I. Introduction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. What is Linguistics(语言学)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.
3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time
is a diachronic study.
3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure
(索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.
3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)
Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of
his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).
4.The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.
Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.
Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form
of words.
Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules
governing the combination of words into sentences.
Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the
meaning of language.
Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign
and second languages.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language
and society.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language
and the mind.
Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.
Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of
anthropology to study language variation and language use in
relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language
development and use in human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of
language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.
Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in
which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often
with the aid of a computer.
作者：枫林恋人2005-12-9 12:51 回复此发言
2[增长阅历]:学点语言学
II. Phonetics(语音学）
1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at
least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a
speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved
and how they coordinate(协调）in the process.
Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节）by the ear, the auditory
nerve(神经）and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）we study the physical properties of
speech sounds, as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear.
2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the
initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官）the producer of voice（声音发生器官）and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）
3. Consonants(辅音）
Places of articulation(发音部位）: bilabial,(双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal(声门）
Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）
4. V owels (元音）
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high,
mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front,
central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology（音韵学）
1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有区别的）sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the
same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体）：word forms which differ from each other
only by one sound.
4. Free variation (自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same
environment(环境）, they does not
produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation
of the same word.
5. Complementary distribution(补充分类）：Not all the speech sounds occur
in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment
6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(性质）of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are
syllable(音节），stress,（重音）word stress, sentence stress. pitch
（音调）and intonation（语调）.
IV. Morphology（词法）
1. inflection(构形法）：the grammatical relationships through the
addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀）
2. Word-formation(构词）：the processes(过程）of word variations signaling
lexical relationships.（表明词法关系）They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）.
3. Morpheme(词素）：the smallest unit in terms of relationship between
expression and content.
4. Allomorph(同质异象变体）：some morphemes have considerable variation,
for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根）affix（词缀）and stem（词干）.
6. Lexicon(语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with
vocabulary.
7. Closed-class words(封闭性）and open-class words(开放性）：the former
whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership
is in principle(实际上）indefinite or unlimited.
作者：枫林恋人2005-12-9 12:51 回复此发言
3[增长阅历]:学点语言学
8. Word class(词性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely
defined classes.
9. Lexeme(词位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language
that can be distinguished from other smaller units.
10. Idiom(习语，成语）：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially
true for a sequence of words(词序）which is semantically（语义上）and
often syntactically(句法上）restricted.（限制）
11. Collocation(搭配）：the habitual(习惯的）co-occurrences （同时出现）of
individual lexical items.
V. Syntax (句法）
1. Positional relation or word order（词序）：the sequential(顺序）
arrangement of words in a language.
2. Construction or constituent (句子结构）：the overall process of
internal (内部）organization of a grammatical unit .
3. Syntactic function(句法功能）：the relationship between a linguistic
form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.
The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects,
predicates, modifiers,(修饰语）complements（补语）, etc.
4. Category(范畴）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow
sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb
phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case
and countability.
5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one
word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.
6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if
it is included in a larger sentence.
7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a
complete thought.
VI. Semantics
1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主义）：Following F. De Saussure(索学尔）'s
"sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier
（所指）and signified（被指）, i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a
psychological（心理的）"associative" bond.（相关联系）
2. Mechanism(机械主义）：Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德）for example,
turned to science to counter（反）-act the precious theories and this
leads to what call the mechanistic approach（方法）. The nature of this
theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental
phenomena.（智力现象）
3. Contextualism （语境主义）：It is based on the presumption(假定）that one
can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.
4. Behaviorism (行为主义）：Behaviourists attempt to define (定义）the
meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景）in which the
speaker utters（说话）it and the response（反应）it calls forth in the
hearer."
5. functionalism (功能主义）：Functionalists as represented (代表）by the
Prague school（布拉格学派）linguists and neo-Firthian （新弗斯）linguists,
approach the problem from an entirely new orientation（方法）
. They argue（争辩）that meaning could only be interpreted（解释）from
its use or function in social life.
6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship
between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the
non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex
system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements
themselves. They include
synonymy(同义词），antonymy(反义词）,hyponymy(下层次）Polysemy(一词多义）and Homonymy
(同音异义词）
作者：枫林恋人2005-12-9 12:51 回复此发言
4[增长阅历]:学点语言学
7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential（成分）analysis which
defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic
components.(意义成分）2) predication (表述）analysis in which the meaning of
a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which
compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis
of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show
relations between two and perhaps more terms.
VII. Language Variation (语言变化）
1. Lexical change(词汇的变化）：changes in lexis.
2. Invention: (新造词）new entities.
3. Compounding:(合成词）New words are sometimes constructed by combining
two old words.
4. Blending: (混合词）：It is a relatively complex form of compounding,
in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the
first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the
initial parts of the two roots.
5. Abbreviation or clipping:(缩写）A new word is created by cutting the
final part or cutting the initial part.
6. acronym:(取首字母的缩写词）It is made up from the first letters of the
name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修饰）headword.
7. Metanalysis:(再分化）It refers to a process through which a division
is made where there were note before.
8. Back-formation:(逆构词）It refers to an abnormal(非正常）type of
word-formation where a shorter word
is derived by deleting(去掉）an imagined affix from a longer form
already present in the language.
9. Analogical creation:(类比造词）It can account for（说明）the co-existence
of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合）of some
English verbs.
10. Borrowing（借用）：English in its development has managed to widen
her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.
11. Phonological change(音变）：It is related to language variation in
the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音）
addition,（加音）assimilation,（同化）dissimilation.（异化）
12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology（词法）and
syntax（句法）are listed under this heading.
13. Semantic change:(语义变化）It includes broadening,（语义扩大）
narrowing,（语义缩小）meaning shift,（意义转化）class shift（词性转换）and folk
etymology.（词源变化）
14. Orthographic change ：(正字法）Changes can also be found at the
graphetic level.
语言学是对语言的系统研究，对于一个学习英语的人来说，应该懂一点语言学的知识，它可以在理论上对学习语言有指导作用，有助于更好的学习语言，下面介绍一点语
言学知识。
I. Introduction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication.
2. What is Linguistics(语言学)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of
speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses
that speech does not have.
3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts
observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for
"correct" behavior.
作者：枫林恋人2005-12-9 12:51 回复此发言
5[增长阅历]:学点语言学
3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic
study and The description of a language as it changes through time
is a diachronic study.
3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure
(索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic
system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole
refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.
3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)
Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of
his language. Performance is the actual realization of this
knowledge in utterances(发声).
4.The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.
Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.
Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form
of words.
Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules
governing the combination of words into sentences.
Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the
meaning of language.
Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign
and second languages.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language
and society.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language
and the mind.
Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes. Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in
relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics. Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in
which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often
with the aid of a computer.
II. Phonetics(语音学）
1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at
least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved
and how they coordinate(协调）in the process.
Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节）by the ear, the auditory
nerve(神经）and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear.
2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the
initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官）the producer of voice（声音发生器官）and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）
作者：枫林恋人2005-12-9 12:51 回复此发言
6[增长阅历]:学点语言学
3. Consonants(辅音）
Places of articulation(发音部位）: bilabial,(双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）
dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal(声门）
Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）
lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）
4. V owels (元音）
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high,
mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front,
central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology（音韵学）
1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有区别的）sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the
same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体）：word forms which differ from each other
only by one sound.
4. Free variation (自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same
environment(环境）, they does not
produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation
of the same word.
5. Complementary distribution(补充分类）：Not all the speech sounds occur
in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same
environment
6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological
properties(性质）of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are
syllable(音节），stress,（重音）word stress, sentence stress. pitch
（音调）and intonation（语调）.
IV. Morphology（词法）
1. inflection(构形法）：the grammatical relationships through the
addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀）
2. Word-formation(构词）：the processes(过程）of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明词法关系）They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）.
3. Morpheme(词素）：the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.
4. Allomorph(同质异象变体）：some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根）affix（词缀）and stem（词干）.
6. Lexicon(语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.
7. Closed-class words(封闭性）and open-class words(开放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership
is in principle(实际上）indefinite or unlimited.
8. Word class(词性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely
defined classes.
9. Lexeme(词位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language
that can be distinguished from other smaller units.
10. Idiom(习语，成语）：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially
true for a sequence of words(词序）which is semantically（语义上）and often syntactically(句法上）restricted.（限制）
11. Collocation(搭配）：the habitual(习惯的）co-occurrences （同时出现）of individual lexical items.
V. Syntax (句法）
1. Positional relation or word order（词序）：the sequential(顺序）arrangement of words in a language.
2. Construction or constituent (句子结构）：the overall process of
internal (内部）organization of a grammatical unit .
作者：枫林恋人2005-12-9 12:51 回复此发言
7[增长阅历]:学点语言学
3. Syntactic function(句法功能）：the relationship between a linguistic
form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.
The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects,
predicates, modifiers,(修饰语）complements（补语）, etc.
4. Category(范畴）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow
sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb
phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case
and countability.
5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one
word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.
6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if
it is included in a larger sentence.
7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a
complete thought.
VI. Semantics
1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主义）：Following F. De Saussure(索学尔）'s
"sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier
（所指）and signified（被指）, i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a
psychological（心理的）"associative" bond.（相关联系）
2. Mechanism(机械主义）：Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德）for example,
turned to science to counter（反）-act the precious theories and this
leads to what call the mechanistic approach（方法）. The nature of this
theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental
phenomena.（智力现象）
3. Contextualism （语境主义）：It is based on the presumption(假定）that one
can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.
4. Behaviorism (行为主义）：Behaviourists attempt to define (定义）the
meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景）in which the
speaker utters（说话）it and the response（反应）it calls forth in the
hearer."
5. functionalism (功能主义）：Functionalists as represented (代表）by the
Prague school（布拉格学派）linguists and neo-Firthian （新弗斯）linguists,
approach the problem from an entirely new orientation（方法）
. They argue（争辩）that meaning could only be interpreted（解释）from
its use or function in social life.
6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship
between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the
non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex
system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements
themselves. They include
synonymy(同义词），antonymy(反义词）,hyponymy(下层次）Polysemy(一词多义）and Homonymy
(同音异义词）
7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential（成分）analysis which
defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic
components.(意义成分）2) predication (表述）analysis in which the meaning of
a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which
compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis
of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show
relations between two and perhaps more terms.
VII. Language Variation (语言变化）
1. Lexical change(词汇的变化）：changes in lexis.
2. Invention: (新造词）new entities.
3. Compounding:(合成词）New words are sometimes constructed by combining
two old words.
4. Blending: (混合词）：It is a relatively complex form of compounding,
in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the
first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the
initial parts of the two roots.
5. Abbreviation or clipping:(缩写）A new word is created by cutting the
final part or cutting the initial part.
6. acronym:(取首字母的缩写词）It is made up from the first letters of the
name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修饰）headword.
7. Metanalysis:(再分化）It refers to a process through which a division
is made where there were note before.
8. Back-formation:(逆构词）It refers to an abnormal(非正常）type of
word-formation where a shorter word
is derived by deleting(去掉）an imagined affix from a longer form
already present in the language.
9. Analogical creation:(类比造词）It can account for（说明）the co-existence
of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合）of some
English verbs.
10. Borrowing（借用）：English in its development has managed to widen
her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.
11. Phonological change(音变）：It is related to language variation in
the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音）
addition,（加音）assimilation,（同化）dissimilation.（异化）
12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology（词法）and
syntax（句法）are listed under this heading.
13. Semantic change:(语义变化）It includes broadening,（语义扩大）
narrowing,（语义缩小）meaning shift,（意义转化）class shift（词性转换）and folk
etymology.（词源变化）
14. Orthographic change ：(正字法）Changes can also be found at the
graphetic level.
from:https://www.doczj.com/doc/c313237776.html,
作者：枫林恋人2005-12-9 12:51 回复此发言
壹汉语语言学基础知识（共80分） 一、填空题（每小题1分，共30分） 1．现代汉语普通话以语音为标准音。 2．与印欧语系语言相比，汉语在语法上最大的特点是。 3．现代汉语方言中，粤方言的代表话是。 4．中国使用人口最多的方言是。 5．元音与辅音的区别是。 6．普通话声母j、q、x从发音部位上看属于。 7．同一个语音系统中能够区别意义的最小语音类型单位是。 8．现代汉语普通话有个声母（含零声母）。 9．普通话阳平调的调值是。 10．现代汉语普通话大约有个音节（包括声调）。 11．汉字是的书写符号系统。 12．《现代汉语常用字表》规定的常用字和次常用字分别是字。 13．汉字在历史上曾经被我们的邻国使用，现在还在使用部分汉字。 14．现代汉字的标准字体是。 15．语言中最小的音义结合体是。 16．语言中能独立运用的最小单位是。 17．单纯词有联绵词、叠音词、、拟声词四种形式。 18．合成词有复合式、附加式、三种形式。 19．词义的性质包括概括性、和民族性。 20．词语的褒义、贬义关注的是词义的。 21．构成词义的最小意义单位是。 22．词汇由和一般词汇组成。 23．歇后语“外甥点灯——照舅”是采用的方式来表达语义。 24．双音节状态形容词的重叠方式是。 25．根据语气分出来的句子类型叫。 26．根据句子结构特点分出来的句子类型叫。 27．汉语词类划分的主要依据是。 28．“既然”在复句中表示的关系。 29．“不是A而是B”是关系的复句。 30．大多数“把”字句中，“把”引出的是。 二、判断题（每小题1分，共20分）
1．语音的四要素是：音高、音强、音质、音色。 2．声调是汉语区别意义的重要语音手段。 3．儿化词都是名词。 4．轻声不是一个单独的声调。 5．汉字是由笔画直接组成的。 6．汉字经历了甲骨文、金文、隶书、篆书、楷书五种正式字体演变的过程。 7．一般认为，古代有象形、指事、会意、形声四种造字法。 8．单纯词不一定都是单音节的。 9．“姐姐”是叠音单纯词。 10．“舍不得”是惯用语。 11. “笔直”是表示状态的形容词。 12．语法单位可以分为四级：词、短语、单句、复句。 13．“老师”和“教师”的最大区别是所指对象的年龄不同。 14．“我的中国朋友李小京”是偏正短语。 15．“你什么都不买吗？”是特指疑问句。 16．“他这样有本事的人，我很佩服。”是单句。 17．“他希望领导派他到海外教汉语。”从整体上看是兼语句。 18．“与其长期租房，不如贷款买房。”是假设复句。 19．“我们要夹起尾巴做人。”运用了比喻修辞格。 20．“我今天是无事不登金銮殿。”运用了夸张修辞格。 三、选择题（每小题1分，共30分） 1. 苏州话属于。 A 粤方言 C 闽方言 B 吴方言 D 北方方言 2．普通话有韵头 A 2个 C 4个 B 3个 D 5个 3．普通话有韵尾 A 4个 C 5个 B 3个 D 6个 4．普通话声母中的塞音是。 A d、t、g、k C b、p、d、t、g、k B b、p、g、k D d、t、g、k、n、l
Design features（定义特征）: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals. Synchronic（共时的）: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time. Diachronic（历时的）: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. Prescriptive（规定式）: to make an authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language. Descriptive（描写式）: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety. Competence（语言能力）: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. 对于一门语言的语法规则系统的无意识获得的知识。Performance（语言运用）:
the language actually used by people in speaking or writing. 人们说话写作时实际使用的语言。 Langue（语言）: the language system shared by a “speech community”. 一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统。 Parole（言语）: the concrete utterances of a speaker. 说话人实际说的话语。 Phonology（音系学）： the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. International Phonetic Alphabet（国际音标）: a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart (the IPA chart), designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. It has been revised from time to time to include
Development Of Language And Translation ABSTRACTION:With the development of our society, and the meeting up to different kind of languages, the words which we used in our daily life are developing.Trough the changes of words, we can also find the movement of our life. Thus language is a way for us to handle the trajectory of our life. In this essay, we analyze the different kinds of reasons of these development and changes of translation because of the development of language. KEY WORDS: Language; Development; Translation; English; New words. INTRODUCTION: In civilization, people use words to give others ideas.We can express our feelings through language. Indeed, linguistics is a kind of science. As our social system's change, it changes; As our our ages change, it changes. The most basic thing in linguistics is words,with the rapid development of this world, many old words become useless, we can see them in less and less passages even in our oral talking, on the other hand, more and more words are invented.So these words enriched our language treasure house.And from here, we can get the rule: The only way that languages exist is being developing,the only way it can get developed is to be changeable. In today's world,English
中国语言学必读必备书目400种 北京大学语言学院推荐 （英）The Categories(范畴)：亚里士多德 （英）THE DEVIL’S DICTIONARY(魔鬼词典)-- AMBROSE BIERCE(阿姆布诺斯·比尔斯) （英）The Foolish Dictionary(愚蠢的词典)-- Gideon Wurdz(吉顿·伍兹) （英）表述和意义：言语行为研究[美]塞尔[Searle,J.R.] （英）词汇、语义学和语言教育[英]哈切（Hatch,E （英）从语言学的角度看语言习得 （英）当代句法理论通览 （英）当代语义理论指南--[美]拉宾（Lappin,S.）著 （英）德里达--诺利斯 （英）汉语方言的连续变化变调模式--陈渊泉 （英）话语分析入门：理论与方法[美]吉（Gee,J.P.）著 （英）会说话的哺乳动物：心理语言学入门 （英）剑桥语言百科词典 （英）交际语言教学论 （英）句法：结构、意义与功能 （英）跨文化交际：语篇分析法[美]斯科隆（Scbllon,R.）等著 （英）历史语言学 （英）普通语言学教程--索绪尔 （英）乔姆司基的普通语言学教程 （英）人类语言学入门 （英）认知语言学入门 （英）社会语言学教程 （英）言语的萌发：语言的起源和进化 （英）言语行为：语言哲学论[美]塞尔（Searle,J.R.）著 （英）应用语言学研究方法与论文写作 （英）英诗学习指南：语言学的分析方法[英]利奇（Leech,G.N.）著 （英）语法化学说 （英）语料库语言学 （英）语料库语言学入门[新]肯尼迪（Kennedy,G.）著 （英）语言和人 （英）语言类型学与普通语法特征--Croft （英）语言论：言语研究导论--Sapir （英）语言迁移：语言学习的语际影响[美]奥德林（Odlin，T.）著 （英）语言心理学[美]卡罗尔（Carroll,D.W.）著 （英）语言学和第二语言习得 （英）语言学教程--Radford （英）语言学课题：语言研究实用指南 （英）语言学理论：对基要原著的语篇研究 （英）语言学入门[英]普尔（Poole,S.C.）著 （英）语言学习和语言使用中的错误：错误分析探讨
语言学概论重点总结 一、名词解释（4*6=24） 1、孤立语：孤立语又称词根语，其特点是缺乏形态变化，语法意义主要靠词序和虚词来表示，汉语就是一种比较典型的孤立语。例如，“我喜欢他”中的“我”是主语，“他”是宾语，主要取决于词序。又如，“买菜”是述宾结构，“买的菜”是偏正结构，主要取决于虚词。汉语缺乏严格意义上的形态变化，一个名词性词语无论是充当句子的主语还是宾语，词性都不曾发生变化。除了汉语外，属孤立语的还有越南语、彝语、苗语、缅甸语等。 2、屈折语：屈折语的特点是通过各种屈折方式来表示语法意义。屈折可以分为内部屈折和外部屈折。内部屈折指通过词的语音交替（改变部分语音）来构成不同的语法形式，表示不同的语法意义；如阿拉伯语以固定的辅音框架表示语汇意义，以元音交替表示不同的语法意义。 外部屈折指通过附加词缀的方式表示不同的语法意义。例如英语的book（书，单数）在后面加上词缀-s,就表示复数意义books(书，复数)。 屈折语的一个构型词缀可以同时表示几种语法意义，例如英语的-s在动词后面表示第三人称、单数、现在时、主动语态，如works. 同样的语法意义，在不同的词里也可以用不同的词缀来表示，如俄语中性名词单数主格的词尾有-o(如neop钢笔)，-e（noπe田地）。 屈折语的词根和构型词缀结合得很紧，如果去掉构型词缀，词根往往就不能成词，如俄语nepo去掉词尾-o,nep-就不能独立使用。 印欧语系各语言以及阿拉伯语等，一般都属于屈折语，其中俄语和德语是最典型的屈折语。 3、音位：是某种语言中能区别语素或词的语音形式的最小语音单位，是依据语音的社会属性划分出来的语音类别。 音位本身并不含有任何意义。音位只有在和别的音位组合成高一层级的单位后才能负载意义。如单个的/k/和/ae/或/t/是没有什么意义的，但是他们组合成了[caet](cat)之后就有了“猫”的意义。因此，音位只有区别音形进而区别意义的作用，而没有表达意义的作用。 音位分析的目的是要把语言里数目繁多的语言归纳为数目有限的一套音位系统，分析音位的三基本原则是：对立、互补、语音相似。 音位可以分为音质音位和非音质音位两大类。一般把音素的音质角度分析归并出来的音位叫音质音位，因为它占有一个时段，所以又叫音段音位。除了音质以外，音高、音强、音长这些非音质形式也能区别词的语音形式，由这些韵律（音律）形式构成的音位叫非音质音位。又叫超音段音位。包括调位、重位、时位。 调位：主要由音高特征构成的音位叫调位，又叫声调。调位是汉藏语系诸语言中区别词的语言形式的重要手段之一。 重位：主要由音强特征构成的音位叫重位。重音在英语、俄语中是区别词的语音形式和词义的重要手段。构成重位的非音质特征是综合的。 时位：由音长特征构成的音位叫时位。长短音的区别主要表现在元音上，如广东话和许多少数民族语言里，时位都有区别词的语音形式和意义的作用。 4、语流音变就是指在连续的语流中某些语音成分受前后语音环境的影响而发生变化的现象。有时说话人由于种种原因调整语音的快慢、高低、强弱，也会造成语音的某种变化。
一、语言和语言学 1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language 任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系 二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成 创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造 移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点 2、语言的功能（不是很重要） 信息功能informative 人际功能interpersonal 施为功能performative 感情功能emotive function 寒暄功能phatic communication 娱乐功能recreational function 元语言功能metalingual function 3、语言学主要分支 语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音 音位学phonology研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列 形态学morphology研究词的内部结构和构词规则 句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则 语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义 语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义 4、宏观语言学macrolingustics 心理语言学psycholinguistics社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological linguistics计算机语言学computational linguistics 5语言学中的重要区别 规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的 描写式：descriptive说明事情本来是怎么样的 共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic研究某个特定时期语言 历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律 语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体 言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言 语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出) 能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备 运用：performance真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用 二、语音学 1、语音学分支 发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生 声学语言学acoustic phonetics研究语音的物理属性 听觉语音学auditory phonetics研究语言怎样被感知 2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的 三、音位学 1、最小对立体minimal pairs 2、音位phoneme
《语言学概论》复习要点 重点名词概念：语言学、普通语言学、专语语言学、共时语言学、历时语言学 一、语言学、语言学的对象和任务 二、语言学在科学体系中的地位 三、语言学的基本类别 根据研究的对象的不同，语言学分为共时语言学和历时语言学、专语语言学和普通语言学。 四、语言学流派 各个语言学流派的观点、代表人物有所了解即可，注意布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派以及美国结构语言学派（也称美国描写语言学）都属于结构主义学派，是这一学派的三个分支。关于语言学流派的具体内容阐述，不作考试要求。 第一章言语的社会功能 本章须明确两个大的要点：语言的社会功能，即交际工具和思维工具；语言是一种社会现象。 主要名词概念：语言、社会、社会现象 第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具 一、语言是人类社会的交际工具 1．语言的交际功能：语言是人类区别于其它动物的一个重要标志。语言是联系社会成员的桥梁和纽带，是社会成员互相之间交际和交流思想的工具，也是协调社会成员行动一致的工具。 2．语言是一种社会现象：语言是一种社会现象，和人类社会有着十分紧密的联系，没有人类社会，就没有语言，人类社会以外的社会无所谓语言。所谓社会现象是指那些与人类共同体的产生、存在和发展等活动密切联系的现象。不同的民族有不同的语言，不同的地域有不同的语言，同时社会的变化也给语言以极大的影响，而离开了人类社会，就无所谓语言可言了。总之，语言就是一种社会现象，同社会的关系非常密切，其产生、发展等都要受到社会的影响。 语言不是自然现象，一方面，语言同社会有着十分紧密的联系，社会的发展变化直接影响着语言的发展变化，也就是说，语言的发展变化是受制于社会的；另一方面，从语言的音义联系看语言不是自然现象，而是社会约定俗成的，没有必然的本质的联系，如果语言是自然现象，世界上的语言应该一样的，没有区别的，而实际上世界上的语言多种多样，而且许多语言中还有方言，这说明语言决不是自然现象。 3．语言是一种特殊的社会现象：语言不但是社会现象，而且是一种特殊的社会现象。语言作为社会现象的特殊性主要表现在，社会现象可分为经济基础和上层建筑两大类，任何一种社会现象，要么属于经济基础，要么属于上层建筑，而语言既不属于经济基础，也不属于上层建筑，这两者的变化都不会从本质上影响语言。所以，从本质上看，语言是人类共同的交际工具，不分阶级、阶层，一视同仁地为全社会的成员服务，没有阶级性，具有全民性特点。4．语言没有阶级性：可从这样几个方面思考，首先是看语言工具的服务对象，是为特定的阶级服务还是为大众服务。其次是结合语言自身的结构考察，观察语言在哪一方面体现了阶级性特征没有。再次是看语言产生的社会环境，语言产生于没有阶级的社会，社会上连阶级都没有，语言作为社会的产物更谈不上有阶级性了。 二、语言是人类最重要的交际工具 人类传递信息，进行交际和交流思想，除了使用语言外，还可以使用文字、旗语、红绿灯、电报代码、数学符号以及身势、表情等，在一定场合使用，可以弥补语言的一些不足，但是这些交际工具使用范围有限，有的仅用于特定的范围，最重要的是，这些交际工具，都离不开语言，都是在语言的基础上产生的，是辅助语言进行交际的，没有语言，这些手段的存在没有任何意义。 一般掌握：语言和说话的关系 第二节语言是思维的工具 一、语言和思维的关系 语言不但是人类的交际工具，同时也是人类思维的工具，是认识成果的贮存所。思维过程离不开语言，需要借助语言来进行比较、分析、综合等一系列活动，需要借助语言来形成思想，利用语言把它储存在头脑中，再借助语言把思想表达出来，传达给听话人，同时使听话人产生思想。而且人类思维的成果－概念，还可以通过词语固定下来。总之，思维活动的过程不可能离开语言而单独进行，思维离不开语言，必须借助语言材料才能进行。语言也离不开思维，二者是互相依存，共同发展的。 二、思维能力是全人类共同的，语言是各民族不同 思维能力没有民族性，全人类都有，但不同民族的思维方式是不同的，有差别的，这从不同民族的语言的差异方面可以看出来。不同的语言之间很少有意义、功能、色彩等都完全对应等同的词语。第二章语言是符号系统 本章要注意语言是符号、语言符号的任意性特点、语言的层级体系三大要点。 主要名词概念：符号、语言符号、任意性、线条性、二层性、组合关系、聚合关系 第一节语言符号的性质和特点 一、什么是符号 1．符号的含义：符号就是由一定的形式构成的表示一定意义的记号或标记，包括形式和意义两个方面，其作用是指称现实现象。2．符号的构成：符号是由形式和意义两个部分构成的结合体。形式就是符号外在的形状、结构，它是以某种物质的方式存在的，或者是声音，或者是线条，或者是色彩，等等。意义就是符号所代表的具体内容，任何一个符号，都有一定的意义，形式和意义在一定的符号系统中是密不可分的统一体，不能割裂二者之间的关系。形式和意义互相依存，谁也离不开谁。 二、语言符号及其特点 1．语言符号：从本质上看，语言也是一种符号，也有形式和意义两个方面，具有符号的一切特点。 语言符号又不同于一般符号。可从以下几个方面认识理解，首先，语言符号是声音和意义的结合体，是说的和听的；其次，一般符号的构成比较简单，而语言符号却是非常复杂的，可分不同的层级；再次，一般符号由于构造简单，因而只能表达有限的内容，而且这种内容是简单而固定的，语言符号则可以表达丰富多彩的意义；最后，语言符号具有以少驭多的生成机制，具有生成新的结构
一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it
Desig n features （定义特征）： the disti nctive features of huma n Ian guage that esse ntially make huma n Ian guage disti nguishable from Ian guages of ani mals. Synchronic （共时的）： said of an approach that studies Ianguage at a theoretical point "in time. Diachro nic （历时的）： said of the study of developme nt of Ian guage and Ian guages over time. Prescriptive （规定式）： to make an authoritaria n stateme nt about the correct ness of a particular use of Ian guage. Descriptive （描写式）： to make an objective and systematic acco unt of the patter ns and use of a Ian guage or variety. Compete nee （语言能力）： uncon scious kno wledge of the system of grammatical rules in a Ian guage. 对于一门语言的语法规则系统的无意识获得的知识。 Performa nee （语言运用）： the Ianguage actually used by people in speaking or writing. 人们说话写作时实际使用的语言。 Langue （语言）： the Ianguage system shared by a speech community ” 一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统。 Parole （言语）： the con crete uttera nces of a speaker. 说话人实际说的话语。 Pho no logy （音系学）： the study of the sound patter ns and sound systems of Ian guage. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in Ianguages, and to explain the variati ons that occur. Intern ati onal Phon etic Alphabet （国际音标） a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart （the IPA chart）, designed by the Intern ati onal Phon etic Associati on si nee 1888. It has bee n revised from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice. Cardi nal Vowels （基本元音）： a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the descriptio n of the actual vowels of exist ing Ian guages.
Chapter 1 Introduction 语言学的定义： Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 问题：How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language? →It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. What the linguist has to do “first, then, but”: ①to observe and collect language facts and generalizations are made about them. ②to formulate some hypotheses about the language structure. ③to check the hypotheses thus formed repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学) 问题: What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? →phonetics（语音学）→the study of sounds →phonology（音位学）→study how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning →morphology（形态学）→study the way in which symbols or morphemes are arranged and combined to form words. →syntax（句法学）→the study of rules of forming sentences
Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性（创造性） Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 5.语言能力Competence（抽象） Competence is the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance（具体） Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言langue（抽象） The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语parole（具体） The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ‖correct‖ behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 https://www.doczj.com/doc/c313237776.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘s a social activity ca rried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者： ⑴瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure :Langue和parole的区别
2021年汉语国际教育硕士《354汉语基础》考研题库 第一部分汉语语言学基础知识 第3章现代汉语语音 一、填空题 1．声调又叫字调，具有区别意义的作用，其性质主要取决于____。 【答案】音高 【解析】发音时声带越紧，在一定时间内振动的次数越多，声音就越高；反之声音就越低。在发音过程中，声带可以自始至终保持一样的松紧度，也可以先松后紧，或先紧后松，也可以松紧相间，这样造成的种种不同的音高变化，就构成各种不同的声调。这样一个贯穿整个字音的高低升降变化的就是声调，主要是由音高决定的。 2．从发音角度来看，“多”和“拖”声母的区别在于____。 【答案】前者不送气，后者送气 【解析】送气和不送气是根据除阻时气流强弱的不同区分的，送气音是指发音时呼出气流较强的音，呼出气流较弱的是不送气音。“多”的声母为[t]，“拖”的声母为[t‘]，两个声母的分别在于前者不送气，后者送气。 3．从发音角度来看，“章”和“昌”两者声母的区别在于____。 【答案】前者不送气，后者送气 【解析】“章”的声母为zh[t?]，“昌”的声母为ch[t?‘]。两个声母的区别在于前者是
不送气音，后者为送气音。他们两个都是舌尖后、清、塞擦音。 4．普通话的13个复韵母根据____所处的位置，可以分为3类：前响复韵母、后响复韵母、中响复韵母。 【答案】韵腹 【解析】由两个或三个元音结合而成的韵母称作复韵母，其中开口度最大、发音最响亮的元音称为韵腹，根据韵腹所处的位置，可以将复韵母分为3类。 二、选择题 1．“者惹舍吃”四字是（）。 A．同声母字 B．同韵母字 C．同声调字 D．同发音部位字 【答案】D 【解析】“者惹舍吃”四个字的声母分别是“zh、r、sh、ch”，都是舌尖后音，属于同一发音部位的字。A项，他们的声母不同。B项，“者惹舍”的韵母都是“e”，但“吃”的韵母是“i”。C项，他们的声调分别是三声、三声、三声和一声。 2．用一个字来直接注另一个字的音，如“蛊”音“古”，这种注音方法是（）。 A．直音 B．反切
语言学第七章知识点总结 Language is an essential part of a given culture. It is an indispensable carrier of culture. It is regarded as a mirror of society. In primitive culture, the meaning of a word greatly depended on its occurrence in a given context. Firth-Context of Situation -illustrate the close relationship between language use and its co-occurrence factors. 1.The relevant features of the participants, persons, and personalities The verbal action of the participants; the non-verbal action of the participant 2.The relevant objects 3.The effects of the verbal action Speech Community It refers to a group of people share the same rules of speaking and one linguistic variety as well. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Our language helps mould our way of thinking. Different languages may probably express speakers' unique ways of understanding the world. https://www.doczj.com/doc/c313237776.html,nguage may determine our thinking patterns
人文 一、语言和语言学 1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language 任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系 二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成 创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造 移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点 2、语言的功能（不是很重要） 信息功能informative 人际功能interpersonal 施为功能performative 感情功能emotive function 寒暄功能phatic communication 娱乐功能recreational function 元语言功能metalingual function 3、语言学主要分支 语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音 音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列 形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则 句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则 语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义 语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义 4、宏观语言学macrolingustics 心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学computational linguistics 5语言学中的重要区别 规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的 描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的 共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言 历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律 语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体 言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言 语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出) 能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备 运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用 二、语音学 1、语音学分支 发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生 声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性 听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知 2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的 三、音位学
大连理工大学2018年硕士研究生入学考试大纲 科目代码：857 科目名称：语言学基础知识 试题包括现代汉语、语言学概论及古代汉语三部分内容。大概比例为：现代汉语50%，古典汉语30%，语言学概论20% 试题题型以主观题为主。客观题（填空、选择类）占很小比例，主观题比重较大，题型多样（如：概念题、分析题、简答题、论述题，讨论题等）。 具体复习大纲如下： 一、语言学概论部分： 1、语言和言语的关系 2、组合关系与聚合关系 3、言语交际的要素 4、新时期语言学的最大特点 5、结构主义语言学 6、语言是最重要的交际工具 7、语言的社会功能 8、国际音标、音素、音位、音位变体、条件变体、自由变体、音质音位、非音质音位 9、音素与音位的区别 10、语义场类型 11、语义演变的结果 12、语言发展的基本条件及影响因素 13、语言发展的不平衡性 14、语言的融合 二、现代汉语部分 1、基本概念 2、现代汉语的特点 3、造字法及形声字的表音问题 4、如何理解词义的模糊性 5、合成词构成分析 6、语言单位及相互关系 7、现代汉语语法特点 8、划分词类的标准及具体词汇词类的划分 9、词与短语的区别 10、短语的结构及功能类型的划分 11、句法（句子）成分及对应关系
12、句法成分与语义成分 13、多义短语及形成多义的原因 14、单句的分析 15、多重复句的类型及分析 16、变换分析的原则及变换分析的通途 17、语义指向分心 18、三个平面理论 19、什么是修辞及辞格 20、修辞的实际运用能力 三、古典汉语部分 1、古代汉语的基本概念 2、古代汉语》教材通论的部分的基本知识 3、古代汉语的常用词 4、《古代汉语》教材中先秦到元代的主要选篇 5、句读知识及点断、阅读、翻译能力 复习资料： 1、《古代汉语》，殷国光、赵彤，中国人民大学出版社，2009年。 2、《现代汉语》，黄伯荣、廖序东著，高等教育出版社，2011年增订五版。 3、《语言学纲要》（修订版），叶蜚声、徐通锵著，北京大学出版社，2010年。