Part 1. Early and Medieval English Literature Epic Beowulf 贝奥武甫(the national epic of the English people)striking feature: alliteration头韵, metaphors暗喻 and understatements低调陈述. BalladFolk literatureThe Robin Hood Ballads罗宾汉民谣Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340-1400The Messenger of Humanism, the first Realistic writer, the founder of English poetry and master ofEnglish Language 他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人长诗：翻译法语The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇; 改编意大利Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集(英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作)one of the monumental works in ELTCT is more than a mere collection of true-to-life pictures. Taking the stands of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church.As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick of wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirize the evils of the time, as the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge and so on. With especially formidable force Chaucer attacks the corruption of the church.Chaucer’s English, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry: 1.introduced from France the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet). 2.is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. 3.he make the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part 2. The English RenaissanceThomas More托马斯·莫尔The greatest of the English humanists and the one of the forerunner of modernsocialist thought Utopia乌托帮 Greek words “no place” ideal commonwealth conversation between More and voyager Hythloday Book one: contemporary England labouring class poor, the rich greed and luxury, ruler eager for warBook two: ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean property in held in common, there is no povertyFrom everyone according to his capacities, to everyone according to his need; separation of town and country; the importance of labour for every member.Edmond Spenser 埃德蒙·斯宾塞The Poet’s Poet The Faerie Queene 仙后 dedicated to Queen ElizabethThe Shepherd’s Calendar牧羊人日记mark the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England Morden English. Spencer was the first master to make the language the natural music of his poetic effusions.Francis Bacon培根1561-1626The founder of English materialist philosophy Founder of modern science in England: Advancement of Learning学术的进展; New Instrument新工具 Inductive Method of reasoningFirst English essayist: Essay subjects: love, truth, friendship, parents &children, beauty, studies, riches, youth &age, garden, death…Precision准确, clearness清晰, brevity简洁, force力度ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托夫·马洛The most gifted of the “university wits”The greatest of the pioneers of Englishdrama Tamburlaine帖木耳(ambition); The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人(wealth);Doctor Faustus浮士德博士(knowledge) humanist colour insatiable thirst for knowledge剧作意义：1.show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable appetite for power. 2.theme:praise individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the convictions of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. 3.the heroes are merely individualists. their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. He first made blank verse the principle instrument of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of ShakespeareWilliamShakespeare莎士比亚1564-16161.he is one of the founders of realism in world literature.2.his dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.3.his long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.4.he was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse.5.he was a great master of the EL. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasuries of the EL.The popularity of S is aworldwidephenomenon The Comedy of Errors错误的喜剧; Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记 Measure for Measure一报还一报/请君入瓮Love’s Labour’s Lost爱的徒劳; Othello奥塞罗;Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶tragi-comedy King Lear李尔王;Macbeth麦克白;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦; Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;Much Ado about Nothing无事生非;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘们儿; Pericles佩里克尔斯Julius Caesar朱利亚斯·凯撒； Cymbeline辛白林;As You Like It皆大欢喜; The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;Twelfth Night第十二夜; The Tempest暴风雨;The Sonnets十四行诗⑴His drama relies not so much on characters as on witty speech and situation. His plays are poetical dramas. A great number of important dialogues and soliloquies in his plays assume the form of poetry.⑵This period is S’s sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuit of people in real life. There is a great lift in characterization. Heroines⑶The third period is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”(give somber pictures of the world) . The tragic note is aggravated.⑷The fourth period is the period of romantic drama. HenryⅧ Global TheatreThe Great Comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It皆大喜欢;Twelfth Night第十二夜The general spirit is optimism. Young people just freed from feudal fetters/youth love and ideal of happiness/humanist ideal/fight against destiny/mould their own fate.The Great Tragedies:Hamlet哈姆雷特a man genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of far-reaching perception and sparking wit. 1.humanist/free from medieval prejudices and superstitions/cherish a profound reverence for man/firm belief in man’s power and destiny. 2.love of man. 3.intellectual genius is outstanding/a close observer of man and manners. Melancholy: character/penetrating habit of mind/impossible ideal/personal wrong& fate of the country/active energy Othello奥塞罗new man of the R/integrity, sincerity,loftiness of mind/falsehood truth/evil good/tragedy of humanismKing Lear李王尔national unity and royal responsibility,divide up/insincere flattery/genuine love/betray trust/condemnMacbeth麦克白complicated contradictory/courageous clever/pray of ambition/tyrants oppressors/doom to defeat Part 3. The English Bourgeois Revolution PeriodJohn Milton约翰·弥尔顿1608-1674Paradise Lost失乐园(greatest epic in English Literature); Paradise Regained复乐园; Samson Agonistes力士参孙表面:to justify the way God to man/to advocate submission to the Almighty 实际:a revolt against God’s authority Adam& Eve: Milton’s belief in the power of man/craving for knowledgeSatan: real hero of the poem/a conquered and banished giant/obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hellPolitical in life and art; wrote greatest epic/influence is omnipresent; master of blank verse; stylist/grand style; sublimity of thought and majesty of expressionJohn Bunyan班扬1628-1688The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程(religious allegory)1678出狱后 Vanity Fair名利场Bunyan cherish deep hatred of both the king and his government. He saw and detested the injustice of laws, trials and judges. His prose is admirable. It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of Bible.John Donne Songs and Sonnets Devotions upon emergent Occasions约翰·多恩(The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry)John Dryden约翰·德莱顿Father of E criticism All for Love一切为了爱 An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗（most famous prose composition）Restoration period/Model on literature of France/classicism prevailing/reason, law and orderHe was the forerunner of the English classic school of literature in the next century. Heroic couplet/ principle verse formPart 4. The Eighteenth CenturyJoseph Addison 约瑟夫·艾迪生The Tatler 闲话者报 The Spectator 旁观者报贡献: 1.Their writing afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.2.They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.3.The English easy had completely established itself as a literary genre.Richard Steele 理查德·斯梯尔Alexander Pope蒲柏Satire!! An Essay on Criticism论批评; The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记; The Dunciad 愚人记Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest poet of the classical school in the first half the 18th century. Pope was a diligent reader. His style depends upon his great patience in elaborating his art. Most important representativeJonathan Swift 斯威夫特1667-1745Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记 gives an unparalleled satirical depiction of the vices of his age.He hated all kinds of oppression-political, economical and religious. But he cherished a great love for the people. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous./ he seems to have no difficulty in finding words to express exactly the impression he wish to convey. In simple, direct and precise prose, he is almost unsurpassed in EL./ he is a master satirist, and his irony is deadly.Danniel Defoe 丹尼尔·迪福1660-1731Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记 one of the forerunners of the English realistic novelsAttach great importance to the moulding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment/ is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of development/ does not condemn Negro-slavery Defoe was a kind of jack-of-trades. Journalism &authorship/ pure naked English: smooth, easy, colloquial, never coarse.Samuel Richardson理查逊Pamela帕米拉（Virtue Rewarded贞洁回报） first English psycho-analytical novel心理分析小说1.it discarded the “impossible and marvellous” accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.2.its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction道德说教.3.it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. Richardson “had enlarged the knowledge of human nature”/ his technique to show character as personalitiesHenry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁1707-1754Founder of the English realistic novelFather of the English novel(established once for all the forms of the modern novel)Joseph Andrew约瑟·安德鲁 disgusted with the excessive sentimentality and poor ethics of PamelaJonathan Wild大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传 satirical novel/exposes the English bourgeois society and mock political syst The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆·琼斯portrays the real life of men without disguise/ expose the hypocrisy and depravity of the ruling class, and pictures the poverty of the working masses who are driven by want to crime.现实主义小说：The basis of Fielding’s work is the exact observation and study of real life. The centre of Fielding’s work philosophy is MAN, common earthly man with his earthly interests, needs and passions.小说的特点：1.展开方式told directly by the author/full, free, clear and straightforward, give personal explanation 2.Satire无处不在，两种：humorous satire which is mean to be instructive and corrective/grim satire which is used to lash the cardinal evils of the corrupt ruling classes. 3.he believed in the educational function of the novel(moral teaching). 4.he is a master of style/easy unlaboured and familiar/sentence logical and musical rhythm.Tobias Smollett 斯摩莱特Use the form of Picaresque novels流浪汉小说, the novel of travels and adventures 被Dickens效仿—Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·谢立丹The School for Scandal造谣学校a great comedy of manners/gives a brilliant portrayal and biting satire of E high societyThe Rivals对手He was the most important English playwright of the 18th century.William Blake Songs of Innocence天真之歌; Songs of Experience经验之歌; The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚布莱克1757-1827姻1.the whole temper of his genius was essentially opposed to the classical(=formalism) tradition of that age.2.his revolutionary passion came near to that of Shelley.Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796 National poet of Scotland Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集名诗:A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;Auld Lang Syne他的诗歌：1.Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a various of subjects.2.Numerous are Burn’s songs of love and friendship, which describes the poet’s own emotions with such vividness and simplicity that they appeal directly to the reader’s heart.3.patriotism4.was an outspoken supporter of the French Revolution5.sympathy for the miseries of the Negro slaves transported from their African motherland to America.6.achieved success in the field of satire.7.characterized by humour and lightheartedness/optimismHis great success was also largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent mastery of the old song tradition. His peasant origin and environment especially aided him in mastering the happy simplicity, humour, directness and optimism.Part 5. Romanticism in EnglandWilliam Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯1770-1850Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）marked the break with classicism and the beginning of Romantic revival The Solitary Reaper孤独的刈麦女; Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺旁(lyrical hymn of thanks to nature)He based his poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”/ individual sensations, for example, pleasure, excitement and enjoyment as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. Wordsworth’s poetry id distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. It was his theory that the language spoken by the peasant was the best of all.George GordonByron乔治·戈登·拜伦1788-1824拜伦的诗在清末传入中国Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德·哈罗德游记;Don Juan唐·璜(16000lines long, in 16 cantos, written in ottava rima, each stanza containing 8 iambic pentameter lines rhymed a bababcc)It is Byron’s masterpiece, written in the prime of his creative power. His aim in writing it was “to remove the cloak which the manners and the maxims of high society throw over their secret sins, and show them to the world as they really are”（揭去上流社会以冠冕堂皇的方式掩盖下的罪恶面纱，.让人们看到真实世界）He call this poem an “epic satire”,“a satire on abuse of the present state of society.(历史讽刺诗/对现今社会恶习弊端的绝佳讽刺)Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西·比希·雪莱1792-1822Queen Mab麦布女王a revolutionary poem condemning tyranny and exploitation and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealthThe Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的起义; The Masque of Anarchy女王的假面舞会; Ode to the West Wind西风/云雀颂Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯symbolized the victory for man’s struggle against tyranny and oppressions.The figure of Prometheus has been symbolic of those noble-hearted revolutionaries, who devote themselves to the just cause of the people and suffer great pains at the hands of tyrants.小的时候：displayed a inclination for independent thinking and a strong love of literature/glorified freedom, exposed tyranny and expressed his sympathy for the oppressed.Byron called Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew.’ Mrs. Shelley wrote: “Shelley loved the people; and respected them as often more virtuous, as always more suffering, and therefore more deserving of sympathy.”John Keats 约翰·济兹1795-1821Endymion恩底弥翁;Isabella伊莎贝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜; Hyperion赫披里昂（未完成）Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂; Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂; Ode To Autumn秋颂; Ode on Melancholy忧郁颂Of the numerous short poems by Keats, the most important are his sonnets and odes.It is said that all Keats’s personality seems to be breathed onto his odes,Poor, obscure and brutally attacked during his short lifetime, Keats became well-known after death.Part 6. English Critical RealismThe Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传(the supreme epic of English life/naïve youthful optimism);Oliver Twist雾都孤儿( improbability/unconvincingness/sympathize miseries/not know responsible);The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店Dombey and Son董贝父子(open & ruthless attack/money power); David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔(favorite);Charles Dickens狄更斯1812-1870Bleak House荒凉山庄; Hard Times艰难时世(frontal attack upon the whole moral and ethical system); Little Dorrit小杜丽(imprisonment); A Tale of Two Cities双城记(French Revolution/ where there is oppression, there is revolution/against privileged classes); Great Expectation远大前程; Our Mutual Friend我们共同的朋友Politically and ideologically, he was a Radical. He showed great concern about social problems, supported all proposals for social reform, advocated an increase of democracy in all spheres of life, and championed the cause of the oppressed. His love for the working people is deep and sincere. As a novelist, he is remembered first of all for character-portrayal.Upper class—“outcasts of humanity”; lower class—his enthusiastic readersWilliam Makepeace Thackeray萨克雷1811-1863Vanity Fair名利场(a classical example of social satire up to the present day) Bunyan—Pilgrim’s ProgressIn this novel Thackeray describes the life of the ruling classes of England in the early decades of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in the different strata of the upper society.Rebecca/Becky Sharp: money-grubbing instinct/gifted/keen sense of humour and deep understanding of human Amelia Sedley: a tame, sentimental but useless womanJane Austin 简·奥斯丁1775-1817Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见; Sense and Sensibility理智与情感; Emma爱玛; Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion劝诫; Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺She is at her best in writing about young girls, because she understood them astonishingly well.Bronte Sisters夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮·勃朗特1816-1855Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre简爱 criticism of the bourgeois system of education (Lowood—obedient slaves for the rich) In her novels,Charlotte attacked the greed,pretty tyranny and lack of culture among the bourgeoisie and sympathized with the sufferings of the poor people.Emily Bronte: Wuthering Height呼啸山庄 hierarchy等级制度Heathcliff is a rebel against the bourgeois matrimonial system/love crushed by the class prejudice/the oppressed becomes the oppressor/theme: a full human life in a capitalist society was impossible of attainment.Anne Bronte: Agnes Grey艾格尼斯·格雷Gaskell盖斯凯尔Mary Barton玛丽·巴顿George Eliot艾略特(Mary Ann Evans)Adam Bede亚当·贝德; The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊; Silas Marner织工马南Part 7. Prose-writers & Poets of the Mid & Late 19th centuryThomas Carlyle 卡莱尔1795-1881Sartor Resartus旧衣新裁; The French Revolution法国大革命;Heroes and Hero-worship论英雄与英雄崇拜(the history of the world is the biography of great men)Alfred Tennyson丁尼生1809-1892The Princess公主; Maud默德; 名诗：Ulysses尤利西斯; Break, Break, Break; Crossing the Bar过沙洲In Memoriam 悼念集 in memory of A.H.Hallam, his close friend and the fiancé of his sisterThe poet tried to find some consolation for himself and for the pious Victorians who were thrown into a crisis in faith by the new discovery in scienceIdylls of the King国王之歌 based on the stories of King Arthur and his Knights of Round Table “灵与肉的永恒冲突”Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁1812-1889Men and Women男人和女人; The Ring and the Book指环与书;My Last Duchess我的前公爵夫人His principle achievement ies in his introducing to English poetry a new form, the dramatic monologue戏剧独白. /though for most part Lyric in expression, Dramatic in principle, and so many utterance of so many imaginary persons, not mine./a dramatic story in his work is not told through action but by the monologue of the characters concerned.Elizabeth Browning Sonnets from the Portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗;The Cry of the Children孩子们的哭泣George Gissing 吉辛1857-1903New Crub Srreet新格鲁勃街The most significant figure in the period of transition from Victorian to the modern novel.Robert LouisStevensonTreasure Island金银岛史蒂文森1850-1894Oscar Wilde王尔德1856-1900 Spokesman of the aesthetic movement 长篇小说：The Picture of Dorian Gray道林·格雷的画像童话：The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子剧作：Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子;A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的女人;An Ideal Husband理想丈夫;The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性; 悲剧:Salome莎乐美Both of them are typical unwholesome products of the decadent literary trend.颓废文学倾向的不健康产物Part 8. 20th century English literatureSamuel Butler 勃特勒1835-1902The Way of All Flesh众生之路; Erewhon埃瑞洪; Erewhon Revisited重游埃瑞洪 Erewhon=nowhere Satirize the sham morality of the British BourgeoisieJoseph Conrad康拉德1859-1924Lord Jim吉姆老爷;Nostromo诺斯特罗莫; An Outpost of Progress文明的前哨后殖民主义Henry James 亨利·詹姆士Daisy Miller黛西米勒(international theme); The Wings of the Dove鸽翼; The ambassadors使节; The Golden Bowl金碗Forerunner of the “stream of the consciousness” literatureHis fundamental theme is the innocence of the New World and the corruption(and wisdom) of the Old.Thomas Hardy哈代1840-1928 Representative of E critical realistic at the turn of the 19thcentury Under the Greenwood Tree绿荫下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥;Tess of the D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝:filled with a feeling of dismal foreboding and doom/ Fatal circumstance and tragic coincidenceJude the Obscure无名的裘德:the theme is “a deadly war waged between flesh and spirit” and “the contrast between the ideal life a man wish to lead and the squalid real life he was fated to lead”/epitomizes Hardy’s longing for spiritual values and his despair of them Wessex Novel—the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.环境与性格小说George BernardShaw萧伯纳1856-1950Widoer’s Houses鳏夫的房产; Mrs. Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业; Major Barbara巴巴拉少校; Pygmalion 卖花女; Arms and Man武器与人（condemns militarism and wars）He laid bare the gross injustice and utter inhumanity of the bourgeoisie society/by the brilliant dialogue between the characters/pretty bourgeois and idealistic nature of Shaw’s philosophy/his exposure of the capitalist society is very significant/among the most mportant representative of critical realism in modern English literatureWilliam Butler Yeats叶芝1865-1939The Tower塔; The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯; The Wild Swans at Coole库勒的野天鹅Symbolist poetThomas Stearns Eliot艾略特1888-1965The Waste Land荒原 a landmark in E poetry, ending the Romantic period and signifying the emergence of Modernism.Expressed the disillusionment of a generation of intellectuals. Symbols taken from ancient myths are used in the poem to describe the decay and fragmentation of Western culture.Four Quarters四重奏 the main ideas are time and eternityTradition and the Individual Talent传统与才智David Herbert Lawrence劳伦斯1885-1930Sons and Lovers儿子与情人(Oedipus Complex); The Rainbow虹(rainbow is a symbol of “the rounded perfection of relationship” between men and women); Women in Love恋爱中的女人(expresses his ideal of love and marriage as “a pure balance of two single beings); Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人D. H. Lawrence is well-known for his novels written under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis. He an original novelist, whose artistic achievement has been affirmed by many critics. He was dissatisfied with the Western industrial civilization.James Joyce 乔伊斯1882-1941A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像; Ulysses尤利西斯; Finnegans Wake芬尼根的守灵He was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century, whose work shows a unique synthesis of realism, the “stream of consciousness” and symbolism.三位一体Virginia Woolf The V oyage Out远航; Mrs. Dalloway达罗卫夫人; To the Lighthouse到灯塔去; Orlando奥兰多;The Waves海浪;伍尔芙1882-1941The point of departure in Virginia Woolf’s literary experimentation lay in her rejection of realism. In her novels, the element of plot and story is reduced as far as she could. They become series of impressions, musings, and reflections.。
