The Aging Problem

Population aging problem in China1.The population brings many problems，mainly in the social （Motivation）Project: This paper has discussed China’s population aging and the related social security problems .Background: Along with the year changed , the population of the age more than 65 years is sustainable grow.Many years of birth control policy have resulted in a severe population aging problem in China .2.China’s population aging problem ,is more severe （Statement of problem）Subject : 1、population aging in China 2、China’s current social security system 3、challenging to China’s current social security system.●Originate from the one-child policy –the shortage of labor ;●social security system （pay-as-you-go system）–Challenges to economy;●Challenges to China’s current social security system–growing socialsecurity debt .3.Value and significant :One: Realize the problem Two : Give the suggest to government to solve the problem 4.Current research status:○1Literature review and References:T he situation of China’s population the birth rate decreased year by year (By China labor statistical yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press . China National Bureau of Statistics. (2007–2012). )Focus on: China’s current social security system○2Consider what the problem to deal with :replacement and contribution rates /retirement age / funded system○3Research approach and limitations :doing survey 、learning from literature；should a detailed redistribution mechanism.○4Research planning : A. Learn the literature B. Analyze the question C. Study the research methodology D. Making the conclusion~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~KEY WORDS:Population aging 人口老龄化social security system 社会保障系统pay-as-you-go system 离职付款体系account 账户redistribution mechanism再分配机制sustainable 可持续的。

Think of the world population agingAbstract: Population aging is one of the world's population development tendency. Of the world's population aging and the aging of the population in developed countries the same time.,China's aging population has intensified. The aging of the population have is social progress and economic development. This paper will analysis about Chinese and American population ageing. But, the aging of the population has led to the burden of the working population growing problems affecting social and economic development, legal system and other material and the spirit of building the new requirements.So the 21 st century the aging of population across the world.Key worlds: Population old age Population burden Sustainable development世界人口老龄化的思考摘要：在世界人口走向老龄化和发达国家人口老龄化发展的同时，中国人口老龄化也在加剧。

How to deal with the aging problemsToday, our topic is how to deal with the aging problem in Europe. We can see from the data of the aging of the population in 2012 in Europe. The red bar chart means the percentage of Europe, for example Australia, Norway, UK, Germany, population over 65 ranges from 23% to 35%. Next is a map about the percentage of the population over 65 in Europe. We can know clearly that percentage of the population in most areas is 12%-16%, even some areas are up to 18%-20%. Aging is one of the greatest social and economic challenges of the 21st century for European societies. It will affect the economic development of Europe and the living standard of people. Next, we will discuss five measures to deal with this problem. First is to increase the employment rate, second is to increase birth rate, third is to encourage population migration, the fourth is to establish social welfare system; the last is to change people‟s traditional view.We cannot deny that when people are old, they have less ability to go on heavy work, and under the social security system, they don‟t have to work, which leads to a serious aged problem. Absolutely, it is important to help senior citizens gain job offers.But what kind of jobs should be put emphasis on?Firstly, there are many jobs which doesn‟t suit young people but are quite suitable to retired people like the librarian and guard. Secondly, governments can create some jobs like collecting data and the work in the community committee, and they can also provide some jobs which suit people who are experienced like teaching.Thirdly, government can put off the retired age. They also should increase the payment to avoid people‟s complaint.I think if what I mentioned above can be carried out, the burden of social security benefit may can be released.Now let me tell you something on how to increase the birthrate. Increasing the birth rate is the basic way to deal with the aging problems. Governments have a lot of work to on this aspect . Firstly, boost the birthrate, increasing the award to families which have babies. In Moscow, parents who have responded the call of country can be provided housing and cars. By this way, people‟s initiative would be stimulated efficiently.Then, expand the cover of parental paid leave. “What we know is that it is good for birthrate if man and women can share the burden of have children”. Says Soren Kindlund, family policy adviser at Swedish ministry. But in fact, among Swedish, only12% of men have taken their paid leave and 60% of fathers do not take even a single day. The phenomenon needs great improvement.What is more, policies on prohibiting abortion should be carried out. In France and Swedish, females have the right of abortion. But if this right is banned, more babies will be given birth.By the way, in hospital, service such as artificial insemination and surrogacy should be provided for barren females.Next, I will talk about how immigration can help to deal with the problem.During the course of ever-increasingly aging population, the index of labor aging population is continuously decreasing, which leads a shortage of labor force. In this case, taking in foreign youth labor force has been adopted by most European countries. As a result, the flow of foreign youth labor force stimulates the growth of population of European, to some extent reducing the pressure from lacking in labor force.It's obviously that aging population as well as a serious shortage of labor force in Europe since 21 century. Unless introducingoutdoor immigrants, it's hard to subsist the existing high-profit economic mode in Europe. The pace of aging-population is faster despite the severe problem of unemployment in Europe nowadays. What‟s more, there are also many developed countries taking in foreign youth labor force to make up for their own lack of labor.Therefore, it‟s necessary to take in foreign youth labor force in Europe.Also, we should establish and improve the elderly health care system. Reform, improve the urban medical insurance system, the development of rural cooperative medical care, to solve the medical sources of funding, and gradually formed a complete medical security system. To provide basic medical insurance for the elderly, to meet their basic medical needs, the elderly population and family not to poverty due to illness, actively carry out to older but mainly preventive health care and health education, strengthen the common geriatric diseases, chronic diseases, frequently-occurring disease research. Conditional medium-sized city to establish and perfect the research institutions of disease prevention .Geriatric hospital ,elderly care homes, elderly medical rehabilitation center, geriatric outpatient service, the implementation of family sickbed,improve community health service, to provide a full range of health services for the elderly. We also should actively promote the function of community nursing.But in Europe, there are some traditional opinions that may stand in the way of the solvent of the problem. One of these opinions is that women are …n o more good mothers‟ if they return to the job market after maternity leave should be changed. Actually raising babies by both mom and dad is the best choice. Besides, governments should be active and make propagandas among citizens to help them change their traditional opinions. It will improve the aging problem if women are allowed to return to the job market.If they do not change their views, the aging problem will not be solved efficiently. Looking after their generations is important, so is increasing social labors.Reference documents:Books:----熊必俊 .人口老龄化与可持续发展.（p216,p165）.北京.中国大百科全书出版社.2002.山东----李玲，沈静，袁媛.人口发展与区域规划.(p69-73).北京.科学出版社.2008.----李仲生.发达国家的人口变动与经济发展.(p165).北京.清华大学出版社.2011.Magazines and newspapers:Journal of ChifengUniversity(soc.sci) Vol.32.No.5 May 2011-----/p-783472094249.html ----刘付红 ,王琪琳. 关于人口老龄化问题的立法思考2014-06-04 legal System DailyWebsite: ---- “the birthrate in European countries”</p-193906284.html>----/question/10786294.htm---/s/blog_6c7c742d0100l8n6.html----/p-472076134.html----/link?url=aBGD7s34vRX0Dw5a0yKw IFgFatkMI-fjOzFQPuSViQQohyIUwfuR8oDezlBeKMDo3XLw2 2_wwlWRXiHa9hEr39ge5uJc0JtrZVc。

generatized assignment problem -回复What is the Generatized Assignment Problem?The Generatized Assignment Problem (GAP) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem that involves assigning a set of tasks to a set of resources in a cost-effective manner. It is an extension of the classical assignment problem, where each task can be assigned to multiple resources simultaneously. This allows for a more flexible and realistic representation of real-life scenarios.In GAP, each task has a set of potential resources that can perform it, and each resource has a capacity that limits the number of tasks it can execute simultaneously. The objective is to find a assignment of tasks to resources that minimizes the overall cost, considering both the assignment and execution costs.Formally, GAP can be defined as follows:Given:- Set of tasks T = {t1, t2, ..., tn}- Set of resources R = {r1, r2, ..., rm}- Assignment cost matrix A, where A[i, j] represents the cost ofassigning task ti to resource rj- Execution cost matrix E, where E[i, j] represents the cost of executing task ti by resource rj- Capacity vector C, where C[j] represents the maximum number of tasks that resource rj can execute simultaneouslyFind an assignment matrix X, where X[i, j] = 1 if task ti is assigned to resource rj and 0 otherwise, that minimizes the objective function:Objective: minimize Σ(A[i, j] * X[i, j] + E[i, j] * X[i, j])Subject to:- Σ(X[i, j]) <= 1, for all i- Σ(X[i, j]) <= C[j], for all jThe first set of constraints ensures that each task is assigned to at most one resource, while the second set of constraints limits the number of tasks assigned to each resource by their capacity.Solving the Generatized Assignment Problem:Solving the Generatized Assignment Problem is computationallydemanding due to its combinatorial nature. Here is a step-by-step approach to solving this problem efficiently:1. Formulate the problem: Define the task and resource sets, as well as the assignment and execution cost matrices. Specify the capacity vector for each resource.2. Model the problem mathematically: Formulate the problem as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Define decision variables indicating whether a task is assigned to a resource or not.3. Implement a solver: Use a suitable optimization solver that can handle MILP problems. Popular optimization solvers include CPLEX, Gurobi, and SCIP. These solvers employ sophisticated algorithms to find an optimal or near-optimal solution.4. Solution initialization: Generate an initial feasible solution using heuristics or assignment techniques. This step helps to speed up the optimization process by providing a good starting point.5. Iterative improvement: Use the solver to find an assignment that minimizes the objective function. Apply suitable optimizationtechniques, such as branch and bound, constraint propagation, and cutting planes, to improve the solution iteratively.6. Solution analysis: Validate the obtained solution and assess its quality. Compare it with the lower bounds or known optimal solutions to evaluate its effectiveness.Applications of the Generatized Assignment Problem:The Generatized Assignment Problem finds applications in various real-world scenarios, including:1. Workforce scheduling: Assigning tasks to employees considering their skills and capacities.2. Project management: Allocating project tasks to team members based on their expertise and availability.3. Transportation planning: Assigning vehicles to transportation tasks considering their capacities and costs.4. Resource allocation: Distributing limited resources, such as rawmaterials or machines, across multiple tasks or projects. Conclusion:The Generatized Assignment Problem is a complex combinatorial optimization problem that involves assigning tasks to resources while minimizing costs. It is an extension of the classical assignment problem and allows for a more realistic representation of real-life scenarios. By formulating the problem mathematically and employing optimization solvers, it is possible to findnear-optimal solutions efficiently, enabling better decision-making in various domains.。