idsa_2012-13_Lect05-Queues-FIFO

《嵌入式系统设计与开发》大作业一．作业内容基本部分：1．什么是嵌入式系统？它具有哪些特点？2．嵌入式系统产品开发一般包括哪几个阶段？每一个阶段的主要工作有哪些？3．试举常用的嵌入式操作系统的例子，并指出这些嵌入式操作系统的特点是什么？用在什么场合？4. 试述ARM处理器在ARM状态下的寄存器组织。

5．试述ARM处理器的7种运行模式。

6. 试述ARM处理器对异常中断的处理过程。

（1）ARM中引起异常的原因（2）在ARM体系中，异常中断向量表的大小是多少，其中每个异常中断占据多少字节？（3）异常中断的处理、返回过程。

7．什么是BootLoader，其主要功能是什么？8．编写一个程序，从存储器某处拷贝一个数据块到储存器的另一处。

源数据块的开始地址放入R0，长度（以字节为单位）放入R1，目的数据块的开始地址在R2。

9．应用C语言进行ARM 系统软件开发时从预处理、编译、汇编到链接，编译系统要做哪些工作，生成哪些文件？10. 用汇编语言编写含有2个分支的跳转表实现程序跳转。

R2寄存器中存放的是跳转表的基地址。

R1中用于选择不同的子程序，子程序可以任意命名。

R1的不同值选择不同的子程序。

并做简单注释。

11．编写一段C语言与汇编语言的混合编程代码，在C语言程序中调用汇编语言代码，完成字符串STR1和STR2内容的互换。

提高部分：1. 一个ARM嵌入式系统具有一对干湿球温度传感器，可以探测到干湿状态下的温度。

传感器通过UART0与ARM通信；嵌入式系统中软件要求每秒钟定时读取UART0的4字节的数据。

（假设UART0的FIFO不会溢出）这4个字节中前2个字节是干球温度，后两个是湿球温度。

2个字节中，前一个字节表示小数点之前的温度，后一个字节表示小数点之后的温度。

通过干球温度和湿球温度可以在一个二维表格中查找到对应的湿度，表示当前空气对应的相对湿度值。

二维表格的形式如下：当软件查询到相对湿度后，通过UART1与上位机通信（发送），每秒将数据发送给上位机。

SP601 Hardware User GuideUG518 (v1.7) September 26, 2012© Copyright 2009–2012 Xilinx, Inc. Xilinx, the Xilinx logo, Artix, ISE, Kintex, Spartan, Virtex, Zynq, and other designated brands included herein are trademarks of Xilinx in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. DISCLAIMERThe information disclosed to you hereunder (the “Materials”) is provided solely for the selection and use of Xilinx products. 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Xilinx assumes no obligation to correct any errors contained in the Materials, or to advise you of any corrections or update. Y ou may not reproduce, modify, distribute, or publicly display the Materials without prior written consent. Certain products are subject to the terms and conditions of the Limited Warranties which can be viewed at /warranty.htm; IP cores may be subject to warranty and support terms contained in a license issued to you by Xilinx. Xilinx products are not designed or intended to be fail-safe or for use in any application requiring fail-safe performance; you assume sole risk and liability for use of Xilinx products in Critical Applications:/warranty.htm#critapps.Revision HistoryThe following table shows the revision history for this document.Date Version Revision07/15/09 1.0Initial Xilinx release.08/19/09 1.1•Added Appendix B, VITA 57.1 FMC LPC Connector Pinout.•Updated Figure1-17.•Updated Table1-4, Table1-19, and Table1-22.•Added introductory paragraph to Appendix C, SP601 Master UCF.•Miscellaneous typographical edits and new user guide template.05/17/10 1.2•Updated Figure1-1, Figure1-2, Figure1-14, Figure1-18, Table1-9, Table1-1,Table1-11, and Table1-16.•Added Figure1-7, Figure1-8, and Table1-13.•Updated 9. VITA 57.1 FMC-LPC Connector, page25, Appendix B, VITA 57.1 FMCLPC Connector Pinout, and Appendix C, SP601 Master UCF.06/16/10 1.3Reversed order of 15. Configuration Options and 16. Power Management. Updated 1.Spartan-6 XC6SLX16-2CSG324 FPGA and 2. 128 MB DDR2 Component Memory. AddedTable1-26. Added UG394, Spartan-6 FPGA Power Management User Guide to Appendix D,References.09/24/10 1.4Added Power System Test Points, including Table1-25.02/16/11 1.5Added note and revised header description to indicate the I/Os support LVCMOS25signaling on page34. Revised oscillator manufacturer information from Epson to SiTimeon page page23 and page51.07/18/11 1.6Corrected wording from “PPM frequency jitter” to “PPM frequency stability” in sectionOscillator (Differential), page23. Added Table1-15, page27.09/26/12 1.7Added Regulatory and Compliance Information, page53.SP601 Hardware User Guide UG518 (v1.7) September 26, 2012SP601 Hardware User Guide 3UG518 (v1.7) September 26, 2012Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Preface: About This GuideGuide Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Additional Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Additional Support Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Chapter 1: SP601 Evaluation BoardOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Related Xilinx Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Detailed Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101. Spartan-6 XC6SLX16-2CSG324 FPGA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11I/O Voltage Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122. 128 MB DDR2 Component Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123. SPI x4 Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154. Linear Flash BPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175. 10/100/1000 Tri-Speed Ethernet PHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196. USB-to-UART Bridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217. IIC Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228-Kb NV Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228. Clock Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Oscillator (Differential). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Oscillator Socket (Single-Ended, 2.5V or 3.3V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24SMA Connectors (Differential). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249. VITA 57.1 FMC-LPC Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2510. Status LEDs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2811. FPGA Awake LED and Suspend Jumper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2912. FPGA INIT and DONE LEDs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3013. User I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3114. FPGA_PROG_B Pushbutton Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3515. Configuration Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36JTAG Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3616. Power Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37AC Adapter and 5V Input Power Jack/Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Onboard Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Power System Test Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table of ContentsAppendix A: Default Jumper and Switch SettingsAppendix B: VITA 57.1 FMC LPC Connector PinoutAppendix C: SP601 Master UCFAppendix D: ReferencesAppendix E: Regulatory and Compliance InformationDirectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Electromagnetic Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 SP601 Hardware User GuideUG518 (v1.7) September 26, 2012SP601 Hardware User Guide 5UG518 (v1.7) September 26, 2012PrefaceAbout This GuideThis manual accompanies the Spartan®-6 FPGA SP601 Evaluation Board and contains information about the SP601 hardware and software tools.Guide ContentsThis manual contains the following chapters:•Chapter 1, SP601 Evaluation Board , provides an overview of the SP601 evaluation board and details the components and features of the SP601 board.•Appendix A, Default Jumper and Switch Settings .•Appendix B, VITA 57.1 FMC LPC Connector Pinout .•Appendix C, SP601 Master UCF .•Appendix D, References .Additional DocumentationThe following documents are available for download at /products/spartan6.•Spartan-6 Family OverviewThis overview outlines the features and product selection of the Spartan-6 family.•Spartan-6 FPGA Data Sheet: DC and Switching CharacteristicsThis data sheet contains the DC and switching characteristic specifications for the Spartan-6 family.•Spartan-6 FPGA Packaging and Pinout SpecificationsThis specification includes the tables for device/package combinations and maximum I/Os, pin definitions, pinout tables, pinout diagrams, mechanical drawings, and thermal specifications.•Spartan-6 FPGA Configuration User GuideThis all-encompassing configuration guide includes chapters on configuration interfaces (serial and parallel), multi-bitstream management, bitstream encryption, boundary-scan and JTAG configuration, and reconfiguration techniques.•Spartan-6 FPGA SelectIO Resources User GuideThis guide describes the SelectIO™ resources available in all Spartan-6 devices.•Spartan-6 FPG A Clocking Resources User GuidePreface:About This GuideThis guide describes the clocking resources available in all Spartan-6 devices,including the DCMs and PLLs.•Spartan-6 FPGA Block RAM Resources User GuideThis guide describes the Spartan-6 device block RAM capabilities.•Spartan-6 FPGA DSP48A1 Slice User GuideThis guide describes the architecture of the DSP48A1 slice in Spartan-6FPGAs andprovides configuration examples.•Spartan-6 FPGA Memory Controller User GuideThis guide describes the Spartan-6 FPGA memory controller block, a dedicatedembedded multi-port memory controller that greatly simplifies interfacingSpartan-6FPGAs to the most popular memory standards.•Spartan-6 FPGA PCB Designer’s GuideThis guide provides information on PCB design for Spartan-6 devices, with a focus onstrategies for making design decisions at the PCB and interface level.Additional Support ResourcesTo search the database of silicon and software questions and answers or to create atechnical support case in WebCase, see the Xilinx website at:/support. SP601 Hardware User GuideUG518 (v1.7) September 26, 2012Chapter1 SP601 Evaluation BoardOverviewThe SP601 board enables hardware and software developers to create or evaluate designstargeting the Spartan®-6 XC6SLX16-2CSG324 FPGA.The SP601 provides board features for evaluating the Spartan-6 family that are common tomost entry-level development environments. Some commonly used features include aDDR2 memory controller, a parallel linear flash, a tri-mode Ethernet PHY, general-purposeI/O (GPIO), and a UART. Additional functionality can be added through the VITA 57.1.1expansion connector. Features, page8 provides a general listing of the board features withdetails provided in Detailed Description, page10.Additional InformationAdditional information and support material is located at:•/sp601This information includes:•Current version of this user guide in PDF format•Example design files for demonstration of Spartan-6 FPGA features and technology•Demonstration hardware and software configuration files for the SP601 linear and SPImemory devices•Reference Design Files•Schematics in PDF format and DxDesigner schematic format•Bill of materials (BOM)•Printed-circuit board (PCB) layout in Allegro PCB format•Gerber files for the PCB (Many free or shareware Gerber file viewers are available onthe internet for viewing and printing these files.)•Additional documentation, errata, frequently asked questions, and the latest newsFor information about the Spartan-6 family of FPGA devices, including product highlights,data sheets, user guides, and application notes, see the Spartan-6 FPGA website at/support/documentation/spartan-6.htm.SP601 Hardware User Guide 7 UG518 (v1.7) September 26, 2012Chapter 1:SP601 Evaluation BoardFeaturesThe SP601 board provides the following features (see Figure1-2 and Table1-1):• 1. Spartan-6 XC6SLX16-2CSG324 FPGA• 2. 128 MB DDR2 Component Memory• 3. SPI x4 Flash• 4. Linear Flash BPI• 5. 10/100/1000 Tri-Speed Ethernet PHY•7. IIC Bus•8Kb NV memory•External access 2-pin header•VITA 57.1 FMC-LPC connector•8. Clock Generation•Oscillator (Differential)•Oscillator Socket (Single-Ended, 2.5V or 3.3V)•SMA Connectors (Differential)•9. VITA 57.1 FMC-LPC Connector•10. Status LEDs•FPGA_AWAKE•INIT•DONE•13. User I/O•User LEDs•User DIP switch•User pushbuttons•GPIO male pin header•14. FPGA_PROG_B Pushbutton Switch•15. Configuration Options• 3. SPI x4 Flash (both onboard and off-board)• 4. Linear Flash BPI•JTAG Configuration•16. Power Management•AC Adapter and 5V Input Power Jack/Switch•Onboard Power Supplies SP601 Hardware User GuideUG518 (v1.7) September 26, 2012Related Xilinx DocumentsBlock DiagramFigure1-1 shows a high-level block diagram of the SP601 and its peripherals.Figure 1-1:SP601 Features and BankingRelated Xilinx DocumentsPrior to using the SP601 Evaluation Board, users should be familiar with Xilinx resources.See the following locations for additional documentation on Xilinx tools and solutions:•ISE: /ise•Answer Browser: /support•Intellectual Property: /ipcenterSP601 Hardware User Guide 9 UG518 (v1.7) September 26, 2012SP601 Hardware User GuideUG518 (v1.7) September 26, 2012Chapter 1:SP601 Evaluation BoardDetailed DescriptionFigure 1-2 shows a board photo with numbered features corresponding to Table 1-1 and the section headings in this document.The numbered features in Figure 1-2 correlate to the features and notes listed in Table 1-1.Figure 1-2:SP601 Board PhotoUG518_02_09100912843126137115109141581316Table 1-1:SP601 FeaturesNumberFeatureNotesSchematic Page1 Spartan-6 FP G A XC6SLX16-2CS G 3242DDR2 Component Elpida EDE1116ACBG 1Gb DDR2SDRAM53SPI x4 Flash and Headers SPI select and External Headers 84Linear Flash BPIStrataFlash 8-bit (J3 device), 3 pins shared w/ SPI x481. Spartan-6 XC6SLX16-2CSG 324 FPGAA Xilinx Spartan-6 XC6SLX16-2CSG324 FPGA is installed on the SP601 Evaluation Board.ReferencesSee the Spartan-6 FPGA Data Sheet . [Ref 1]ConfigurationThe SP601 supports configuration in the following modes:•Master SPI x4•Master SPI x4 with off-board device •BPI•JTAG (using the included USB-A to Mini-B cable)For details on configuring the FPGA, see 15. Configuration Options .The Mode DIP switch SW2 is set to M[1:0] = 01 Master SPI default.ReferencesSee the Spartan-6 FPGA Configuration User Guide for more information. [Ref 2]510/100/1000 Ethernet PHY GMII Marvell Alaska PHY76RS232 UART (USB Bridge)Uses CP2103 Serial-to-USB connection 107IICGoes to Header and VITA 57.1 FMC 108Clock, socket, SMA Differential, Single-Ended, Differential 99VITA 57.1 FMC-LPC connector LVDS signals, clocks, PRSNT 610LEDs Ethernet PHY Status711LED, Header FPGA Awake LED, Suspend Header 812LEDs FPGA INIT, DONE 913LED User I/O (active-High)9DIP SwitchUser I/O (active-High)9PushbuttonUser I/O, CPU_RESET (active-High)912-pin (8 I/O) Header6 pins x 2 male header with 8 I/Os (active-High)1014Pushbutton FPGA_PROG_B915USB JTAG Cypress USB to JTAG download cable logic14, 1516Onboard PowerPower Management11,12,13Table 1-1:SP601 Features (Cont’d)NumberFeatureNotesSchematic PageSP601 Hardware User Guide I/O Voltage RailsThere are four available banks on the LX16-CSG324 device. Banks 0, 1, and 2 are connected for 2.5V I/O. Bank 3 is used for the 1.8V DDR2 component memory interface of Spartan-6 FPGA’s hard memory controller. The voltage applied to the FPGA I/O banks used by the SP601 board is summarized in Table 1-2.ReferencesSee the Spartan-6 FPGA documentation for more information at /support/documentation/spartan-6.htm .2. 128 MB DDR2 Component MemoryThere are 128MB of DDR2 memory available on the SP601 board. A 1-Gb ElpidaEDE1116ACBG (84-ball) DDR2 memory component is accessible through Bank 3 of the LX16 device. The Spartan-6 FPGA hard memory controller is used for data transfer across the DDR2 memory interface’s 16-bit data path using SSTL18 signaling. The SP601 board supports the “standard” VCCINT setting of 1.20V ± 5%. This setting provides the standard memory controller block (MCB) performance of 625Mb/s for DDR2 memory in a -2 speed grade device. Signal integrity is maintained through DDR2 resistor terminations and memory on-die terminations (ODT), as shown in Table 1-3 and Table 1-4.Table 1-2:I/O Voltage Rail of FPGA BanksFPGA BankI/O Voltage Rail0 2.5V 1 2.5V 2 2.5V 31.8VTable 1-3:Termination Resistor RequirementsSignal NameBoard TerminationOn-Die TerminationDDR2_A[14:0]49.9Ω to V TT DDR2_BA[2:0]49.9Ω to V TT DDR2_RAS_N 49.9Ω to V TT DDR2_CAS_N 49.9Ω to V TT DDR2_WE_N 49.9Ω to V TT DDR2_CS_N 100Ω to GND DDR2_CKE 4.7K Ω to GND DDR2_ODT 4.7K Ω to GNDDDR2_DQ[15:0]ODT DDR2_UDQS[P ,N], DDR2_LDQS[P ,N]ODT DDR2_UDM, DDR2_LDMODTTable 1-5 shows the connections and pin numbers for the DDR2 Component Memory.DDR2_CK[P ,N]100Ω differential at memorycomponentNotes:1.Nominal value of V TT for DDR2 interface is 0.9V .Table 1-4:FPGA On-Chip (OCT) Termination External Resistor Requirements FPGA U1 PinFPGA Pin NumberBoard Connection for OCTZIO L6No Connect RZQC2100Ω to GROUNDTable 1-5:DDR2 Component Memory ConnectionsFPGA U1 PinSchematic Net Name Memory U2Pin NumberPin NameJ7DDR2_A0M8A0J6DDR2_A1M3A1H5DDR2_A2M7A2L7DDR2_A3N2A3F3DDR2_A4N8A4H4DDR2_A5N3A5H3DDR2_A6N7A6H6DDR2_A7P2A7D2DDR2_A8P8A8D1DDR2_A9P3A9F4DDR2_A10M2A10D3DDR2_A11P7A11G6DDR2_A12R2A12L2DDR2_DQ0G8DQ0L1DDR2_DQ1G2DQ1K2DDR2_DQ2H7DQ2K1DDR2_DQ3H3DQ3H2DDR2_DQ4H1DQ4H1DDR2_DQ5H9DQ5J3DDR2_DQ6F1DQ6Table 1-3:Termination Resistor Requirements (Cont’d)Signal NameBoard Termination On-Die TerminationSP601 Hardware User Guide ReferencesSee the Elpida DDR2 SDRAM Specifications for more information. [Ref 11]Also, see the Spartan-6 FPGA Memory Controller User Guide . [Ref 3]J1DDR2_DQ7F9DQ7M3DDR2_DQ8C8DQ8M1DDR2_DQ9C2DQ9N2DDR2_DQ10D7DQ10N1DDR2_DQ11D3DQ11T2DDR2_DQ12D1DQ12T1DDR2_DQ13D9DQ13U2DDR2_DQ14B1DQ14U1DDR2_DQ15B9DQ15F2DDR2_BA0L2BA0F1DDR2_BA1L3BA1E1DDR2_BA2L1BA2E3DDR2_WE_B K3WE L5DDR2_RAS_B K7RAS K5DDR2_CAS_B L7CAS K6DDR2_ODT K9ODT G3DDR2_CLK_P J8CK G1DDR2_CLK_N K8CK H7DDR2_CKE K2CKE L4DDR2_LDQS_P F7LDQS L3DDR2_LDQS_N E8LDQS P2DDR2_UDQS_P B7UDQS P1DDR2_UDQS_N A8UDQS K3DDR2_LDM F3LDM K4DDR2_UDMB3UDMTable 1-5:DDR2 Component Memory Connections (Cont’d)FPGA U1 PinSchematic Net Name Memory U2Pin NumberPin Name3. SPI x4 FlashThe Xilinx Spartan-6 FPGA hosts a SPI interface which is accessible to the Xilinx iMPACTconfiguration tool. The SPI memory device operates at 3.0V; the Spartan-6 FPGA I/Os are3.3V tolerant and provide electrically compatible logic levels to directly access the SPI flashthrough a 2.5V bank. The XC6SLX16-2CSG324 is a master device when accessing anexternal SPI flash memory device.The SP601 SPI interface has two parallel connected configuration options (see Figure1-4):an SPI X4 (Winbond W25Q64VSFIG) 64-Mb flash memory device and a flashprogramming header (J12). J12 supports a user-defined SPI mezzanine board. The SPIconfiguration source is selected via SPI select jumper J15. For details on configuring theFPGA, see 15. Configuration Options.Figure 1-3:J12 SPI Flash Programming HeaderSP601 Hardware User Guide ReferencesSee the Winbond Serial Flash Memory Data Sheet for more information. [Ref 12]See the XPS Serial Peripheral Interface Data Sheet for more information. [Ref 4]Figure 1-4:SPI Flash Interface TopologyTable 1-6:SPI x4 Memory ConnectionsFPGA U1 PinSchematic Net Name SPI MEM U17SPI HDR J12Pin #Pin NamePinNumberPin NameV2FPGA_PROG_B 1V14FPGA_D2_MISO31IO3_HOLD_B 2T14FPGA_D1_MISO2_R 9IO2_WP_B3V3SPI_CS_B4TMS T13FPGA_MOSI_CSI_B_MISO015DIN 5TDI R13FPGA_D0_DIN_MISO_MISO18IO1_DOUT6TDO R15FPGA_CCLK16CLK7TCK 8GND 9VCC3V3J15.2SPIX4_CS_B 7CS_B4. Linear Flash BPIAn 8-bit (16MB) Numonyx linear flash memory (TE28F128J3D-75) (J3D type) is used toprovide non-volatile bitstream, code, and data storage. The J3D devices operate at 3.0V; theSpartan-6 FPGA I/Os are 3.3V tolerant and provide electrically compatible logic levels todirectly access the linear flash BPI through a 2.5V bank. For details on configuring theFPGA, see 15. Configuration Options.Figure 1-5:Linear Flash BPI InterfaceTable 1-7:BPI Memory ConnectionsFPGA U1 Pin Schematic Net Name BPI Memory U10Pin Number Pin Name K18FLASH_A032A0K17FLASH_A128A1J18FLASH_A227A2J16FLASH_A326A3G18FLASH_A425A4G16FLASH_A524A5H16FLASH_A623A6H15FLASH_A722A7H14FLASH_A820A8H13FLASH_A919A9F18FLASH_A1018A10F17FLASH_A1117A11K13FLASH_A1213A12K12FLASH_A1312A13E18FLASH_A1411A14E16FLASH_A1510A15G13FLASH_A168A16SP601 Hardware User Guide Note:Memory U10 pin 56 address A24 is not connected on the 16 MB device. It is made availablefor larger density devices.ReferencesSee the Numonyx Embedded Flash Memory Data Sheet for more information. [Ref 13]In addition, see the Spartan-6 FPGA Configuration User Guide for more information. [Ref 2]H12FLASH_A177A17D18FLASH_A186A18D17FLASH_A195A19G14FLASH_A204A20F14FLASH_A213A21C18FLASH_A221A22C17FLASH_A2330A23F16FLASH_A2456A24R13FPGA_D0_DIN_MISO_MISO133DQ0T14FPGA_D1_MISO235DQ1V14FPGA_D2_MISO338DQ2U5FLASH_D340DQ3V5FLASH_D444DQ4R3FLASH_D546DQ5T3FLASH_D649DQ6R5FLASH_D751DQ7M16FLASH_WE_B 55WE_B L18FLASH_OE_B 54OE_B L17FLASH_CE_B14CE0B3FMC_PWR_GOOD_FLASH_RST_B16RP_BTable 1-7:BPI Memory Connections (Cont’d)FPGA U1 PinSchematic Net NameBPI Memory U10Pin NumberPin Name5. 10/100/1000 T ri-Speed Ethernet PHYThe SP601 uses the onboard Marvell Alaska PHY device (88E1111) for Ethernetcommunications at 10, 100, or 1000 Mb/s. The board supports a GMII/MII interface fromthe FPGA to the PHY. The PHY connection to a user-provided Ethernet cable is through aHalo HFJ11-1G01E RJ-45 connector with built-in magnetics.On power-up, or on reset, the PHY is configured to operate in GMII mode with PHYaddress 0b00111 using the settings shown in Table1-8. These settings can be overwrittenvia software commands passed over the MDIO interface.Table 1-8:PHY Configuration PinsPin Connection onBoardBit[2]Definition and ValueBit[1]Definition and ValueBit[0]Definition and ValueCFG0V CC 2.5V PHYADR[2] = 1PHYADR[1] = 1PHYADR[0] = 1 CFG1Ground ENA_PAUSE = 0PHYADR[4] = 0PHYADR[3] = 0 CFG2V CC 2.5V ANEG[3] = 1ANEG[2] = 1ANEG[1] = 1 CFG3V CC 2.5V ANEG[0] = 1ENA_XC = 1DIS_125 = 1 CFG4V CC 2.5V HWCFG_MD[2] = 1HWCFG_MD[1] = 1HWCFG_MD[0] = 1 CFG5V CC 2.5V DIS_FC = 1DIS_SLEEP = 1HWCFG_MD[3] = 1 CFG6PHY_LED_RX SEL_BDT = 0INT_POL = 175/50Ω = 0 Table 1-9:Ethernet PHY ConnectionsFPGA U1 Pin Schematic Net NameU3 M88E111Pin Number Pin NameP16PHY_MDIO33MDIO N14PHY_MDC35MDC J13PHY_INT32INT_B L13PHY_RESET36RESET_B M13PHY_CRS115CRS L14PHY_COL114COL L16PHY_RXCLK7RXCLK P17PHY_RXER8RXER N18PHY_RXCTL_RXDV4RXDV M14PHY_RXD03RXD0 U18PHY_RXD1128RXD1 U17PHY_RXD2126RXD2 T18PHY_RXD3125RXD3 T17PHY_RXD4124RXD4 N16PHY_RXD5123RXD5SP601 Hardware User GuideReferencesSee the Marvell Alaska Gigabit Ethernet Transceivers product page for more information.[Ref 16]Also, see the LogiCORE™ IP Tri-Mode Ethernet MAC User Guide . [Ref 5]N15PHY_RXD6121RXD6P18PHY_RXD7120RXD7A9 PHY_TXC_G TPCLK 14G TXCLKB9 PHY_TXCLK 10TXCLK A8 PHY_TXER 13TXER B8 PHY_TXCTL_TXEN 16TXEN F8 PHY_TXD018TXD0G 8 PHY_TXD119TXD1A6 PHY_TXD220TXD2B6 PHY_TXD324TXD3E6 PHY_TXD425TXD4F7 PHY_TXD526TXD5A5 PHY_TXD628TXD6C5 PHY_TXD729TXD7Table 1-9:Ethernet PHY Connections (Cont’d)FPGA U1 PinSchematic Net NameU3 M88E111Pin NumberPin Name6. USB-to-UART BridgeThe SP601 contains a Silicon Labs CP2103GM USB-to-UART bridge device (U4) which allows connection to a host computer with a USB cable. The USB cable is supplied in this evaluation kit (Type A end to host computer, Type Mini-B end to SP601 connector J9). Table 1-10 details the SP601 J9 pinout.Xilinx UART IP is expected to be implemented in the FPGA fabric. The FPGA supports the USB-to-UART bridge using four signal pins, transmit (TX), receive (RX), Request to Send (RTS), and Clear to Send (CTS).Silicon Labs provides royalty-free Virtual COM Port (VCP) drivers which permit the CP2103GM USB-to-UART bridge to appear as a COM port to host computercommunications application software (for example, HyperTerm or TeraTerm). The VCP device driver must be installed on the host PC prior to establishing communications with the SP601. Refer to the SP601 Getting Started Guide for driver installation instructions.ReferencesRefer to the Silicon Labs website for technical information on the CP2103GM and the VCP drivers.In addition, see some of the Xilinx UART IP specifications at:•/support/documentation/ip_documentation/xps_uartlite.pdf •/support/documentation/ip_documentation/xps_uart16550.pdfTable 1-10:USB Type B Pin Assignments and Signal DefinitionsUSB ConnectorPinSignal NameDescription1VBUS +5V from host system (not used)2USB_DATA_N Bidirectional differential serial data (N-side)3USB_DATA_P Bidirectional differential serial data (P-side)4GROUNDSignal groundTable 1-11:CP2103GM ConnectionsFPGA U1 PinUART Functionin FPGA Schematic Net Name U4 CP2103GMPinUART Function in CP2103GM U10RTS, output USB_1_CTS 22CTS, input T5CTS, input USB_1_RTS 23RTS, output L12TX, data out USB_1_RX 24RXD, data in K14RX, data inUSB_1_TX25TXD, data out。

设计模式C++实现（1）——工厂模式软件领域中的设计模式为开发人员提供了一种使用专家设计经验的有效途径。

设计模式中运用了面向对象编程语言的重要特性：封装、继承、多态，真正领悟设计模式的精髓是可能一个漫长的过程，需要大量实践经验的积累。

最近看设计模式的书，对于每个模式，用C++写了个小例子，加深一下理解。

主要参考《大话设计模式》和《设计模式:可复用面向对象软件的基础》两本书。

本文介绍工厂模式的实现。

工厂模式属于创建型模式，大致可以分为三类，简单工厂模式、工厂方法模式、抽象工厂模式。

简单工厂模式的UML图：工厂方法的UML图：抽象工厂模式。

下面一个个介绍，首先介绍简单工厂模式，它的主要特点是需要在工厂类中做判断，从而创造相应的产品。

当增加新的产品时，就需要修改工厂类。

有点抽象，举个例子就明白了。

有一家生产处理器核的厂家，它只有一个工厂，能够生产两种型号的处理器核。

客户需要什么样的处理器核，一定要显示地告诉生产工厂。

下面给出一种实现方案。

1.enum CTYPE {COREA, COREB};2.class SingleCore3.{4.public:5.virtual void Show() = 0;6.};7.//单核A8.class SingleCoreA: public SingleCore9.{10.public:11.void Show() { cout<<"SingleCore A"<<endl; }12.};13.//单核B14.class SingleCoreB: public SingleCore15.{16.public:17.void Show() { cout<<"SingleCore B"<<endl; }18.};19.//唯一的工厂，可以生产两种型号的处理器核，在内部判断20.class Factory21.{22.public:23. SingleCore* CreateSingleCore(enum CTYPE ctype)24. {25.if(ctype == COREA) //工厂内部判断26.return new SingleCoreA(); //生产核A27.else if(ctype == COREB)28.return new SingleCoreB(); //生产核B29.else30.return NULL;31. }32.};这样设计的主要缺点，就是要增加新的核类型时，就需要修改工厂类。

ASIC中的异步FIFO的实现
梁晓莹;岳洪伟
【期刊名称】《微计算机信息》
【年(卷),期】2007(000)01Z
【摘要】绝大部分ASIC设计工程师在实际工作中都会遇到多时钟域设计的问题，多时钟域设计的一个难题是如何避免亚稳态的产生，异步FIFO是一种不同时钟域之间传递数据的常用方法。

避免亚稳态问题及空满控制信号的产生是异步FIFO设计的两个关键。

本文针对异步时序产生的问题提出了一种新的异步FIFO设计方案。

用这样一个异步FIFO模块实现FPGA内部不同时钟系统之间的数据接口，它们之间不需要互相握手，只需跟接口FIFO模块进行交互就可以了，使设计变得非常简单和容易。

此异步FIFO基于Altera公司的Cyclone系列实现的，采用VHDL语言设计，通过对设计进行简单的修改，即可用于各种不同的系统的设计，经过充分测试和优化，该异步FIF0运行稳定，占用FPGA内部资源也非常少。

【总页数】3页(P246-248)
【作者】梁晓莹;岳洪伟
【作者单位】广东女子职业技术学院,广东广州511450;仲恺农业技术学院,广州510225
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TP391.8
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4.ASIC中的异步FIFO的实现 [J], 梁晓莹;岳洪伟
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