英语语言学各章节题目

大学英语语言学练习题(考试必考题)I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only.1. Clear ［1］ and dark [ł] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24)2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32)3. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16)4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)5. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4)6. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18)7. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46)9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70)11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70)12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70)13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70)14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15)16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning. (P70)18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70)19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)21. S yntax_ studies the sentence structure of language. (P70)22. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h omonymy. (P70)23. S peech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. (P70)24. The modern linguistics is d escriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. (P70)25. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p arole contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker. (P70) 26. In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is mediated by c oncept. (P70)27. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b road transcription. (P70)28. In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of r elation and maxim of manner. (P70)29. P ragmatics is the study of language in use. (P70)30. H istorical linguistics studies language change or historical development of language. (P70)II. Directions：Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.( T )1. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( T ) 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( T ) 3. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( T ) 4. In modern linguistic studies, the spoken form of language is given more emphasis than the written form for a number of reasons.( F ) 5. The compound word “reading-room” is the place where a person can read books. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( T ) 6. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( T ) 7. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.( T ) 8. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.( T ) 9. The open-class words include prepositions.( T ) 10. According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.( T ) 11. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.( F ) 12. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (sunrise) ( T ) 13. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( F ) 14. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( F ) 15. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( F ) 16. When we think of a concept, we act ually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( F ) 17. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning！” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( T ) 18. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.( F ) 19. According to N. Chomsky, ”competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.( F ) 20. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.( F ) 21. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.( T ) 22. Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.( F ) 23. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.( T ) 24. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.( T ) 25. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.( F ) 26. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.( F ) 27. Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.( T ) 28. Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.( F ) 29. Pragmatic failure may occur in cross-cultural communication, i.e. between speakers of different cultural backgrounds, but not occur in intra-cultural communication i.e. between speakers of the same cultural background.( T ) 30. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration when necessary.1. diachronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g. the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.2. synchronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare’s time.3. LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.4. contextContext is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.5. blendingA process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. E.g. smog--- smoke + fog.6. referenceReference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.7. broad transcriptionBroad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.8. a minimal pairA pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.9. homonymyHomonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. eg. night / knight; lead v. / lead n.; fast adj. / fast v.10. hyponymyIt refers to meaning inclusiveness, that is, the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. e.g. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.11. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e. it has to be taught and learnt.12. allophonesAllophones are the different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. 13. morphologyMorphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14. dualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called duality.15. pragmaticsIt refers to the study of language in use.16. bound morphemeThe morphemes that do not occur alone.17. arbitrarinessThe forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.18. syntaxSyntax studies the sentence structure of language.IV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? （P86-87）According to Grice, there are four maxims under the cooperative principle:A. The maxim of quantity1) Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange) .2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.B. The maxim of quality1) Do not say what you believe to be false.2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.C. The maxim of relationBe relevant.D. The maxim of manner1) Avoid obscurity of expression.2) Avoid ambiguity.3) Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity) .4) Be orderly.2. How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ? (P79) The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning, and it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.3. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? What do they differ? ( P4-5)1) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2) Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study. Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks what linguist should study is the ideal speaker’s competence, and the task of linguists is to discover and specify the rules of language.3) Two linguists differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.4. What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar? (P5-6)A. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptiveB. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.5. What is the speech act theory advanced by John Austin? (P80-81)Speech act theory is the first major theory in the pragmatic study of language, which was originated with John Austin and aims to answer the question “Wh at do we do when using language”. First, he made a distinction bet ween “constatives”（述事话语）and “performatives”（行事话语）. Later on, he set up another model to explain the way acts were performed by means of language. According to his new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: that is,The locutionary act（言内行为）----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.The illocutionary act（言外行为）----an act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.The perlocutionary act（言后行为）----an act performed by or resulting from saying something.6. Analyze the illocutionary acts of the following seemingly incoherent conversation between a couple:---- (the telephone rings)---- H: That’ the phone. (1)---- W: I’m in the bathroom. (2)---- H: Okay. (3)This seemingly incoherent conversation goes on successfully because the speakers understand each other’s illocutionary acts:(1) Making a request of his wife to go and answer the phone.(2) A refusal to comply with the request; issuing a request of her husband to answer the phone instead.(3) Accepting the wife’s refusal and accepting her request, meaning “all right, I’ll answer it.”7. What are the design features of language? What does each refer to? (P8-10)The most important five are: Arbitrariness; Productivity; Duality; Displacement; Cultural transmission.Each refers to the following respectively: ……………………… (答案略，参见课本P8-10)8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme? (P23-24)A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [ɫ], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.。

I . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of lan guage.2. Lin guistics studies particular lan guage, not lan guages in gen eral.3. A scie ntific study of lan guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks.4. In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on lan guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts.5. Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of lan guage as a whole.6. Gen eral li nguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and me thods applicable in any lin guistic study.7. Pho netics is differe nt from pho no logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful senten ces.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be comb ined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syn tax is differe nt from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces.11. The study of meaning in lan guage is known as sema ntics.12. Both sema ntics and pragmatics study meanin gs.13. Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolati on, but in con text.14. Social cha nges can ofte n bring about lan guage cha nges.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar.18. A diachro nic study of lan guage is the descripti on of lan guage at s ome point in time.19. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n lan guage as primary, not the writte n lan guage.20. The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was propo sed by F. de Saussure.n . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n:21. Chomsky defi nes “ compete nee as the ideal user ' ___________of the rules of his lan guage.22. Lan gue refers to the a ________ lin guistic system shared by allthe members of a speech commu nity while the parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and applicati on of the rules.23. D ________ is one of the desig n features of huma n lan guage which refers to the phe nomenon that lan guage con sists of two levels: alower level of mea nin gless in dividual sounds and a higher level of me anin gful un its.24. Lan guage is a system of a ________ v ocal symbols used for human com muni cati on.25. The discipli ne that studies the rules gover ning the formati on of w ords into permissible senten ces in lan guages is called s ______ .26. Huma n capacity for lan guage has a g ____ basis, but the details of lan guage have to be taught and lear ned.27. P ______ refers to the realizati on of lan gue in actual use.28. Findings in lin guistic studies can ofte n be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applicati ons is gene rally known as a __________ lin guistics.29. Lan guage is p _________ in that it makes possible the con struction and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users .In other words, th ey can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of sentenc es which they have n ever heard before.30. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the s _____ study of lan guage.ID . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt:31. If a lin guistic study describes and an alyzes the lan guage people a ctually use, it is said to be _______ .A. prescriptiveB. an alyticC. descriptiveD. li nguistic32. Which of the follow ing is not a desig n feature of huma n lan guage ?A. Arbitrari nessB. Displaceme ntC. DualityD. Meaningfuln ess33. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n lan guage as ____ .A. primaryB. correctC. sec on daryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______ .A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role tha n writ ing in terms of the amount ofin formati on con veyedC. speech is always the way in which every n ative speaker acquires h ismother ton gueD. All of the above35. A historical study of Ian guage is a ______ study of Ian guage.A. syn chro nicB. diachro nicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) ______ view of Ian guage, while Chomsky lo oks at Ian guage from a ______ point of view.A. sociological …psychologicalB. psychological …sociologicalC. applied …pragmaticD. semantic …linguistic37. Accord ing to F. de Saussure, ______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech com muni ty.A. paroleB. performa neeC. la ngueD. Language38. Lan guage is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne eti on betwee n _____ and meanin gs.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Lan guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the im mediate situati ons of the speaker. This feature is called ______ ,A. displaceme ntB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural tran smissi on40. The details of any lan guage system is passed on from one gener ati on to the n ext through _____ , rather tha n by in st in ct.A. learni ngB. teachi ngC. booksD. both A and BIV . Define the following terms:41. Lin guistics42. Phon ology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholi nguistics46. Language47. Pho netics48. Morphology49. Sema ntics50. Socioli nguistics51. Applied Lin guistics52. Arbitrari ness53. Productivity54. Displaceme nt55. Duality56. Desig n Features57. Compete nee58. Performa nee59. Lan gue60. ParoleSuggested an swers to suppleme ntary exercises:I . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:I. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. FII. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. Fn . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n:21. kno wledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syn tax26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)ID . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DIV . Define the following terms:41. Lin guistics: Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of lan guage.42. Phono logy: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n com muni cati on is called pho no logy.43. Syn tax: The study of how morphemes and words are comb ined t o form senten ces is called syn tax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in con text of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholi nguistics: The study of Ian guage with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholi nguistics.46. Lan guage: Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm uni cati on is called phon etics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arra n ged to form words is called morphology.49. Sema ntics: The study of meaning in lan guage is called sema ntics.50. Socioli nguistics: The study of lan guage with reference to society i s called socioli nguistics.51. Applied lin guistics: In a n arrow sen se, applied lin guistics refers to the applicati on of lin guistic prin ciples and theories to lan guage teach ing and lear ning, especially the teach ing of foreig n and sec ond langu ages. In a broad sen se, it refers to the applicati on of lin guistic finding s to the soluti on of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrari ness: It is one of the desig n features of lan guage. It mea ns that there is no logical conn ecti on betwee n meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-structi on and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users.54. Displaceme nt: Displaceme nt means that lan guage can be used to refer to thi ngs which are prese nt or not prese nt, real or imag ined m atters in the past, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the i mmediate situati ons of the speaker55. Duality: The duality n ature of lan guage means that lan guage is a system, which con sists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of huma n lan guage that dist in guish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on57. Compete nee: Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the ideal user 'n owledge of the rules of his lan guage,58. Performanee: performanee is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in lin guistic com muni cati on.59. la ngue: Lan gue refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com muni ty; Lan gue is the set of conven tions and rules which lan guage users all have to follow; Lan gue is relatively stable, it does not cha nge freque ntly60. Parole: Parole refers to the realizati on of lan gue in actual use; pa role is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and the applicati on of the rules; parole varies from pers on to pers on, and from situati on to situ atio n.。

I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only.1. Clear ［1］and dark [ł] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24)2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32)3. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16)4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)5. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4)6. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18)7. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy”consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46)9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70)11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70)12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70)13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70) 14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15)16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence theinterpretation of meaning. (P70)18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70)19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)21. S yntax_ studies the sentence structure of language. (P70)22. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h omonymy. (P70)23. S peech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. (P70)24. The modern linguistics is d escriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. (P70)25. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p arole contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker. (P70)26. In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is mediated by c oncept. (P70)27. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b road transcription. (P70)28. In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of r elation and maxim of manner. (P70)29. P ragmatics is the study of language in use. (P70)30. H istorical linguistics studies language change or historical development of language. (P70)II. Directions：Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.( T )1. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( T ) 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( T ) 3. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( T ) 4. In modern linguistic studies, the spoken form of language is given more emphasis than the written form for a number of reasons.( F ) 5. The compound word “reading-room” is the place where a person can read books. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( T ) 6. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( T ) 7. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.( T ) 8. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.( T ) 9. The open-class words include prepositions.( T ) 10. According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.( T ) 11. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.( F ) 12. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (sunrise)( T ) 13. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( F ) 14. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( F ) 15. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( F ) 16. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( F ) 17. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning！” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( T ) 18. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.( F ) 19. According to N. Chomsky, ”competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.( F ) 20. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.( F ) 21. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.( T ) 22. Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics. ( F ) 23. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.( T ) 24. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. ( T ) 25. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are st ill many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written. ( F ) 26. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied. ( F ) 27. Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.( T ) 28. Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.( F ) 29. Pragmatic failure may occur in cross-cultural communication, i.e. between speakers of different cultural backgrounds, but not occur in intra-cultural communication i.e. between speakers of the same cultural background.( T ) 30. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration when necessary.1. diachronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics,e.g. the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.2. synchronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare’s time.3. LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.4. contextContext is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.5. blendingA process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. E.g. smog--- smoke + fog.6. referenceReference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.7. broad transcriptionBroad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.8. a minimal pairA pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.9. homonymyHomonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. eg. night / knight; lead v. / lead n.; fast adj. / fast v.10. hyponymyIt refers to meaning inclusiveness, that is, the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. e.g. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.11. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e. it has to be taught and learnt. 12. allophonesAllophones are the different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.13. morphologyMorphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14. dualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called duality.15. pragmaticsIt refers to the study of language in use.16. bound morphemeThe morphemes that do not occur alone.17. arbitrarinessThe forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.18. syntaxSyntax studies the sentence structure of language.IV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? （P86-87）According to Grice, there are four maxims under the cooperative principle:A. The maxim of quantity1) Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange) .2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.B. The maxim of quality1) Do not say what you believe to be false.2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.C. The maxim of relationBe relevant.D. The maxim of manner1) Avoid obscurity of expression.2) Avoid ambiguity.3) Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity) .4) Be orderly.2. How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ?(P79)The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning, and it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.3. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? What do they differ? ( P4-5)1) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2) Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study. Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks what linguist should study is the ideal speaker’s competence, and the task of linguists is to discover and specify the rules of language.3) Two linguists differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.4. What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar? (P5-6)A. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptiveB. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.5. What is the speech act theory advanced by John Austin? (P80-81)Speech act theory is the first major theory in the pragmatic study of language, which was originated with John Austin and aims to answer the question “Wh at do we do when using language”. First, he made a distinction between “constatives”（述事话语）and “performatives”（行事话语）. Later on, he set up another model to explain the way acts were performed by means of language. According to his new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: that is,The locutionary act（言内行为）----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.The illocutionary ac t（言外行为）----an act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.The perlocutionary act（言后行为）----an act performed by or resulting from saying something.6. Analyze the illocutionary acts of the following seemingly incoherent conversation between a couple:---- (the telephone rings)---- H: That’ the phone. (1)---- W: I’m in the bathroom. (2)---- H: Okay. (3)This seemingly incoherent conversation goes on successfully because the speakers understand each other’s illocutionary acts:(1) Making a request of his wife to go and answer the phone.(2) A refusal to comply with the request; issuing a request of her husband to answer the phone instead.(3) Accepting the wife’s refusal and accepting her request, meaning “all right, I’ll answer it.”7. What are the design features of language? What does each refer to? (P8-10)The most important five are: Arbitrariness; Productivity; Duality; Displacement; Cultural transmission.Each refers to the following respectively: ………………………(答案略，参见课本P8-10)8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme? (P23-24)A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent aphoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [ɫ], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.。

英语语言学Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices pletes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study.A.2B.3C.4D.5ANSWER:B2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic Cparative D.historical parative ANSWER:B3.Foreign language learning always contain ( )A language historical process learning B.input and language learningC inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term.A title+ first nameB title+ titleC title aloneD first name+ last name+ titleANSWER:C5.Features of the language in fictions are: ( )A stress and metrical patterningB speech and thought presentationC prose styleD analysis of the textANSWER:BC6. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition? ( )A Language acquisition is a process of habit formationB Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use ANSWER:A7.Words can be identified in terms of ( )A a minimum free formB stabilityC relative uninterruptibilityD variable or notANSWER:ABC8.Which is not the features of language? ( )A arbitrarinessB dualityC creativityD replacementANSWER:D9.Approachers to syntax can be: ( )A the traditional approachB the structural approachC the functional approachD the generative approach ANSWER:ABCD10.Predication analysis is a way to analyze( )meaning.A phonemeB wordC phraseD sentence ANSWER:D11.Lexical change cannot be a result of ( )A phonological changeB semantic changeC analogical changeD orthographic change ANSWER:C12.The words that contain only one morpheme are called ( )A bound morphemesB rootsC free morphemesD affixesANSWER:B13.( ) is the study of language in relation to the mind.A PsycholinguisticsB SociolinguisticsC LinguisticsD SemanticsANSWER:A14.Which belongs to the main branches of linguistics? ( )A phoneticsB metalingyC morphologyD syntaxANSWER:ACD15.Which doesn’t belong to the main branches of linguistics? ( )A phoneticsB morphologyC metalingyD syntaxANSWER:C16.V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of ( )A the velumB the vocal cordsC the glottisD the uvulaANSWER:B17.Sense of “word〞contains: ( )A a physically definable unitB the mon factor underlying a set of formsC an essential former of sentencesD a grammatical unitANSWER:ABD18.Different functional speech varieties known as are expected in, say, a church sermon, adiplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.Aregisters BstylesC dialects D accentsANSWER:A19.Which is not the features of language? ( )A arbitrarinessB dualityC creativityD replacementANSWER:D20.We study psycholinguistics because ( )A to know about psychological reality of linguistic structuresB to help the aphasicsC to produce findings which lead to the modification of theoretical ideasD to make it a new tool for studying psychologyANSWER:ACⅡ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets(2%×10=20%).1.Realations between meanings of words can be synonymy, antonymy or hyponymy.( )ANSWER:T2.Both assimilation and alienation can happen during phonological processes.( ) ANSWER:T3.Phone is a phonological unit.( )ANSWER:F4.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.( )ANSWER:F5.The first pragmatic theory is Conversational Implicature.( )ANSWER:F6.Father of modern linguistics is Swiss F. de Saussure.( )ANSWER:F7.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( )ANSWER:F8.There is merely little difference between data retrieval and information retrieval.( ) ANSWER:F9.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.( )ANSWER:T10. There is no difference between data retrieval and information retrieval.( ) ANSWER:Fnguage refers to the abstract innate system, however, parole refers to the oute orwhat we actually utter/write.( )ANSWER:T12.There are some relations between language and culture, language and society, but they are not deserved to spend a lot of time studying.( )ANSWER:Fnguage acquisition is a hot research topic today, and social, cultural, personal factors are also observed to be affecting.( )ANSWER:T14.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. ( )ANSWER:F15.Realations between meanings of words can be synonymy, antonymy or hyponymy.( )ANSWER:T16.A pound is the bination of two words.( )ANSWER:F17. Both assimilation and alienation can happen during phonological processes.( ) ANSWER:T18.Synchronic describes language by analyzing its development through different period of time, while diachronic describes phenomenon of language of a certain period.( ) ANSWER:Fnguage refers to the abstract innate system, however, parole refers to the oute or what we actually utter/write.( )ANSWER:T20.The meaning of a sentence is always the sum total of the words in that sentence.( ) ANSWER:FⅢ.Directions: Explain the following terms(3%×5=15%).1. displacementANSWER: Displacement，as one of the design features of the human language，refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present，as easily as he does things presently.2.cultural transmissionANSWER: It means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation，but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker.3.categoryANSWER:Category, in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, more specifically, it refers to the defining properties of general units.4.arbitrarinessANSWER: One design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.5.V owl:ANSWER: Are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.6. lexicon:ANSWER: A list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.7. linguisticsANSWER: Linguistics is the scientific study of language, it studies not just one language of any one society，but the language of all human beings.8.wordANSWER: Word is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.Ⅳ.Briefly answer the following questions1.Please list the 4 design features of languageANSWER:①arbitrariness ②duality ③creativity ④displacement2. Why do linguists say language is human specific?ANSWER: First of all，human language has six “design features〞which animal munication systems do not have，at least not in the true sense of them.Secondly，linguists have done a lot trying to teach animals such as chimpanzees to speak a human language but have achieved nothing inspiring.Thirdly，a human child reared among animals cannot speak a human language，not even when he is taken back and taught to lo to so.3.What does phonology study？What is the difference between phonetics and phonology？ANSWER: Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, andsequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.Phonetics is the study of sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas Phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.4.List the seven functions of human languages.ANSWER: ①Informative function ②Interpersonal function ③Performative function ④Metalingual function ⑤Phatic munion function ⑥Recreational function⑦Emotive functionⅤ.Translation1.In linguistics, it refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are bined to form sentences in a language ,or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ANSWER:在语言学上,它是指在一种语言中,对指导文字组合进而形成句子规如此的研究,或简言之,是对句子构成的研究.2 puter is an electronic machine that can be used to manipulate data according to a series of instruction stored in its memory and which can perform plex tasks in a very short time.ANSWER:计算机是一种电子机器，它可以根据存放在内存里的一系列程序操控数据，并可以在非常短的时间内完成复杂的任务。

英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、elaborationB、simplificationC、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua francaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. ( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains. ( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FV oicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generallyused in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) V owel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle. 4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案通过整理的英语语言学试卷精粹及答案相关文档，渴望对大家有所扶植，感谢观看！有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct“ linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme “vision“ in the common word “television“ is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator主从连词5、“Can I borrow your bike?“ ___ “You have a bike.“ A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化. A、elaboration B、simplification精简C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca通用语B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and cerebral cortex C、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and neurons D、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and Exner＇s area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition 其次部分非选择题II. Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines “competence“ as the ideal user＇s k of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something＇s being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he＇s), Black English can d the form of “be“. 19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition. 20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference,overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) ()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons. ()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. ()23、The compound word “bookstore“ is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. ()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. ()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise. ()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains. ()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers＇perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life. ()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%) 31、duality 32、diachronic linguistics 33、broad transcription 34、morphological rules 35、phrase structure rule 36、relational opposites 37、componential analysis 38、context 39、euphemism 40、brain lateralization V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%) 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

《英语语言学概论》配套习题（五）（问答题）答案Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguistics1.What are design features of language?Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of anima communication.2.What are the characteristics of human language?The characteristics of human language include arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, discreteness, transferability and linearity.3・Explain the characteristic of arbitrariness・What are the relationship between arbitrariness and convention?Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation.4.What does productivity mean for language?It means language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. It refers to the property that language enables language users to produce or understand an indefinite number of sentences including novel sentences by use of finite set of rules.5・ What functions does language have?Language has at least seven funcitons: informative, interpersonal, performative, emotive, phatic, recreational and metalingual.6・ Explain the metalingual function of language・The metalingual function of language refers to the fact that language can be used to talk about itself.7・ What is the difference between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics?Synchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.8・ What distinguishes prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies of language?The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.Chapter 2 Phonology1・ What does phonetics concern?Phonetis is the scientific study of speech sounds of human beings. Phonetics can be suv-classified into articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics. 2・ How do the three branches of phonetics contribute to the study of speech sounds?Articualtory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speeech. Auditory phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.3・ How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. By contrast, a vowel is produced without such obstruction so no turbulance or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.4.In which two ways may consonants be classified?The categories of consonants are established on two important factors, which are termed as manners of articulation and places of articulation.5.How do phoneticians classify vowels?The di scription of vowels includes four aspects: the height of tongue raising(high, mid, low); the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back); the length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs. lax or long vs. short) and lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded).6.T0 what extent does phonology differ from phonetics?Phonology is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way wounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. Phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds while phonology studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning. 7.What do minimal pair refer? Give an example to illustrate・Certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word, whereas other sounds do not. For instance, the word big can be described in a phonetic transcription [big]. If [g] is replaced by [t], there is another word: bit.[g] and [t] are called minimal pairs. Therefore, when sound substitutions cause differences of meaning, these sounds are minimal pairs.8.What kind of phenomenon is complementary distribution?When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution. For example, the aspirated English stops never occur after [s], and the unaspirated ones never occur initially. Sounds in complementary distribution may be assigned to the same phoneme. The allophones of [1], for instance, are also in complementary distribution. The clear[l] occur only before a vowel, the dark [1] occur after a consonant or at the end of a word.Chapter 3 Morphology1・ What is a free morpheme? What is a bound morpheme?Morpheme may be classified into free and bound. A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning, it can exist on its own without a bound morpheme.A free morpheme is a word, in the traditional sense. Man, book, take and red are free morphemes.A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance. It must appear with at least one other morphem, free or bound, like un- in unhappy, past tensemorpheme in worked.2・ What is the difference between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is added. The inflecitonal affixes today are the plural marker, the genetive case, the verbal endings, the comparative degrees and superlative degrees. Inflectional affixes have only their particualr grammatical meanings, so they are also called grammatical meanings, so they are also called grammatical affixes.A derivational affix serves to derive a new word when it is added to another morpheme. Derivational affix has lexical meaning, but less important than the meaning of the root in the same word, like -able in the word workable. Derivaitonal affixes are commonly subdivided into prefixes and suffixes.3・ What is compounding?Compounding or composition is a word-formation process by joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. Compounds can be divided into three categories according to parts of the speech: (1) noun compounds (like hearbeat);(2)adjective compounds (like dutyfree); (3) verb compounds (like housekeep).4.What are the criteria of a compound word?(1)Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: solid (like airmail).hyphenated (like air-conditioning) and open (like air raid).(2)Phonologically, many compounds have a so-called compound accent, that is, asingle stress on the first element, as in "space rocket; or a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element.(3)Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be relatedto, but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts.5.What is acronymy?Acronymy is a type of shortening by using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase・ If the shortened word is pronounced letter by letter, it is an initialism like BBC; if the shortened word is pronounced as word rather than as a sequence of letters, it is an acronym like SAM(for surface-to-air missile).6.What is blending?Blending is a preocess of word・forniation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news+ broadcast), brunch (breakfast +lunch).7.Decide which way of word formation is used to form the following words.Comsat (from communications + satellite, by blending)Motel (from motor + hotel, by blending)Lase (from laser, by back-formation)Memo (from memorandom, by back clipping)Nightmare (from daymare, by analogy)ASEAN(from the Association for South-East Asian Nations, by acronymy)ROM(from read-only memory, by initialism)Bit(from binary + digit, by blending))Babysit(from babysitter, by back・fonnatioii)cock-a・doodle・do(from the sound produced by cock, by onomatopoeia))grunt (from the sound produced by pig, by onomatopoeia)8・ What are closed-class words and open-class words?A word that belongs to the closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Therefore, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc., are all closed items.The open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited.With the emergence of new ideas, inventions, etc., new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class items.Chapter4 Syntax1.What is syntax?Syntax is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Specifically, It is the study of the rules governing the ways in which words, word groups and phrases are joined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between sentential elements.2.What is a simple, compound, or complex sentence?A simple sentence is made up of one independent clause with dependent clause attached. It consists of at least one subject and one predicate. Either the subject or the complement may be compound (consisting of more than one element joined with a coordinating conjunction), and modifiers and phrases may be added as well.A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses, but no dependent clauses. The clauses are joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, a comma and a correlative conjunction, or a semicolon with no conjunction.A complex sentence uses one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.For example, the following five sentences are simple, compound, complex, compound, and complex sentence respectively.(1)He and I understood.(2)Lucy watches football on television, but she never goes to a game.(3)You can borrow my pen if you need one.(4)Paul likes football and David likes chess.(5)We had to go inside when it started raining.3.What is the hierarchical structure?The hierarchical structure is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.4.Howto distinguish immediate constituents from ultimate constituents?An immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constituent a construction. Immediate constituents are often further reducible.An ultimate constituent is one of the grammatically irreducible units that constitutea construction.For example, the immediate constituents of the sentence You eat bananas are you and eat bananas; the ultimate constituents of the sentence are you. eat. banana, and —s.5.What are subordinate and coordinate constructions?Subordinate and coordinate constructions are two subtypes of endocentric constructions. Those in which there is only one head, with the head being dominant and the other constituent dependent, are subordinate constructions. For example, the short expression Lovely Lucy is a subordinate construction with Lucy as its head. While coordinate constructions have more than one head. For example, boys and girls, coffee or tea, the city Rome, are coordinate constructions, in which, both the two content constituents, boys and girls, coffee and tea, the city and Rome, are capable of serving as the head. They are of equal syntactic status, and no one is dependent on the other.6・ What are deep and surface structures?Deep structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence一an underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.Surface structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to deep structure. It is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.7. Can you describe the syntactic structure of the sentence “The old tree swayed in the wind” by using a tree diagram?8・ How to reveal the differences in sentential meaning in the sentence “The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon” by drawing tree diagrams?The sentence is an ambiguous sentence, which can be interpreted in two different ways, so it could assigned two tree diagram, as would be shown below: Tree Diagram (1):the wind The old tree swayed in NPDetTree Diagram (2):Chapter 5 Semantics1. What is a semantic field? Can you illustrate it?It is an organizational principle that the lexicon and groups of words in the lexicon can be semantically related, rather than a listing of words as in a published dictionary. On a very general and intuitive level, we can say that the words in a semantic field, though not synonymous, are all used to talk about the same general phenomenon, and there is a meaning inclusion relation between the items in the field and the field category itself. Classical examples of semantic fields include color terms (red, green, blue, yellow), kinship terms (mother, father, sister, brother), and cooking terms (boil, fry, broil, steam) as semantic fields.2・ What are the major types of synonyms in English?They are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantic synonyms. Examples are as follows:fond of, keen on (collocational)autumn, fall (dialectal)dad, father (stylistic)thrifty, miserly, economical (emotive) escape, flee (semantic)3・ In what way do the following pairs offer contrast?earth l.our planet. 2. the soil on the surface of our planet.bank l.a financial institution. 2. side of a river, bear 1. a wild animal, bare:naked.bow a. an inclination of the head or body, as in greeting, consent, courtesy, acknowledgement, submission, or veneration.(e) lead a. go in front of a group of people. 2. a soft heavy easily melted grayish-blue metal(f) found: 1. of find. 2. establish or set upThe five entities show different semantic relations of words.(a) is an example of polysemy, and it is different from the next which fall into the category of homography. (b) is an example of perfect homonymy, while “beaf and “bare" in (c) are homophones, those in (d) are homographs, and the words in (e) are homophones. \JZ \)z \)z abed z(\ /(\ /k z(\Swill arrive soonAux VPPolysemy and homonymy both deal with multiple senses of the same phonological word, but polysemy is invoked if the senses are judged to be related. Homonymous senses, however, are unrelated. Homonymy can be classified into partial homonymy and perfect homonymy. Words falling under the category of partial homonymy can be homophones or homographs. Perfect homonymy is exemplified by the words which are identical in sound and spelling or both in sound-form and part of speech.4. Categorize the following pairs: child・kid，alive-dead, big-small, husband-wife・Child-kid can be categorized under synonymy, alive-dead complementary antonymy, old-young gradable antonymy, and husband-wife converse antonymy.5・What is hyponymy composed of? Illustrate whether there is always a superordinate to hyponyms, or hyponyms to a superordinate・Hyponymy is composed of a superordinate and hyponyms; the hyponyms under the same superordinate are co-hyponyms. there is not always a superordinate to hyponyms, or hyponyms to a superordinate. Sometimes a superordinate may be a superordiante to itself. For example, the word "animal" may only include beasts like “tigef, “lion", "elephant”，"cow”，“horse" and is a co-hyponym of “hum arT. But it is also the superordinate to both “human" and "animal" in contrast to “bircT,"行sh", and “insect”，when it is used in the sense of "mammal". It can further be the superordinate to “bird'',"行sh", "insect”，and "mammal" in contrast to “pbnt". From the hyponym's point of view, “animal" is a hyponym of itself, and may be called autohyponym.6・ How is meronymy different from hyponymy?Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items. We can identify this relationship by using sentence frames like "X is part of or 66Y has as in "A page is part of a book", or book has pages". While hyponymy has to do with inclusiveness, we cannot do the same with hyponymy. For example, bird is the superordinate to crow, hawk, duck, and se cannot say that bird has crows, or hawks'：and so on.Meronymy also differs from hyponymy in transitivity. Hyponymy is always transitive, for example bird is the superordinate to hawk, hawk is the superordinate to sparrowhawk, and thus bird is the superordinate to sparrowhawk. But meronymy may or may not be so. A transitive example is: nail is a meronym of finger, md finger of hand. We can see that nail is a meronym of finger, and finger of hand. We can see that nail is a meronym of hand. A non-transitive example is: pane is a meronym of window, and window of room; but pane is not a meronym of room.7. Why may a sentence be ambiguous?The ambiguity of a sentence may arise from lexical ambiguity or structural ambiguity. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or homonymy which can not be determined by the context. For example,(a)The table is fascinating.(b)She couldn't bear children.Table in (a) is an example of polysemy. It can be a piece of furniture, or the stated kind or quality of food served at a meal here. The ambiguity of (b) lies in the two meanings of the homonym bear一endure or produce children.The following sentence is an example of structural ambiguity.(c)The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon.8・ What predication analysis? What is a no-place, one-place，two-place, or three-place predicate? Give examples・Predication analysis is a new approach for sentential meaning analysis which is to break down the sentence into their smaller constituents: argument and predicate. The predicate is the major or pivotal element governing the argument. The argument is the logical participant.A no-place predicate is a predicate which governs no argument; a one-place predicate, one argument; a two-place predicate, two arguments; and a three-place predicate, three arguments. Respective examples are:(a)It is snowing. (SNOW)(b)Baby is sleeping. SLEEP(JOHN, MARY)(c)John loves Mary. LOVE(JOHN, MARY)(d)John gave Mary a book. GIVE(JOHN, MARY, BOOK)Chapter 6 Pragmatics1・ What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. It is a comparatively new branch of study in the area of linguistics; its development and establishment in the 1960s an dl970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. Generally it deals with how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. The scope of pragmatic study includes “speech act theory'', “context", '"conversational implicature,\ presupposition, etc.The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in context and traditionally semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use. It may be said that pragmatics studies the meaning that is not accounted by semantics. It can also be expressed in the formula: pragmatics=meaning-semantics. G. Leech, in his principles of pragmatics holds that: Semantics answers the question: What does X mean? Pragmatics answer the question: What did you mean by X?2・ How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ?Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; the former is concrete and context-dependent and the latter is abstract and decontextualized.3・ What is contextual meaning?It is the meaning a linguistic item has in context, for example the meaning a word has within a particular sentence, or a sentence has in a particular paragraph. The question Do you know the meaning of wo厂？For example, may have two different contextual meanings:i.it may mean Do you know the meaning of the word war? , when said by alanguage teacher to a class of students.ii.It may mean war produces death, injury, and suffering, when said by an injured soldier to a politician who favors war.4.Explain the meanings of locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionaryact through examples.A distinction is made by Austin in the theory of Speech Acts between three different types of act involved in or caused by the utterance of a sentence.A locutional act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood. For example, saying the sentence Shoot the snake is a locutionary act is hearers understand the words shoot, the. snake and can identify the particular snake referred to.5.What is cooperative principle(CP)?The "'cooperative principle", proposed and formulated by P Grice, a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible to carry on the talk. The principle has the four following maxims:Quantityi.Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the currentpurposes of the exchange).ii.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. QualityTry to make your contribution one that is true.(1)Do not say what you believe to false.(2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.RelationBe relevant.MannerBe perspicuous.(1)Avoid obscurity of expression.(2)Avoid ambiguity.(3)Be brief.(4)Be orderly.6・ What is conversational implicature?It is an additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle, e.g. if someone says "The President is a mouse", something that is literally false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being said.7. How does the violation of the maxims of CP give rise to conversationalimplicature?There are circumstances where speakers may not follow the maxims of the cooperative principle. For example, in conversation, a speaker may violate the maxim expectations by using an expression like "No comment^^ in response to a question. Although it is typically not "as informative as is required?, in the context, it is naturally interpreted as communicating more than is said (i.e. the speaker knows the answer). This typical reaction (i.e. there must be something “special" here) of listeners to any apparent violation of the maxims is actually the key to the notion of conversational implicature.When we violate any of these maxims, our language becomes indirect. In this way, we can convey more than is literally said.8.What is adjacency pair?It refers to a sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, e.g. question-answer.Chapter 8 Language and Society1. What is sociolinguistics?Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.2・ What is speech community?It is a group of people who form a community, e.g. a village, a region, a nation, and who have at least one speech variety in common as well as similar linguistic norms.In bilingual and multilingual communities, people would usually have more than one speech variety in commons.3.What is dialect?It is a variety of a language, spoken in one part of a country, or by people belonging to a particular social class, which is different in some words, grammar, an/or pronunciation from other forms of the same language.4.What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?It is a belief that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the one hand, language may determine out thinking patterns; one the other hand, similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. As this hypothesis was strongly put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, it has often been called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.5.What is speech variety?It is a term sometimes used instead of language, dialect, sociolect, pidgin, creole, etc. because it is considered more neutral than such terms. It may also be used for different varieties of one language, e.g. American English, Australian English, Indian English.6.What is standard language?It is also called standard variety. It is the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.7.What is pidgin?It is a language which develops as a contact language when groups of people who speak different languages try to communicate with one another on a regular basis. For example, this might occur where foreign traders have to communicate with the local population or groups of workers from different language backgrounds on plantations or in factories. A pidgin usually has a limited vocabulary and a reduced grammaticalstructure which may expand when a pidgin is used over a long period and for many purposes.8.What is bilingualism?It is the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by a group of speakers.A bilingual is a person who knows and uses two languages.9.What is multilingualism?It refers to the use of three or more languages by an individual or by a group of speakers such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. Multilingualism is common in, for example, some countries of west Africa, Malaysia, Singapore, and Israel.Chapter 10-11 Language Acquisition1.What is psycholinguistics?It is the study of language in relation to the mind, with focus on the processes of language comprehension, production and acquisition. It takes upon itself the job of exploring the biological basis of human language, critical periods for child language acquisition, and the relationship between the language and thought.2.What is bottom-up processing and what is top-down processing?We may define bottom-up processing as that which proceeds from the lowest level to the highest level of processing in such a way that all of levels. That is, the identification operate without influence from the higher levels. That is, the identification of phonemes is not affected by the lexical, syntactic, or discourse levels; the retrieval of words is not affected by syntactic or discourse levels; and so on.A top-down processing model, in contrast, states that information at the higher levels may influence processing at the lower levels. For instance, a sentence context may affect the identification of words within that sentence.3.What are the six major types of speech error? Give examples of each・Six major types of speech error are:i.Exchange errors: hissed all my mystery lectures (missed all my historylectures)ii.Anticipation errors: a leading list (reading list)iii.Perseveration errors: a phonological fool (phonological rule)iv.Blends: moinly(mostly, mainly), impostinatiorfimposteE impersonator)v.Shifts: Mermaid_moves (mermaids move) their legs togethervi.Substitutions: sympathy for symphony (form), finger for toe (meaning) 4.What is the critical period for language acquisition?Language development takes place during a very specific maturational stage of human development. Sometime during the second year of life (at roughly anywhere from 12 to 18 months), children begin uttering their first words. During the following 4 to 5 years, linguistic development occurs quite rapidly. By the time children enter school, they have mastered the major structural features of their language. Refinements of the major features continue to appear, and the ability to learn language (one's native language or foreign languages) continues to be strong until the onset of puberty. At this point, for reasons that are not fully understood, the '"knack for languages95 begins to decline, to a。

I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only.1. Clear ［1］and dark [ł] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be inc omplementary distribution. (P24)2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32)3. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16)4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)5. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4)6. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18)7. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46)9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70)11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70)12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70)13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70)14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15)16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning. (P70)18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70)19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)21. S yntax_ studies the sentence structure of language. (P70)22. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h omonymy. (P70)23. S peech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. (P70)24. The modern linguistics is d escriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. (P70)25. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p arole contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker. (P70)26. In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is mediated by c oncept. (P70)27. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b road transcription. (P70)28. In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of r elation and maxim of manner. (P70)29. P ragmatics is the study of language in use. (P70)30. H istorical linguistics studies language change or historical development of language. (P70)II. Directions：Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.( T )1. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( T ) 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( T ) 3. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors. ( T ) 4. In modern linguistic studies, the spoken form of language is given more emphasis than the written form for a number of reasons.( F ) 5. The compound word “reading-room” is the place where a person can read books. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of themeanings of its components.( T ) 6. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( T ) 7. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.( T ) 8. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.( T ) 9. The open-class words include prepositions.( T ) 10. According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.( T ) 11. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. ( F ) 12. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (sunrise)( T ) 13. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( F ) 14. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( F ) 15. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( F ) 16. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( F ) 17. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning！” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( T ) 18. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.( F ) 19. According to N. Chomsky, ”competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.( F ) 20. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.( F ) 21. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed. ( T ) 22. Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.( F ) 23. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.( T ) 24. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.( T ) 25. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are s till many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.( F ) 26. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.( F ) 27. Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.( T ) 28. Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under theguidance of the CP and its maxims.( F ) 29. Pragmatic failure may occur in cross-cultural communication, i.e. between speakers of different cultural backgrounds, but not occur in intra-cultural communication i.e. between speakers of the same cultural background.( T ) 30. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration when necessary.1. diachronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g. the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.2. synchronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare’s time.3. LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 4. contextContext is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.5. blendingA process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. E.g. smog---smoke + fog.6. referenceReference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.7. broad transcriptionBroad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.8. a minimal pairA pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.9. homonymyHomonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. eg. night / knight; lead v. / lead n.; fast adj. / fast v.10. hyponymyIt refers to meaning inclusiveness, that is, the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. e.g. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.11. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e. it has to be taught and learnt.12. allophonesAllophones are the different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.13. morphologyMorphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14. dualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called duality.15. pragmaticsIt refers to the study of language in use.16. bound morphemeThe morphemes that do not occur alone.17. arbitrarinessThe forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.18. syntaxSyntax studies the sentence structure of language.IV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? （P86-87）According to Grice, there are four maxims under the cooperative principle:A. The maxim of quantity1) Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange) .2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.B. The maxim of quality1) Do not say what you believe to be false.2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.C. The maxim of relationBe relevant.D. The maxim of manner1) Avoid obscurity of expression.2) Avoid ambiguity.3) Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity) .4) Be orderly.2. How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ? (P79)The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning, and it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.3. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance? What do they differ? ( P4-5) 1) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2) Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study. Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks what linguist should study is the ideal speaker’s competence, and the task of linguists is to discover and specify the rules of language.3) Two linguists differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.4. What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar? (P5-6)A. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptiveB. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.5. What is the speech act theory advanced by John Austin? (P80-81)Speech act theory is the first major theory in the pragmatic study of language, which was originated with John Austin and aims to answer the q uestion “What dowe do when using language”. First, he made a distinction between “constatives”（述事话语）and “performatives”（行事话语）. Later on, he set up another model to explain the way acts were performed by means of language. According to his new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: that is,The locutionary act（言行为）----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.The illocutionary ac t（言外行为）----an act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.The perlocutionary act（言后行为）----an act performed by or resulting from saying something.6. Analyze the illocutionary acts of the following seemingly incoherent conversation between a couple:---- (the telephone rings)---- H: That’ the phone. (1)---- W: I’m in the bathroom. (2)---- H: Okay. (3)This seemingly incoherent conversation goes on successfully because the speakers understand each other’s illocutionary acts:(1) Making a request of his wife to go and answer the phone.(2) A refusal to comply with the request; issuing a request of her husband to answer the phone instead.(3) Accepting the wife’s refusal and accepting her request, meaning “all right, I’ll answer it.”7. What are the design features of language? What does each refer to? (P8-10) The most important five are: Arbitrariness; Productivity; Duality; Displacement; Cultural transmission.Each refers to the following respectively: ………………………(答案略，参见课本P8-10)8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme? (P23-24)A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [ɫ], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.。

最新英语语言学试题及答案1. Which of the following words has a voiceless consonant at the end?A. bagB. dogC. cupD. bee答案：A。

解析：选项 A 中“bag”末尾的“g”发音为清辅音；选项 B 中“dog”末尾的“g”发音为浊辅音；选项 C 中“cup”末尾的“p”发音为清辅音，但不是在词尾发音；选项 D 中“bee”末尾没有辅音。

2. In the word “ship”, the sound /ʃ/ is a .A. fricative consonantB. plosive consonantC. nasal consonantD. approximant consonant答案：A。

解析：/ʃ/是摩擦音；选项 B 爆破音不符合；选项 C 鼻音不符合；选项D 近音不符合。

3. Which sound is a vowel?A. /p/B. /t/C. /i:/D. /k/答案：C。

解析：选项A、B、D 都是辅音，只有选项 C 是元音。

4. The word “father” has a vowel.A. frontB. backC. centralD. diphthong答案：B。

解析：“father”中的元音是后元音；选项 A 前元音不符合；选项 C 中元音不符合；选项 D 双元音不符合。

5. Which of the following words has a long vowel?A. sitB. hitC. feetD. cat答案：C。

解析：选项C“feet”中有长元音/i:/；选项A、B、D 中的元音都是短元音。

6. The sound /θ/ is called .A. voiced dental fricativeB. voiceless dental fricativeC. voiced alveolar fricativeD. voiceless alveolar fricative答案：B。

读书破万卷下笔如有神《英语语言学》练习题1．第20题Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme(屈折语素)?A. teethB. speakingC. takenD. chaos答案: D2．第21题Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice's brother is in UK. ”and “Alice has a brother. ”?A. The former is synonymous with the latter.B. The former is inconsistent with the latter.C. The former entails the latter.D. The former presupposes the latter.答案: D3．第22题Which of the following is a representative?A. You'd better go to see a doctor.B. I promise to buy you something when I come back.C. I now declare the meeting close.D. I have never seen the man before.答案: D4．第23题Which of the following is a commissive?A. I'm really sorry to hear that.B. I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail.C. You'd better go and see her.D. I now declare the meeting open.答案: B5．第24题How many arguments are there in “I'm not feeling very well”?A. noB. oneC. threeD. five答案: B读书破万卷下笔如有神6．第25题‘I like both Chinese and western food' is a ___-place predication.A. noB. oneC. twoD. three答案: C7．第26题The design features of human language include the following features EXCEPT____.A. duality of structureB. genetic featureC. arbitrarinessD. displacement答案: B8．第27题Which of the following underlined parts is a free morpheme?A. understandableB. eastwardC. otherwiseD. without答案: D9．第28题The Great Wall belongs to ____ culture.A. materialB. spiritualC. folkD. none of the above答案: A10．第29题The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A. [p, b, n]B. [p, b, m]C. [t, d, n]D. [t, d, m]答案: B11．第30题Instances of mother tongue interference can be found at the level of ____.A. pronunciationB. syntax读书破万卷下笔如有神C. vocabularyD. all of the above答案: D12．第31题Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization(过度法则化)?A. eyesB. earsC. sheepD. foots答案: D13．第62题How many morphemes are there in the word “disorderly”?A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. Five答案: B14．第63题Which of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme (派生语素)?A. largerB. dataC. traineeD. Kate's答案: C15．第64题Which of the following word does NOT belong to the open classes (开放类)?A. hateB. ableC. theD. rapidly答案: C16．第65题“Why don't you ask Mary for help?”is an instance of ____.A. representativesB. expressivesC. directivesD. commissives答案: C读书破万卷下笔如有神17．第66题Which of the following is a directive?A. Your money or your life!B. You are fired!C. The earth is round.D. Thank you very much.答案: A18．第67题Which of the following underlined parts is the complement (补语) of the phrase?A. a book on biologyB. play basketballC. a rainy dayD. dance happily答案: B19．第68题Which of the following best describes the relations between “The police stopped the minors from drinking”and “The minors were drinking”?A. The former is synonymous with the latter.B. The former is inconsistent with the latter.C. The former entails the latter.D. The former presupposes the latter.答案: D20．第69题‘She sings very well' is a ___-place predication.A. noB. oneC. twoD. three答案: B21．第70题Language acquisition refers to the child's acquisition of his ____.A. first languageB. second languageC. foreign languageD. target language答案: A22．第71题If the child calls all men “Daddy”, then we may say the child has ____ the meaning of the word . “Daddy”读书破万卷下笔如有神A. overgeneralizedB. overextendedC. overusedD. overstressed答案: B23．第72题Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization?A. Jane told me to give up smoking.B. Jane asked me to give up smoking.C. Jane advised me to give up smoking.D. Jane suggested me to give up smoking.答案: D24．第73题Which side(s) of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A. both left and rightB. leftC. rightD. sometimes left, sometimes right答案: C25．第32题N. Chomsky is an American linguist.答案: 正确26．第33题Details of language system are genetically transmitted.答案: 错误27．第34题[k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds (舌根音).答案: 错误28．第35题The word ‘boy' is a free morpheme.答案: 正确29．第36题The word ‘unsad' is acceptable in English.答案: 错误30．第37题The expression 'It' s me' is Not acceptable in English.读书破万卷下笔如有神答案: 错误31．第38题The term 'diglossia' (双言制)was first used by Ferguson in 1959.答案: 正确32．第39题A typical example of a bilingual community is an ethnic ghetto where most of the inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants.答案: 正确33．第40题The word 'quake' is the result of back-formation (逆构词法).答案: 错误34．第41题The use of the expressions 'to update', 'to host' and 'to check up' indicates the influence of American English.答案: 正确35．第42题The deletion of the link verb 'be' as in 'You crazy' is typical of the syntax of Black English.答案: 正确36．第43题A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in 'desk' [des].答案: 正确37．第44题Received Pronunciation in British English is a dialect of London that is representative of standard English.答案: 错误38．第45题The word 'dog' often conjures up different images in the US and Hong Kong.答案: 正确39．第46题People in the West End in London speak differently from the East Enders.答案: 正确40．第47题It is proper in English to say 'no, no' in response to such a praise as ' You' ve made good progress. ' 读书破万卷下笔如有神to show one' s modesty.答案: 错误41．第48题You can never ask an English native the question of his name or age.答案: 错误42．第49题In English, the word 'blue' is associated with unhappy feelings.答案: 正确43．第50题If you were a Cantonese and talked to a person from Shanghai, then you were having intercultural communication.答案: 错误44．第51题The behaviourist view of LA was not prevalent until the 1960s.答案: 错误45．第52题The sounds [z] and [∫] are among the consonants that are supposed to be acquired with most difficulty by a child.答案: 正确46．第53题If a child calls every man ' Daddy' , then he is over-extending the meaning of the word ' Daddy' . 答案: 正确47．第54题A target language is always a foreign language.答案: 错误48．第55题The human brain is divided into two sections, the brain stem and the cerebrum.答案: 正确49．第56题If you scratch your nose with your left hand, it is the right hemisphere that has controlled the actions.答案: 正确50．第57题The test where subjects are played two different words or sounds twice, one into each ear, is called 读书破万卷下笔如有神dichotic listening (双听技术).答案: 正确51．第58题Broca' s aphasics (失语症) show that a patient who cannot pronounce the word spoon will also not be able to write it correctly.答案: 正确52．第59题Errors people make in spontaneous speech often involve a phonological feature such as voicing. For example, people sometimes say 'pig' instead of 'pick' .答案: 正确53．第60题'The shooting of the man' is ambiguous.答案: 正确54．第74题Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence.答案: 错误55．第75题Displacement of language means language use in a far-away place.答案: 错误56．第76题‘Teach-in' is a compound word.答案: 正确57．第77题The –s in ‘works' of ‘He works hard.' is a bound morpheme (粘着语素).答案: 正确58．第78题The prefix a- in ‘asexual' means ‘without'.答案: 正确59．第79题Hyponymy (上下义关系) is a relation of exclusion of meaning.答案: 错误60．第80题The words ‘lead'(领导) and ‘lead'(铅球) are homographs (同形异义词).正确: 答案．读书破万卷下笔如有神61．第81题The words ‘buy' and ‘purchase' are dialectal synonyms.答案: 错误62．第82题Pragmatics (语用学) is a linguistic branch that developed in the 1890s.答案: 错误63．第83题Course in General Linguistics was published in 1889.答案: 错误64．第84题Context refers to the relation between lines or paragraphs of a text.答案: 错误65．第85题If I said to you, 'It' s very stuffy here.' , then my illocutionary act(行事行为) may be asking you to switch on the air-conditioner.答案: 正确66．第86题If Smith said to you in a supermarket, 'I am thirsty now, but I have no money with me' , then his perlocutionary act (取效行为) is your buying him a coca-cola.答案: 正确67．第87题According to Austin, 'I bet you sixpence it will be fine this evening.' is a performative (施为句). 答案: 正确68．第88题'We have never met before.' is a representative.答案: 正确69．第89题'I will return the book to you soon.' is an expressive.答案: 错误70．第90题'I love thee not.' before the 16th century, has now become 'I do not love you.' This means the change in negation rule.答案: 正确读书破万卷下笔如有神71．第91题The word 'fridge' is a loan word.答案: 错误72．第92题The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system 答案: 正确73．第93题Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.答案: 错误74．第94题General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.答案: 错误75．第95题General linguistics does not study theories of language.答案: 错误76．第96题Phonology (音系学) studies how a sound is produced.答案: 错误77．第97题Syntax (句法) is the study of the rules of words.答案: 错误78．第98题Semantics (语义学) is the study of word meaning.答案: 错误79．第99题Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.答案: 错误80．第100题Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.答案: 错误81. 第101题F. de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.答案: 正确读书破万卷下笔如有神82．第102题Performance is the focus of Chomsky's linguistic study.答案: 错误83．第103题Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely.答案: 错误84．第104题Phonetic similarity, not phonetic identity, is the criterion with which we operate in the phonological analysis of languages.答案: 正确85．第105题Linguistics is the systematic study of language.答案: 正确86．第106题Morphology (形态学)is the study of sentences.答案: 错误87．第107题Diachronic linguistics (历时语言学) is also called historical linguistics.答案: 正确88．第108题The word 'videophone' is an acronym (首字母缩略词).答案: 错误89．第109题UNESCO is a blend (混合词).答案: 错误90．第1题Instrumental motivation答案:Instrumental motivation occurs when people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, etc.91．第2题Deletion rule (删除规则): 答案．读书破万卷下笔如有神The deletion rule is a phonological rule that tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, [g] deletion occurs before a final nasal consonant, as in ‘signature'.92．第3题Matrix clause (主句从句)答案:Matrix clause is a construction in which the complement phrase is embedded, as shown below: She reads books that are interesting.93. 第4题Subcategorization (子范畴)答案:Subcategorization is the information about a word's complement that is included in the head, as in: a story about the student.94．第5题Aphasia (失语症)答案:Aphasia refers to the partial or total loss of language due to brain damage.95．第6题Utterance meaning (语句意义)答案:Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or in a context.96．第61题Linguistic relativity (语言相对主义)答案:Linguistic relativity refers to the fact that different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, and they think and speak differently.97．第110题Denotative meaning (外延意义)答案:Denotative meaning is the meaning that can be found in a dictionary.读书破万卷下笔如有神98．第111题Perlocutionary act (取效行为)答案:Perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something, the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.99．第112题Blending答案:Blending refers to the formation of a word by combining parts of other words, e. g. smog—smoke + fog; motel—motor + hotel.100．第113题Minimal pair (最小对比对)答案:A minimal pair is such a pair of different forms as identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings (as ‘pill' and ‘till').101．第114题Functional words (功能词)答案:Functional words are grammatical words such as the article ‘the' in English, which do not express the content of objects in the world.102．第115题Productive morphological rules答案:Productive morphological rules refer to the morphological rules (such as the ‘un- + Adj. =not +Adj.' rule) that can be used quite freely to form new words.103．第116题Productivity (多产性)答案:Productivity refers to the fact that language makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users, which is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. This feature is unique to human language.题117．第104．读书破万卷下笔如有神Syntax答案:Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.105．第118题Coordination (并列)答案:Coordination refers to the phenomenon of forming phrases by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as ‘and' or ‘or'.106．第119题Top-down processing答案:Top-down processing refers to the spontaneous and automatic interpretation of a sentence on the basis of whatever information is available before the analysis of all the phonemes in the sentence.107．第120题Category (范畴)答案:Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.108．第121题Representatives答案:Representatives are the speaker's attempts to state or describe, say what the speaker believes to be true, e. g. ‘I have never been to England before.', ‘The man is a rich man. '109．第122题Commissives答案:Commissives are the speaker's attempts to commit the speaker himself to some future course of action, e. g. ‘I promise to come.', ‘I will call you tomorrow morning without fail. '110．第123题Material culture读书破万卷下笔如有神答案:Material culture is the concrete, substantial and observable aspect of the life of a people.111．第124题Linguistic repertoire (全部技能)答案:Linguistic repertoire refers to the totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual.112．第125题Fossilization (化石作用)答案:Fossilization refers to a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.113．第126题Micro-sociolinguistics答案:Micro-sociolinguistics refers to the study of society from the point of view of an individual member within it, or a worm's-eye view of language in use.114．第127题Grammaticality (语法性)答案:Grammaticality refers to the grammatical meaning of a linguistic unit (such as ‘a sentence'),which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.115．第128题Interlanguage (中介语)答案:According to Selinker, interlanguage refers to an abstract system of learner's target language system. It has now been widely used to refer to the linguistic expressions learners produce especially the wrong or not idiomatic ones.116．第129题Error analysis答案:ordependently infirst involves which errors, learners' of analysis the to refers analysis Error读书破万卷下笔如有神objectively, describing the learners' interlanguage, then a comparison of their version of the target language and the target language itself is followed to locate mismatches.117．第130题Pidgin (洋泾浜语)答案:A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.118．第131题Universal Grammar (普遍语法)答案:Universal Grammar refers to the innate endowment to discover language's structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular language.119．第132题Learning strategies (学习策略)答案:Learning strategies are learners' conscious goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.120．第7题What is the difference between prescriptive (规定) and descriptive (描写) linguistics?答案:The difference between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics is that prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for language users, whereas descriptive linguistics is to describe the language phenomena as they are. Therefore, the former is subjective, while the latter is objective and more scientific121．第8题What is Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (莎丕尔-沃尔夫假设)?答案:According to Sapir and Whorf, language filters people's perception and the way they categorize experiences. This is termed Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. It comes in two versions, the strong and weak versions. The strong version holds that the language patterns determine people's thinking and behavior. The weak version holds that the language patterns influence people's thinking and behavior.读书破万卷下笔如有神122．第9题What is componential analysis (成分分析)?答案:It is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning into semantic features, using such labels as ‘+HUMAN', ‘+ADULT', ‘+ANIMATE', ‘+MALE', and so on. Componential analysis makes it possible to show how the words analyzed are related in meaning.123．第10题what is the relationship between pragmatics and semantics?答案:The relation between pragmatics and semantics is that both are linguistic studies of meaning. But they differ in that semantics traditionally studies meanings of words, meanings of sentences in isolation from language use, whereas pragmatics studies meanings in the context of language use.124．第11题What is conversational implicature (会话含义)?答案:Conversational implicature is a nonconventional implicature based on an addressee's assumption that the speaker is following the conversational maxims (会话准则) or at least the cooperative principle. It occurs when any of the four maxims is violated.125．第12题What is the interactionist view of language acquisition?答案:The interactionist view of language acquisition is that language develops as a result of the complex interplay (相互作用) between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops.126．第13题What is the Critical Period Hypothesis (? )关键期假说答案:The Critical Period Hypothesis refers to the specific and limited time period for language acquisition. It has two versions. The strong version suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty (青春期) or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure. The weak version holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty.127．第14题What is motherese (儿语，妈妈语)?读书破万卷下笔如有神答案:Motherese is a “special”speech adults use in talking to little children with slow rate of speech, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures, frequent repetition, paraphrasing and limited vocabulary. It is also termed ‘caretaker talk' or child directed speech.128．第15题What are derivational morphemes (派生语素)?答案:Derivational morphemes refer to morphemes (such as ‘-ic' and ‘-ism') that can be conjoined to other morphemes or words to derive a new word.129．第16题What is the distinction between competence (能力) and performance (语言运用)?答案:According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, while performance is the actual realization of the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.130．第17题What are the possible different readings of the sentence ‘That's not the book he wants. '?答案:The sentence ‘That's not the book he wants. ' may have the following readings:A. 'That's 'not the 'book he ‘wants. (falling tone: fact)B. 'That's 'not the 'book he? wants. (rising tone: question)C. ‘That's 'not the 'book he? wants. (fall-rise tone: implying ‘some other book')131．第18题What is reference (所指)?答案:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. For instance, if we say ‘The dog is barking', we must be talking about a certain dog in the situation; here, ‘dog' refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word ‘dog' in this particular situation.132. 第19题How does a sentence differ from an utterance (语句)?答案:A sentence and an utterance differ in that a sentence is a grammatical and self-contained unit in读书破万卷下笔如有神isolation from context, whereas utterance is something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose.133．第133题What is cross-association (叠加)?答案:Cross-association refers to the internal interference, or the close association of the two similar linguistic forms which leads to confusion, e. g.*The apricot is too sour to eat it. [I can't eat it. ]134．第134题How are sentence meaning (语义) and utterance meaning (语句意义) different from each other?答案:Sentence meaning is the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. Whereas utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or in a context. So the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning is that the former is abstract and decontextualized, while the latter is concrete and context-dependent.。

英语语言学练习题英语语言学练习题Supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies thecombinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not onlystudies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choicethat can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount ofinformation conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological。

英语语言学试题（6）Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the follo w ing statements carefully. Decide w h ich one of of the the four choices b est completes the statement and put th e letter A,B,C or or D D D in in in the the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Chomsky uses uses the the the term term term ( ( ) ) to to refer refer refer to to to the the the actual actual actual realization realization realization of of of a a a langu langu age age user’s user’s user’s knowledge knowledge knowledge of of of the the the rules rules rules of of of his his his language language language in in in linguistic linguistic linguistic communicati communicati on. A. A. langue langue B. competence C. C. parole parole D. performance 2.In 2.In terms terms terms of of of the the the place place place of of of articulation, articulation, articulation, the the the following following following sounds sounds sounds [t][d][s][z][n] [t][d][s][z][n] [t][d][s][z][n] shar shar e e the the the feature feature feature of of of ( ( ).  ). A. A. palatal palatal B. B. alveolar alveolar C. C. bilabial bilabial D. D. dental dental 3.Transformational Generative Generative Grammar Grammar Grammar was was was introduced introduced introduced by by by ( ( ) in in 1957. 1957. A. A. L. L. L. Bloomfield Bloomfield B. B. F F . Saussure C. C. N. N. N. Chomsky Chomsky Chomsky D.M. D.M. A. A. A. K. K. K. Halliday Halliday 4.Natural 4.Natural languages languages languages are are are viewed viewed viewed to to to vary vary vary according according according to to to ( ( ) ) set set on on on UG UG UG prin prin ciples ciples to to to particular particular particular values. values. A. A. Adjacent Adjacent Adjacent Condition Condition B. parameters C. C. Case Case Case Condition Condition D. Case Case requirement requirement 5. 5. Synonyms Synonyms Synonyms are are are classified classified classified into into into several several several kinds. kinds. kinds. The The The kind kind kind to to to which“girl”and“las which“girl”and“las s” s” belong belong belong is is is called called called (( ) synonyms. A. A. stylistic stylistic stylistic B. dialectal C. C. emotive emotive D. collocational 6. 6. The The The illocutionary illocutionary illocutionary point point point of of of ( ( ) is is to to to express express express the the the psychological psychological psychological state state state spe spe cified cified in in in the the the utterance. utterance. A. A. representatives representatives B. B. commissives commissives C. C. expressives expressives D. D. declaratives declaratives 7. 7. Modern Modern Modern English English English words words words man, man, man, woman, woman, woman, child, child, child, eat, eat, eat, fight, fight, fight, ect. ect. ect. originate originate originate from from ( ).  ). A. A. Middle Middle Middle English English English B. B. Old Old Old English English C. C. French French French D. Norman Norman French French 8. 8. In In In a a a diglossic diglossic diglossic country, country, the the two two two diglossic diglossic diglossic forms forms forms of of of a a a language language language are are are generall generall y y two two two varieties varieties varieties of of of the the the same same same language, language, language, but but but there there there are are are situations situations situations in in in which which which the the H-variety H-variety may may may have have have no no no ( ( ) relationship relationship with with with the the the L-variety. L-variety. A. A. genetic genetic genetic B. social C. C. direct direct D.  D. close 9.Many 9.Many aphasics aphasics aphasics do do do not not not show show show total total total language language language loss. loss. loss. Rather, Rather, Rather, different different different aspects aspects of of language language language are are are impaired. impaired. impaired. Aphasics Aphasics Aphasics in in in ( ( ) area area reveal reveal reveal word-finding word-finding word-finding difficu difficu lties lties and and and problems problems problems with with with syntax. syntax. A. A. Werniker’s Werniker’s Werniker’s B. B. visual visual C. C. motor motor motor D. D. Broca’s Broca’s10. 10. ( ( ) ) motivation motivation occurs occurs occurs when when when the the the learner learner learner desires desires desires to to to learn learn learn a a a second second second lan lan guage guage in in in order order order to communicate to communicate with with native native native speakers speakers speakers of of of the the the target target target language. language. A. A. Instrumental Instrumental B. B. Functional Functional C. C. Integrative Integrative Integrative D. D. Social SocialⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blan k in each of the follo w ing stat ements with one w ord, the first letter of w hich is alread y given as a clue. Note th at y ou are to fill in ONE w ord only, and y ou are not allo w ed to chang e the letter given.(1％×10=10％)11. If If a a a linguistic linguistic linguistic study study study describes describes describes and and and analyzes analyzes analyzes the the the language language language people people people actuall actuall y y use, use, use, it it it is is is said said said to to to be be d d _____. _____. 12. 12. Stops, Stops, Stops, fricatives, fricatives, fricatives, affricates, affricates, affricates, liquids, liquids, liquids, and and and glides glides glides all all all have have have some some some degree degree degree of of o ____ a nd and and are are are therefore therefore therefore consonants. consonants. 13. 13. M M M ____ ____ ____ is is is the the the smallest smallest smallest meaningful meaningful meaningful unit unit unit of of of language. language. 14. 14. A _____is A _____is t he the the movement movement movement of of of an an an auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary verb verb verb to to to the the the sentence-initial sentence-initial sentence-initial posi posi tion, tion, such such such as as as “be”, “be”, “be”, “have”, “have”, “have”, “do” “do” “do” etc.etc.15. 15. R R R ____ ____ ____ is is is what what what a a a linguistic linguistic linguistic form form form refers refers refers to to to in in in the the the real real real world; world; world; it it it is is is a a a matt matt er er of of of the the the relationship relationship relationship between between between form form form and and and the the the reality. reality. 16. 16. In In In Austin’s Austin’s Austin’s early early early speech speech speech act act act theory, theory, theory, c c c ____ ____ ____ were were were statements statements statements that that that either either state state or or or describe, describe, describe, and and and were were were thus thus thus verifiable. verifiable. 17. 17. In In In the the the process process process of of of first first first language language language acquisition, acquisition, acquisition, children children children usually usually usually construct construct construct th th eir eir personal personal personal grammars, grammars, grammars, and and and their their their language language language develops develops develops in in in stages stages stages until until until it it it a____a_____ _ the the the grammatical grammatical grammatical rules rules rules of of of the the the adult adult adult language. language. 18. 18. A A A s s s _____ _____ _____ community community community is is is one one one group, group, group, all all all of of of whose whose whose members members members share share share the the the s s ame ame language language language or or or at at at least least least a a a single single single language language language variety. variety. 19. 19. People People People may may may communicate communicate communicate their their their feelings feelings feelings or or or thoughts thoughts thoughts via via via n_____ n_____ n_____ signals signals such such as as as facial facial facial expressions, expressions, expressions, gestures, gestures, gestures, postures, postures, postures, or or or proxemic proxemic proxemic space. space. 20. 20. Although Although Although the the the development development development of of of a a a communicative communicative communicative system system system is is is not not not unique unique unique to to human human beings, beings, beings, the the the natural natural natural acquisition acquisition acquisition of of of l l l ______ ______ ______ as as as a a a system system system of of of highly highly highly ab ab stract stract rules rules rules and and and regulations regulations regulations for for for creative creative creative communication communication communication is is is what what what distinguishes distinguishes humans humans from from from all all all other other other animal animal animal species.species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge w hether each of the following statements is true or f alse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If y ou think a stat ement is false, y ou mu st explain w h y you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)21. 21. ( ( ) ) The The writing writing writing system system system of of of a a a language language language is is is always always always a a a later later later invention invention invention use use d d to to to record record record speech; speech; speech; thus thus thus there there there are are are still still still many many many languages languages languages in in in today’s today’s world world th th at at can can can only only only be be be spoken, spoken, spoken, but but but not not not written. written. 22. 22. ( ( ) ) In In such such such sound sound sound combinations combinations combinations as as as /bi:p/, /bi:p/, /bi:p/, /geip/ /geip/ /geip/ and and and /su:p/, /su:p/, /su:p/, the the the voice voice less less stop stop stop /p/, /p/, /p/, occurring occurring occurring in in in the the the final final final position, position, position, is is is unaspirated, unaspirated, unaspirated, i.e. i.e. i.e. pronounced pronounced with with the the the strong strong strong puff puff puff of of of air air air withheld withheld withheld to to to some some some extent. extent. 23. 23. ( ( ) ) The The part part part of of of speech speech speech of of of the the the compound compound compound is is is always always always determined determined determined by by by th th e e part part part of of of speech speech speech of of of the the the second second second element, element, element, without without without exception. exception. 24. 24. ( ( ) ) The The relationship relationship relationship between between between the the the embedded embedded embedded clause clause clause and and and its its its matrix matrix matrix cla cla use use is is is one one one of of of a a a part part part to to to the the the whole. whole. 25. 25. ( ( ) ) The The contextualist contextualist contextualist view view view of of of meaning meaning meaning holds holds holds that that that meaning meaning meaning should should should be be studied studied in in in terms terms terms of of of the the the situational situational situational context context context and and and linguistic linguistic linguistic context. context. 26. 26. ( ( ) ) Searle’s Searle’s Searle’s classification classification classification of of of illocutionary illocutionary illocutionary acts acts acts is is is based based based on on on the the the classifi classifi cation cation of of of performative performative performative verbs. verbs. 27. 27. ( ( ) ) One One kind kind kind of of of language language language change change change results results results in in in an an an increase increase increase of of of the the the numb numb er er of of of exceptional exceptional exceptional or or or irregular irregular irregular morphemes. morphemes. morphemes. This This This kind kind kind of of of change change change has has has been been been cal cal led led internal internal internal borrowing borrowing borrowing—that —that —that is, is, is, we we we “borrow” “borrow” “borrow” from from from one one one part part part of of of the the the grammar grammar grammar a a nd nd apply apply apply the the the rule rule rule generally. generally. 28. 28. ( ( ) ) There There are are are differences differences differences in in in the the the way way way people people people of of of various various various age age age categorie categorie s s speak. speak. speak. The The The differences differences differences most most most easily easily easily noted noted noted by by by the the the layman layman layman are are are likely likely likely to to to be be grammatical grammatical in in in nature. nature. 29. 29. ( ( ) ) The The left left left hemisphere hemisphere hemisphere of of of the the the brain brain brain is is is superior superior superior to to to the the the right right right hemisph hemisph ere ere because because because the the the left left left hemisphere hemisphere hemisphere is is is language-dominant. language-dominant. 30 30 ( ( ) A A child child child born born born to to to a a a Chinese Chinese Chinese or or or English English English speaking speaking speaking family family family takes takes takes about about the the same same same number number number of of of years years years to to to acquire acquire acquire their their their native native native tongue, tongue, tongue, regardless regardless regardless of of of the the ir ir general general general intelligence. intelligence. Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the follo w ing terms, using one or t w o examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)31. 31. assimilation assimilation assimilation rule rule 32. 32. root root 33. 33. bound bound bound morphemes morphemes 34. 34. surface surface surface structure structure 35. 35. grammaticality grammaticality 36. 36. elaboration elaboration 37. 37. bilingualism bilingualism 38. 38. creole creole 39. 39. the the the Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf Sapir-Whorf hypothesis hypothesis 40. 40. fossilization fossilization Ⅴ. Answ Answer er the follo wing questions.(10％×2=20％)41. 41. The The The phonological phonological phonological features features features that that that occur occur occur above above above the the the level level level of of of individual individual individual sound sound s s are are are called called called suprasegmental suprasegmental suprasegmental features. features. features. Discuss Discuss Discuss the the the main main main suprasegmental suprasegmental suprasegmental feat feat ures, ures, illustrating illustrating illustrating with with with examples examples examples how how how they they they function function function in in in the the the distinction distinction distinction of of of meani meani ng. 42. 42. Explain Explain Explain and and and give give give examples examples examples to to to show show show in in in what what what way way way componential componential componential analysis analysis is is similar similar similar to to to the the the analysis analysis analysis of of of phonemes phonemes phonemes into into into distinctive distinctive distinctive features.features.。

《英语语言学概论》配套习题（四）（选择题）Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguisticsnguage is a system of arbitrary vocal sysmbols used for human _____.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Language is _______.A. instinctiveB. non-instincitveC. staticD. genetically transmitted3. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang4. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ____.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative5. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play accoridng to the functiona of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive.B. Phatic.C. Performative.D. Interpersonal.6. Which branch of lingusitcs studies the similarities and differences among languages?A. Diachronic linguistics.B. Synchronic linguistics.C. Prescriptive linguistics.D. comparative linguistics.7. _____ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particualrly educaiton.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsChapter 2 Phonology1.Pitch variation is known as ______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a _____ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ____.A. gottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula4. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the centerare known as ____ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering5. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ____.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones6. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phonetics.B. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phonetics.D. Neither of them.7. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D. [v]8. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]Chapter 3 Morphology1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _______ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are _____ morphemes in the word denationalizaiton.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation5. ______ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. AffixationB. Back-formationC. InsertionD. Addition6. The word TB is formed in the way of _______.A. acronymyB. clipppingC. initialismD. blending7. The words like cosmat and sitcom are formed by ______.A. blendingB. clippingC. backformationD. acronymy8. The stem of disagreements is _____.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreementChapter 4 Syntax1.The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is ______.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome2. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves” isa _____ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex.3. _____ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. syntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics4. ________ does not belong to major syntactic categories.A. Auxiliary 助动词B. NPC. ND. PP5. The term __ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.A. pronominalB. anaphorC. re-expressionD. binding6. In Halliday’s view, the _________ funciton of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.A. ideationalB. interpersonalC. textualD. social7. The criterion used in IC analysis is ___________.A. transformationB. conjoiningC. groupingD. substitutability8. __________ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.A. ConcordB. GovernmentC. BindingD. C-commandChapter 5 Semantics1. Cold and hot are a pair of _____ antonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC. reversalD. converseness2. Idioms are _____.A. sentencesB. naming unitsC. phrasesD. communication units3. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same _______.A. propositionB. sentenceC. utteranceD. truth4. Bull: [BOVINE] [MALE] [ADULT] is an example of ______.A. componential analysisB. predication analysisC. compositionalityD. selection restriction5.When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsity of sentnece (b) guarantees the falsity of sentnece (a), we can say that _____.A.sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)B. sentence (a) entails sentence (b)C. sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)D. sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)6. “Socrates is a man” is a case of ________.A. two-place predicateB. one-place predicateC. two-place argumentD. one-place argument7. “John killed Bill but bill didn’t die” is a(n) _____.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction8.. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysymy or __ which can not be determined by the context.A. homonymyB. antonymyC. meronymyD. synonymyChapter 6 Pragmatics1._________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effectsuccessful communication.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Psycholinguistics2. ___________ found that natural language had its own logic and conclude cooperative principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones3. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ______.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics4. ________ proposed that speech act can fall into five general categories.A. AustinB. SearleC. SapirD. Chomsky5. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the ____.A. declarationsB. directivesC. commissivesD. expressives6. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in 1962.A. SaussureB. AustinC. ChomskyD. Grimm7. The maxim of quantity requires ________.A. contribute as informative as requiredB. do not contribute more than is requiredC. do not say what has little evidenceD. both A and B8. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commissivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarativesChapter 8 Language and society1. In sociolinguistics, ____ refers to a group of institutionalized social situations typically constrained by a common set of behavioral rules.A. domainB. situationC. societyD. community2. _____ is defined as any regionally or socially defined human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country3. _____ variation of language is th emost discernible and definable in speech variation.A. RegionalB. SocietyC. StylisticD. Idiolectal4. ________ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communicaiton.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language5. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ____ and vocabulary.A. diglossiaB. bilingualismC. pidginizationD. blending6. _______ variety refers to speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. RegionalB. SocialC. StylisticD. Idiolectal7. Probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is ____.A. British EnglishB. American EnglishC. Black EnglishD. Australian English8. ______ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual to formal according to the type of communicative content.A. Regional variationB. Social variationC. Stylistic variationD. Idiolectal variationChapter 10-11 Language Acquisition1. Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as ________.A. interferenceB. interlanguageC. fossilizationD. acculturation2. Intelligibility means that any human being can be both a producer and a ________ of messages.A. senderB. receiverC. mediumD. none of above3. ________ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. CompetenceB. PerformanceC. LearningD. Acquisition4. _______ are devised to reveal what a learner knows: the rules he is using and the systems and categories he is working with.A. experimentsB. quasi-experimentsC. testsD. tasks5. ________ sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.A. error analysisB. performance analysisC. contrstive analysisD. discourse analysis6. ________ is the language used when speakers are communicationg spontaneously and freely and consequently not atteding to the forms they choose.A. careful styleB. vernacular styleC. cognitive styleD. style continnum7. The characteristic of languistic environment for L2 acquisition is that linguistic adjustments and ______ have been made to non-native speakers.A. noisy utterancesB. caretaker speechesC. ill-formed structuresD. conversational adjustments8. ________ theories of learning of learning hold that an organism’s nuture, or experience, is of more importance to development than its nature, or innate contributions.A. EnvironmentalistB. NativistC. InteractionalD. MentalistChapter 12 Language and Brain1.______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology2. When we speak, words are sent to _______, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.A. Broca’s areaB. Wernicke’s areaC. the angualr gyrusD. motor area3. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehend via ______ area.A. Broca’sB. motorC. neuronsD. wernicke’s4. ___________ is the mental functions under the control of the right hemisphere.A. Language and speechB. CalculationC. Holistic reasoningD. Associative thought5. Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the _______.A. brain lateralizaitonB. linguistic lateralizationC. right ear advantageD. cerebral plasticity6. At the age of four, children ____________.A. can master the essentials of their mother tongueB. can only babble several soundsC. can name the things around them onlyD. Can write out the grammatical rules of their language7. ________ refers to the gradual and suconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. LearningB. CompetenceC. PerformanceD. Acquisition8. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experienced the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of ______________.A. linguistic determinationB. linguistic relativismC. linguistic nativismD. linguistic behaviorism。