下载文档原格式
第12卷第2期2021年4月哲学分析Philosophical AnalysisVol.12，No.2Apr.，2021论《逻辑哲学论》的简单性原则张志平摘 要：在写作《逻辑哲学论》时，维特根斯坦崇尚的是简单性原则。
他不仅根据简单性原则表述其思想，形成独特的写作风格，而且还从简单性入手切入对世界本质的形而上学建构，认为世界归根结底是由所有简单对象的内容及形式所共同决定的事实的总和，通过极简的［p，ξ，N（ξ）］揭示命题、语言、描述和世界的共同本质，并通过语言批判和思想划界对哲学思考本身提出简单性要求。
在某种意义上，简单性原则也是作为形而上学的哲学的根本原则，因为哲学从诞生起就带有还原论倾向，在多中寻求一，在时间性中寻找永恒性。
这样的探寻是通过对纷繁复杂的现象世界加以透析、过滤、简化来达到使世界充满秩序并容易为我们所理解的目的。
但简单性原则本身存在诸多困难。
维特根斯坦在简单性原则上前后期思想的转变，实际上也是哲学从现代性向后现代性转变的一个缩影。
只有认识到简单性与复杂性的辩证统一，保持两者之间合理的张力，才不会在现代性和后现代性之间偏执一端，哲学思考也才能更贴近事情的真相，为人的生活实践贡献更多智慧。
关键词：维特根斯坦；简单性原则；形而上学；张力中图分类号：B5 文献标识码：A 文章编号：2095-0047（2021）02-0067-81在写作《逻辑哲学论》时，追求完美写作形式的维特根斯坦崇尚的是简单性原则。
a有关简单性原则，维特根斯坦在《逻辑哲学论》中多次提及。
在5.4541中， 作者简介：张志平，上海师范大学哲学与法政学院教授。
a有关简单性，维特根斯坦用的是“einfach”一词，英译者翻译为“neat”（干净的、整洁的，名词为neatness），似乎不妥（参见Ludwig Wittgenstein，Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus， London， Boston and Henley：Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd， 1981， p. 125）。
主谓一致⏹“一致”（concord或agreement）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。
主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系，这又叫做“主-动一致”（Subject-verb Concord ）。
指导原则⏹1.语法一致原则（Grammatical Concord)⏹主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
⏹The number of errors was surprising.⏹Jane and Mary look alike.⏹2. 意义一致原则（Notional Concord）⏹1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。
⏹The crowd were running for their lives.⏹单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle, militia等。
⏹2) 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。
⏹The news was very exciting.⏹形复意单的单词有news, works （工厂）和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，physics, economics等。
⏹3. 就近原则（Principle of Proximity）⏹谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
如用连词or,either…or, neither…nor, not only…, but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。
⏹Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.I. 以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致⏹1.以S结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数⏹arthritis:关节炎bronchitis :支气管炎⏹mumps:腮腺炎diabetes:糖尿病⏹phlebitis:静脉炎⏹但是measles(麻疹)，rickets(软骨病) 谓语可用单/复数⏹2.以S结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数⏹darts:投镖游戏dominoes:多米诺骨牌⏹marbles:打弹子游戏billiards:台球⏹但cards(打纸牌)用复数；⏹当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数⏹Darts is often played in English pubs.⏹Two darts are thrown at every turn.⏹3.以ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数⏹mathematics:数学physics:物理学⏹optics:光学 statistics:统计学⏹politics:政治学acoustics:声学/音响效果⏹economics:经济学athletics:体育学⏹mechanics:机械学semantics:语义学⏹linguistics:语言学tactics:兵法/策略⏹当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数⏹Statistics is not as difficult as some people think.⏹The latest statistics on crime are beyond description.⏹注:下列以ics结尾的名词仅用作单数⏹classics:杰作,著作comics:连环图画⏹ethics: 伦理学cosmetics:化妆品⏹4.以S 结尾的地理名称如山脉，海峡，瀑布，群岛等谓语动词通常用作复数⏹the West Indies西印度群岛⏹the Bahamas巴哈马群岛⏹the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉⏹the Straits of Gibraltar直布罗陀海峡⏹the Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布⏹the Rockies 落基山脉⏹但如果是国名，则用作单数，如:the United States, the UnitedNations, the Netherlands（荷兰）。
VI。
Leech’s Politeness PrincipleContentsI. The Theoretical BackgroundII. The Politeness Principle ＆its MaximsIII。
Interpretation of the Politeness PrincipleIV. Violation of CP out of PolitenessV. Humor Created by Flouting PP MaximsVI. Comprehensive Floutings of CP and PP MaximsVII.Pragmatic Analysis of Deliberate MisinterpretationReading: Leech，G. N。
Principles of Pragmatics ［M］. London: Longman. 1983.I. The Theoretical BackgroundPoliteness Principle （PP for short）was proposed by Leech in 1983.Leech:The Gricean framework itself cannot give a sufficient explanation of the following questions:✓Why do people so often convey their meaning indirectly？✓Why do people deliberately violate the CP maxims?Therefore, Leech (1983) puts forward his Politeness Principle to rescue the CP from the serious trouble it is in:Cooperative Principle can not explain the dilemma that people fail to fulfill Cooperative Principle while at the same time observing it。
Education Principles: English Translation IntroductionEducation is a fundamental aspect of human society, playing a crucial role in shaping individuals and fostering their development. The principles that underpin education are essential to create effective learning environments and guide educational practices. In this document, we will provide an English translation of the key principles in the field of education.Principle 1: Learner-Centered ApproachThe learner-centered approach emphasizes the importance of placing the learner at the center of the educational process. This principle highlights the need to consider the individual characteristics, needs, and interests of learners to facilitate meaningful learning experiences. By tailoring educational activities to the learner’s unique profile, educators can better engage and motivate students, leading to enhanced learning outcomes.Principle 2: Active LearningActive learning encourages learners to actively participate in the learning process. This principle suggests that learners acquire knowledge and skills through hands-on activities, problem-solving exercises, and interactive discussions, rather than passive reception of information. By engaging learners in active learning tasks, educators promote critical thinking, collaboration, and independent learning.Principle 3: Differentiated InstructionDifferentiated instruction acknowledges that learners have diverse learning needs and preferences. This principle involves adapting teaching methods, materials, and assessments to accommodate various learning styles, abilities, and interests. By providing personalized instruction, educators can accommodate the diverse needs of learners, promoting inclusivity and ensuring that every student has the opportunity to succeed.Principle 4: Assessment for LearningAssessment for learning focuses on using assessments as a tool to support and enhance the learning process. Rather than solely relying on summative assessments to measure final outcomes, this principle emphasizes the importance of formative assessments throughout the learning journey. By providing feedback and guiding students’ progress, educators can identify areas of improvement and adjust their teaching strategies accordingly.Principle 5: Social and Emotional LearningSocial and emotional learning recognizes the significance of developing students’ social skills, emotional intelligence, and well-being. This principle highlights the importance of fostering a positive and supportive learning environment that promotes social interactions, empathy, self-awareness, and responsible decision-making. By cultivating social and emotional competencies, educators prepare students for future success in both academic and personal aspects of their lives.Principle 6: Lifelong LearningLifelong learning emphasizes the idea that education is a lifelong process that extends beyond the classroom. This principle encourages individuals to continuously seek knowledge, acquire new skills, and adapt to changing circumstances throughout their lives. By promoting a culture of lifelong learning, educators instill a sense of curiosity, self-motivation, and a growth mindset among students, enabling them to become independent and resilient learners.Principle 7: Cultural ResponsivenessCultural responsiveness recognizes the importance of acknowledging and valuing cultural diversity within educational settings. This principle encourages educators to incorporate diverse perspectives, experiences, and cultures into the curriculum and instructional practices. By celebrating diversity, educators create inclusive learning environments that foster respect, understanding, and appreciation for different cultures and perspectives.Principle 8: CollaborationCollaboration emphasizes the value of collaboration among students, educators, and other stakeholders in the educational process. This principle promotes cooperation, communication, and teamwork to encourage a supportive and enriching learning environment. By creating opportunities for collaboration, educators prepare students to effectively work in teams, develop interpersonal skills, and engage in meaningful dialogues.ConclusionUnderstanding and applying these principles of education can contribute to the design of effective learning experiences, promote student engagement, and lead to improved learning outcomes. The learner-centered approach, active learning, differentiated instruction, assessment for learning, social and emotional learning, lifelong learning, cultural responsiveness, and collaboration are all vital aspects of a holistic and inclusive education system. By embracing these principles, educators can nurture the growth and development of learners, preparing them for success in a rapidly changing world.。
