave弹性波哈密顿变分原理Hamiton varitionalprincipleelasticity弹性哈密顿作用量Hamiton action elasticity弹性力学赫林格-赖斯纳变分原理Hellinger-Reissnervariational principleelatic surface of thinplate薄板弹性曲面亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem element analysis单元分析横观各向同性弹性体transverse isotropicelastic bodyelement stiffness matrix单元刚度矩阵横波transverse wave elemental nodal loadmatrix单元节点载荷列阵厚板thick plate elemental stiffnessmatrix 单元劲度矩阵胡海昌-鹫津久一郎变分原理Hu Haichang-Washizuvariational principleenergy method能量法混合边值问题mixed boundary-valueproblementropy prodction产熵胡克定律Hooke law entropy supply供熵混合边界条件mixed boundarycondition equation of stresscompatibility应力协调方程畸变波distrotion wave equivalent shear forcetorsional moment扭矩等效剪力基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis equivoluminaldisplacement field等容的位移场基矢量base vector equivoluminal wave等容波几何方程geometrical equation Euler method欧拉法几何可能的位移geometrically possibledisplacementEuler strain components欧拉应变分量几何可能的应变geometrically possiblestriainexternal force外力几何线性的假设geometrically linearhypothesisfinite element有限元伽辽金法Galerkin method finite element method有限单元法伽辽金矢量Galerkin vector finite-differencefromulate 差分公式结点node finite-differencemethord 差分法结点荷载nodal load first law ofthermodynamics热力学第一定律结点力nodal force first(second,third)kindboundary-value problemof elasticity 弹性力学的第一（第二、第三）类边值条件结点位移nodal displacement Flamant soluton符拉芒解答解的唯一性定理theorem of uniquenesssolutionflexural rigidity of plate板的抗弯强度静力可能的应力statically possible stress flexural rigidity of thinplate薄板弯曲刚度均匀性假设homogeneoushypothesis Fourier integral傅里叶积分局部编码local coding Fourier transform傅里叶变换基尔斯解答Kirsch solution free energy density自由能密度极小势能原理princile of minimumpotential energyfree index自由指标接触问题contact problem Galerkin method伽辽金法均匀性homogeneity Galerkin vector伽辽金矢量卡斯蒂利亚诺公式Castigliano formula generanized Hooke law广义胡克定律开尔文问题Kelvin problem generanized variatianalprinciple广义变分原理扭转刚度torsional rigidity geometrical equation几何方程柯西方程Cauchy equation geometrically linearhypothesis几何线性的假设克罗内克δ符号Kroneckerdelta symbol geometrically possibledisplacement几何可能的位移空间轴对称问题spatial axisymmetryproblem geometrically possiblestriain几何可能的应变孔口应力集中stress concentration ofholesglobal analysis整体分析拉梅解答Lame slution global analysis整体分析离散化结构discretization structure global coding总体编码理想弹性体perfect elastic body global equivalent nodalload vector整体等效结点荷载列阵连续性continuity global nodaldisplacement vector整体结点位移列阵拉格朗日法Lagrange method global stiffness matrix总刚度矩阵拉格朗日函数Lagrange function global stiffness matrix整体劲度矩阵拉格朗日应变函数Lagrange straincomponentsGreen formula格林公式拉梅常数Lamé constants Hamiton action哈密顿作用量拉梅系数Lamé coefficient Hamiton varitionalprinciple哈密顿变分原理拉梅方程Lamé equation heat-conductionequation 热传导方程拉梅应变势Lamé strain potential Hellinger-Reissnervariational principle 赫林格-赖斯纳变分原理莱维方程Lévy equation Helmholtz theorem亥姆霍兹定理勒夫应变函数Love strain function homogeneity均匀性离散化discretization homogeneoushypothesis 均匀性假设连续性假设continuous hypothesis Hooke law胡克定律梁的纯弯曲pure bending of beam Hooke's law of volume体应变胡克定律莱维解Lévy solution Hu Haichang-Washizuvariational principle 胡海昌-鹫津久一郎变分原理面力surface force infinitesimaldeformation hypothesis小变形假设膜板membrane plate internal force内力米歇尔相容方程Michell consistencyequationinternal force of plate板的内力挠度deflection internal forces of thinplate 薄板内力内力internal force inverse method逆解法能量法energy method irrotationaldisplacement field无旋的位移场逆解法inverse method irrotational wave无旋波扭矩等效剪力equivalent shear forcetorsional momentisotropic hypothesis各向同性假设扭转torsion isotropy各向同性纳维解Navier solution Kelvin problem开尔文问题内能密度density of internalenergy Kirchhoff hypothesis基尔霍夫假设纽勃-巴博考维奇通解Neuber-Papkovichgeneral solutionKirsch solution基尔斯解答欧拉法Euler method Kroneckerdelta symbol克罗内克δ符号欧拉应变分量Euler strain components Lagrange function拉格朗日函数耦合coupling Lagrange method拉格朗日法膨胀波dilatation wave Lagrange straincomponents拉格朗日应变函数平衡微分方程differential equation ofequilibriumLamé coefficient拉梅系数平面波plane wave Lamé constants拉梅常数平面应力问题plane stress problem Lamé equation拉梅方程平面应变问题plane strain problem Lame slution拉梅解答泊松比Poisson ratio Lamé strain potential拉梅应变势普朗特比拟Prandtl analogy large deflection problem大挠度问题普朗特应力函数Prandtl stress function Lévy equation莱维方程切变模量shear modulus Lévy solution莱维解切应变shear strain linear elasticity线性弹性力学切应力shear stress linear expansioncoefficient线膨胀系数切应力互等定理reciprocal theorem ofshear stresslinear thermal elasticity线性热弹性力学切应力线shear stress lines local coding局部编码求和约定summation convention longitudinal wave纵波球面波spherical wave Love strain function勒夫应变函数曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates mathematical elasticity数学弹性力学热力学第一定律first law ofthermodynamicsmembrage analogy薄膜比拟热力学第二定律second law ofthermodynamicsmembrane plate膜板热弹性应变势thermal elastic strainpotentialmetric tensor度量张量热应力thermal stress Michell consistencyequation米歇尔相容方程热传导方程heat-conductionequation middle plane of plate板的中面瑞利波Rayleigh wave mixed boundarycondition 混合边界条件瑞利-里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method mixed boundary-valueproblem混合边值问题三阶张量third order tensor multiply connected body多连体塞路蒂问题Cerruti problem Navier solution纳维解圣维南扭转函数Saint-Venant torsionfunction Neuber-Papkovichgeneral solution纽勃-巴博考维奇通解圣维南方程Saint-Venant equation no initial stresshypothesis 无初始应力的假设圣维南原理Saint-Venant principle nodal displacement结点位移数学弹性力学mathematical elasticity nodal force结点力弹性elasticity nodal load结点荷载弹性波elastic wave node结点弹性常数elastic constants normal strain线应变弹性对称面elastic symmetric plane normal strain正应变弹性力学的平面问题plane problem ofelasticitynormal stress正应力弹性力学的第一（第二、第三）类边值条件first(second,third)kindboundary-value problemof elasticityorthotropic elastic body正交各向异性弹性体弹性曲面的微分方程differential equation ofelastic surfaceperfect elastic body理想弹性体弹性体elastic body perfect elasticity完全弹性弹性体的虚功原理principle of virtual workfor elastic solidperfectly elastic body完全弹性体弹性主方向elastic principledirection perfectly elastichypothesis完全弹性的假设弹性矩阵elastic matrix permulation tensor置换张量体力body force physical equation物理方程体应变胡克定律Hooke's law of volume physically linerhypothesis 物理线性的假设弹性力学elasticity plane problem ofelasticity 弹性力学的平面问题弹性力学基本假定basic assumptions ofelasticityplane strain problem平面应变问题体积模量bulk modulus plane stress problem平面应力问题体积应力volumetric strain plane wave平面波体应变volumetric strain plate板完全弹性的假设perfectly elastichypothesisPoisson ratio泊松比完全弹性体perfectly elastic body potential energy ofexternal force外力势能位移边界条件displacement boundarycondition potential functiondecomposition ofdisplacement field位移场的势函数分解式位移变分方程diaplacement variationalequationPrandtl analogy普朗特比拟位移场的势函数分解式potential functiondecomposition ofdisplacement fieldPrandtl stress function普朗特应力函数位移分量diaplacementcomponentspressure tunnel压力隧道位移解法diaplacement method princile of minimumpotential energy极小势能原理位移的形函数diaplacement shapefunctionprincipal plane主平面无初始应力的假设no initial stresshypothesisprincipal shear stress主切应力无旋波irrotational wave principal strain主应变无旋的位移场irrotationaldisplacement fieldprincipal stress主应力物理线性的假设physically linerhypothesis principle direction ofstrain应变主方向外力external force principle direction ofstress应力主方向外力功work of external force principle of least work最小功原理外力势能potential energy ofexternal force principle of minimum complementary energy最小余能原理完全弹性perfect elasticity principle of minimumpotential energy最小势能原理位移diaplacement principle of virtual workfor elastic solid弹性体的虚功原理位移单值条件condition of single-value displacementprinciple plane of stress应力主面位移法diaplacement method pure bending of beam梁的纯弯曲位移模式displacement model quadratic surface ofstrain 应变二次曲面物理方程physical equation quadratic surface ofstress 应力二次曲面线膨胀系数linear expansioncoefficientRayleigh wave瑞利波线性弹性力学linear elasticity Rayleigh-Ritz method瑞利-里茨法线性热弹性力学linear thermal elasticity reciprocal theorem ofshear stress切应力互等定理相对位移张量relative displacementtensorreflection反射小变形假设infinitesimaldeformation hypothesisrefraction折射小挠度问题small deflection matrix relative displacementtensor相对位移张量形函数矩阵shape function matrix rigid body displacement刚体位移虚位移virtual displacement rotation components转动分量虚位移方程virtual displacementequationrotation vector转动矢量虚应变virtual strain Saint-Venant equation圣维南方程虚应力virtual stress Saint-Venant principle圣维南原理虚应力方程virtual stress equation Saint-Venant torsionfunction圣维南扭转函数线应变normal strain second law ofthermodynamics热力学第二定律相容方程consistency equation second order tensor二阶张量形变deformation semi-infinite body半空间体形变势能strain erergy semi-infinite plane半平面体形函数shape function semi-inverse method半逆解法虚功方程virtual work equation settlement沉陷哑指标dummy index shape function形函数杨氏模量Young modulus shape function matrix形函数矩阵一点的应变状态state of strain at a point shear modulus切变模量一点的应力状态state of stress at a point shear strain切应变以位移表示的平衡微分方程differential equation ofequilibrium in terms ofdisplacementshear stress切应力应变二次曲面quadratic surface ofstrain shear stress lines切应力线应变分量strain components simply connected body单连体应变能密度strain energy density single triangle series单三角级数解应变矩阵strain matrix small deflection matrix小挠度问题应变协调方程strain compatibilityequation spatial axisymmetryproblem空间轴对称问题应变余能密度density of comlementarystrain energyspherical wave球面波应变张量strain tensor state of strain at a point一点的应变状态应变张量不变量strain tensor invariant state of stress at a point一点的应力状态应变主方向principle direction ofstrain statically possible stress静力可能的应力应力变分方程stress variationalequation strain compatibilityequation应变协调方程应力边界条件stress boundarycondition strain components应变分量应力二次曲面quadratic surface ofstress strain energy density应变能密度应力分量stress components strain erergy形变势能应力环量stress circulation strain matrix应变矩阵应力解法stress method strain tensor应变张量应力矩阵stress matrix strain tensor invariant应变张量不变量应力协调方程equation of stresscompatibility stress boundarycondition应力边界条件应力张量stress tensor stress circulation应力环量应力张量不变量stress tensor invariant stress components应力分量应力主方向principle direction ofstress stress concentration ofholes孔口应力集中应力状态特征方程characteristic equationof stress statestress matrix应力矩阵应用弹性力学applied elasticity stress method应力解法有限元finite element stress method应力法圆柱体扭转torsion of circular bar stress tensor应力张量压力隧道pressure tunnel stress tensor invariant应力张量不变量应力法stress method stress variationalequation 应力变分方程应力主面principle plane of stress summation convention求和约定有限单元法finite element method superposition principle叠加原理折射refraction surface force面力整体等效结点荷载列阵global equivalent nodalload vectorsurface wave表层波整体结点位移列阵global nodaldisplacement vectorsymmetric tensor对称张量整体分析global analysis temperature change变温正应变normal strain theorem of uniquenesssolution解的唯一性定理正应力normal stress thermal elastic strainpotential热弹性应变势正交各向异性弹性体orthotropic elastic body thermal stress热应力置换张量permulation tensor thick plate厚板主应变principal strain thin plate薄板主应力principal stress third order tensor三阶张量主平面principal plane torsion扭转主切应力principal shear stress torsion of circular bar圆柱体扭转转动矢量rotation vector torsional rigidity扭转刚度转动分量rotation components total complementaryenergy总余能自由能密度free energy density total potential energy总势能自由指标free index transverse isotropicelastic body横观各向同性弹性体纵波longitudinal wave transverse wave横波总刚度矩阵global stiffness matrix unit tensor单位张量总势能total potential energy variationalmethod,energy method变分法（能量法）总余能total complementaryenergyvirtual displacement虚位移总体编码global coding virtual displacementequation虚位移方程最小功原理principle of least work virtual strain虚应变最小势能原理principle of minimumpotential energyvirtual stress虚应力最小余能原理principle of minimumcomplementary energyvirtual stress equation虚应力方程坐标曲面coordinate surface virtual work equation虚功方程坐标曲线coordinate curves volumetric strain体积应力整体分析global analysis volumetric strain体应变整体劲度矩阵global stiffness matrix work of external force外力功轴对称axisymmetry Young modulus杨氏模量。
弹性力学专业英语词汇-elasticity环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell[圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利——里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave 简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress应变球张量spherical tensor of strain应力球张量spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field静力容许场statically admissible Field流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特——罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维——米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾——韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯——若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite 泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor强度应力比strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡——吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factorHRR场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分conservation integral有效应力张量effective stress tensor应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge notched specimen, DEN specimen单边缺口试件single edge notched specimen, SEN specimen三点弯曲试件three point bending specimen, TPB specimen中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimen中心裂纹板试件center cracked panel specimen, CCP specimen紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specimen大范围屈服large scale yielding小范围攻屈服small scale yielding韦布尔分布Weibull distribution帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessment, PRA损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold 损伤变量damage variable 损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue 应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue 蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue 疲劳损伤fatigue damage 疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis 工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equal Displacement暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication干涉条纹interference fringe等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity光弹性贴片法photoelastic coating Method光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwich Method动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity应力冻结效应stress freezing effect应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringent Effect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope实时全息干涉法real-time holographic interferometry网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry全息云纹法holographic moire technique全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method云纹干涉法moire interferometry[叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element拉格朗日元Lagrange element拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid 连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d&;am #39;Alembert paradox 雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompre ible fluid质量守恒co ervation of ma动量守恒co ervation of momentum能量守恒co ervation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pre ure 涡量拟能 e trophy压差differential pre ure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pre ure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy tra ort速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow 均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dime ional flow三维流three-dime ional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流u teady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流tra ient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompre ibility不可压缩流[动] incompre ible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface te ion毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散di ersion弥散di ersion附加质量added ma ,a ociated ma 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dime ionle parameter 几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low- eed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high- eed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] su onic flow跨声速流[动] tra onic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderne钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解di ociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compre ible flow可压缩流体compre ible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compre ion wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pre ure超压[强] over pre ure反压back pre ure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor i tability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave eed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ri le消能energy di ipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head lo水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pre ure head过水断面flow cro -section明槽流open cha el flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pre ure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流de ity current, gravity flow 堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性i tability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting proce表观粘度 a arent viscosity运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pre ure drop压差阻力pre ure drag压力能pre ure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction lo磨擦因子friction factor耗散di ipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication 浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer tra ition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickne位移厚度di lacement thickne动量厚度momentum thickne能量厚度energy thickne焓厚度enthalpy thickne注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry。
