定语从句重要考点
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重要考点定语从句 1
1.含义.
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
2.作用.定语从句在复合句中对先行词起着修饰，限定的作用，相当于汉语中‘…的’结构。
3.定语从句的引导词.
(1).种类；定语从句中的引导词有关系代词that,which,who (宾格whom,所有格whose)等；关系副词where，when，why等。
(2).位置.关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
(3).关系代词的选用.
关系代词 指代 在定语从句中所做的成分
that 人或物 作主语或宾语
Which 物 做主语或宾语
Who 人 做主语或宾语
Whom 人 做宾语
Whose 人或物 作定语
拓展.
☆关系副词when，where，和why引导定语从句在句中分别指代时间，地点和原因。
☆4.关系代词只能用that的情况.
（1）先行词既包括人又包括物时.
（2）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级以及the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few等词修饰时。
（3）先行词为all，any，much，many，everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时。
☆5.关系代词只用which的情况.
（1）关系代词前有介词时，一般用which而不用that。
（2）引导非限制性定语从句（主句和从句之间用逗号隔开），用which而不用that。
6.其他注意事项.
（1）关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
（2）关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可省略，做主语时，则不可省略。
巧学巧记
that，which可互换，下列情况是例外。
先行若是不定代，that就把which踹。
先行词前被限制，千万不要用which。
要用which莫着急，介词提前要隔离。
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☆as引导
as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明但通常用于像as we all
know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always
mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……，
就像……”之意。
如：As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
美国人都知道，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。（as在从句中作主语）
He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.
他忘了带笔，这是常事。（as在从句中作主语）
He is absorbed in work, as he often was.
他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。（as在从句中作表语）
As we all know, the earth is round.
众所周知，地球是圆的。（as在从句中作宾语）
The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.
两兄弟对此决定都满意，这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。(as在从句中作主语)
Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.
你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as在从句中作宾语)
“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句：在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。
难：句意相同
as it is known to all (that...) (as 做状语从句连词，是状语从句, 可以加that)
与 as is known to all (as做主语，是定语从句)
与 it is known to all that... (主语从句，it是形式主语)
即：As is widely known, the moon is closer to the us than the sun.(定从)
= That the moon is closer to the us than the sun is widely known.(主从)
= It is widely known that the moon is closer to the us than the sun.(主从)
As it is known to everyone, I thought you knew about it too.(状从) [1]
关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。
They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the
yield would be halved.
他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。 2
特殊结构
“名词/代词+of+which / whom”
It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under
cultivation.
现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二之多已经耕种。
Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300000 kilometer per
second.
光是世界上最快的东西，它的速度是每秒30万千米。
There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.
大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。
The textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are
women.
这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。
引导词
编辑
即“引导定语从句的关系词”
①引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词：as,which,who
②引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有：when,where。
注意
不能用that作为关系代词的两种情况：
①非限定性定语从句
②介词+关系代词
区别
编辑
1、as引导的定语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾，which引导的定语从句可置于句中或句尾。
2、当as后面有“is或was+过去分词”构成的被动语态时，be动词is或was可省略。
3、 as有时也可用作关系代词 。若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首或句中。但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放句中。
4、as有正如…一样、按照、正像、因为的意思，所以常用于肯定句，而which则用于肯定，否定都可以。
5、在固定结构中使用as 例如：the same … as 、as … as。
例句：
1 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which , of course, made
the others unhappy.（从句部分的意思为：这当然使别人不高兴；而不能译为正如使别人不高兴。故用which。） 3
2 Chongqing is not the same city as we have seen in other places. 4
重庆和我们在其它地方看过的城市不一样。
易错点
编辑
1. 引导限制性定语从句时，关系代词which可以与that互换；但引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。
例1.She heard a terrible noise, ______ frightened her.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
例2.She heard a terrible noise ______ frightened her.
A. that B. / C. what D. who
解析： 例1意为：“她听到一个可怕的声音，这使她感到恐惧。”that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句，故选B。例2意为：“她听到了一个使她恐惧的可怕声音。”引导修饰noise的限制性定语从句可以用which或that来引导,故选A。
2. 先行词为reason时，限制性定语可以用why或for which来引导；非限制性定语从句则只能用for which来引导。
例3.I had told them the reason, ______ I didn’t attend the meeting.
A. for which B. at which C. for whom D. why
例4I had told them the reason ______ I didn’t attend the meeting.
A. when B. which C. why D. for that
解析： 例3意为：“我早已把理由告诉了他们，于是我没有出席会议。”先行词为reason时，非限制性定语从句应用for which引导，故选A。例4意为：“我已经把没有出席会议的原因告诉了他们。”the reason why...是常见搭配，答案为C。
3. 引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以被省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词即使作宾语也不能省略。
例5.He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother,______ he loved and
respected as his own mother.
A. as B. which C. / D. whom
解析： 本句意为：“他急于去医院看望他的继母，他像对待亲生母亲一样孝敬她。”关系代词whom引导非限制性定语从句并作宾语，不能被省略，故选D。
