中国传媒大学考博英语真题选录

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中国传媒大学考博英语真题选录
Directions:
Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeen
removed.ForQuestions(41-45),choosethemostsuitableonefromthe
listA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextra
choices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Markyouranswerson
ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Coincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiological
evolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,
BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheory
ofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldly
phenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancing
towardperfection.41.____________.
AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanother
theoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morgan,alongwith
Tylor,wasoneofthefoundersofmodernanthropology.Inhiswork,
heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherin
theevolutionofsocieties.42._____________.

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Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmerican

anthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownas
historicalparticularism.Historicalparticularism,which
emphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectionto
anthropology.43._____________.
Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodas
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theresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanycultures
belongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.
44._______________.
Historicalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudy
ofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluence
ofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly
1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorof
diffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantcultural
achievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,
accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.
45.________________.
Alsointheearly1900s,Frenchsociologist?mileDurkheim
developedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluence
anthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedto
reinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetween
thefunctionofsocietyandculture—knownasfunctionalism—became
amajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.
[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,
suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietyto
society.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.
[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyas
possible,Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,
andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.
[C]Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastruggle
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hecalledthe“survivalofthefittest,”inwhichweakerracesand
societiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvanced
racesandsocieties.
[D]Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedto
preserveapeople’ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremonies
thatformallysignifychildren’sentranceintoadulthood.
[E]Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthe
structureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,
ownershipofproperty,formsofgovernment,technology,andsystems
offoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.
[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegrated
partsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.
[G]Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithand
W.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequate
information,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyall
originatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,
alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferent
timesinmanypartsoftheworld.

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