生态学家：著名生态学家介绍生态学家话题：生态学家心理学克劳德木本植物生态学生态一、国外著名生态学家介绍一、E．P．Odum Eugene Pleasants Odum（哥哥）(1913～2002)，1913年9月17日生于美国新罕布什尔。
1934年获美国北卡罗来纳大学学士学位；1939年获伊利诺伊大学博士学位。
1937～1939年在北卡罗来纳大学任助教；1939～1940年在纽约州埃德蒙·奈尔斯爱斯基摩人保护区任生物学研究员。
1940～1957年在佐治亚大学先后任助教授、教授；并于1957年任该大学阿鲁尼基金会动物学教授；1961年任该大学生态学研究所所长。
他主要研究生态系统生态学，他与其弟H. T. Odum最早认识到把能流作为生态学原理的重要性，并使生态学与经济学结合起来，发展了人类生态学。
此外，他在鸟类生态、脊椎动物种群以及河口、湿地生态学等方面，也有不少的研究。
他是美国科学院院士，美国科学发展协会会员。
1964～1965年被选为美国生态学会主席。
1953 出版了经典著作《Fundamentals of Ecology 》（国内翻译为《生态学基础》），开创了―生态系统‖研究的热潮，并一直是该领域的领军人物，对生态系统结构与功能、生态系统的演替、生态系统服务等生态学重要问题进行了深入的研究，提出了生物―冗余‖概念，引起世界范围的反响（见动植物板块的―生物的冗余―一帖）。
1977 获得泰勒奖（Tyler Award ），1988获得瑞典科学院颁发的克拉夫奖（Craafort Prize。
生态学的诺贝尔奖）。
二、H．T．OdumHoward Thomas Odum（弟弟）(1924, Chapel Hill,North Carolina–2002 Gainesville, Florida) 由Howard Thomas Odum创立的能值理论与方法，在中国的传播始于1990年Howard Thomas Odum的第二次访华。
Ecology 生态学individuals 个体population 种群communities 群落ecosystems 生态系统behavioral ecology 行为生态学physiological ecology 生理生态学evolutionary ecology 进化生态学molecular ecology 分子生态学fitness 适合度natural selection 自然选择adaptation 适应genotype 基因型phenotype 表型phenotypic plasticity 表型可塑性offspring 后代genes 基因nongenetic factors 非遗传因素not inherited 不遗传conditions 条件resources 资源environmental variation 环境变异internal regulation 内调节homeostasis 稳态negative feedback 负反馈tolerance 耐受性temperature 温度not depletable 不能耗掉solar radiation 太阳辐射decouple 退耦niche 生态位habitat 栖息地multidimensional niche space多维生态位空间Fundamental niche基础生态位Realized niche 实际生态位Prey 猎物Foraging 觅食Dimension 轴或维Global wind pattern 地球的风型The circulation of oceans 洋流Rain 降雨Havoc['hævək]灾害Hurricane 飓风Latitude 纬度Irradiance[i'reidiəns,-si]辐射度Summer solstice 夏至Winter solstice 冬至Adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却Scale 尺度Coriolis effect 科里奥利效应Intertropical convergence zone热带辐合带Jet streams 急流Albedo 反照率Gulf stream 墨西哥湾流Lee of a continent 背风面Upwelling 上涌流Adiabatic lapse rate 绝热温度递减率Inversion 逆温Heat of condensation 凝结热Heat 热Temperature profiles温度剖面Relative humidity 相对湿度Saturated water 饱和水water vapor 水蒸汽microclimate 微气候thermal['θə:məl]conductivity 热传导chemical properties of water 水的化学特性penetration of light through water光线穿透水Energy transfer and water phases能量转化和水相Deplete 耗竭Ions 离子Electropositive 正电性的Electronegative 负电性的Beer’s law 比尔定律Heat capacity 热容量Maximum density 最大密度Latent heat of vaporization增发潜热Heat of fusion 溶解热Sublimation 升华Soil water 土壤水Field capacity 田间持水量The uptake of water by roots根对水的吸收Aquatic plants 水生植物Water availability 水的可利用性Plant productivity 植物生产力Permanent wilting point 永久萎焉点Potential evapotranspiration rate潜在蒸发蒸腾速率Capillary pores 毛细管孔隙Resource depletion zone 资源枯竭区Halophytes 盐生植物Water balance in fish 鱼类的水平衡Amphibians 两栖类Water conservation by terrestrial animals 陆生动物的水保持Mammalian 哺乳动物Kidneys 肾脏Bladder 膀胱Beavers 河狸Osmoregulation 渗透调节Countercurrent exchange 逆流调节Hypertonic 高渗的Homeotherms 恒温动物Poikilotherms 变温动物Ectotherms 外温动物Endotherms 内温动物Temperature thresholds 温度阀Mechanisms 机理Enzyme 酶The thermoneutral zone 热中性区Dehydration 脱水Rates of development and growth发育和生长速度Acclimation and acclimatization 驯化和气候驯化Developmental threshold Temperature 发育温度阀Physiological time 生理时间Vernalization 春化Species distribution 物种分布Evolved response 进化反应Mean temperature 平均温度Isotherm 等温线Radiant energy 辐射能Photosynthesis 光合作用Efficiency of radiant energy conversion 辐射能的转换效率Changes in the intensity of radiation 辐射强度的变化Strategic and tactical response of plants to radiation 植物对辐射的战略和战术响应Compensation point 补偿点Photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）光和活性辐射Efficiency of Photosynthesis 光合作用效率Photosynthetic capacity 光合能力Diurnal and annual rhythms of solar radiation 太阳辐射日节律和年节律Resource depletion zone 资源耗竭带Strategic difference 战略差异Tactical response 战术响应Transpiration 蒸腾Net assimilation 净同化量Nutrient sources 营养物资源Nutrient budgets 营养预算Terrestrial communities 陆地群落Aquatic communities 水生群落Geochemistry 地球化学Global biogeochemical cycles 全球生物地球循环Mechanical weathering 机械风化Chemical weathering 化学腐蚀Wetfall 湿降落Dryfall 干降落Rainout component 雨水冲失成分Washout component 水冲失成分Streamflow 溪流Denitrification 脱氮Endorheic内陆湖泊Biogeochemistry 生物地球化学Hydrosphere carbon 水圈的碳Weathering 风化作用Nitrogen cycle 氮循环Phosphorus 氮Sediment 沉积型Lithospheric 岩石圈Sulfur 硫The fate of matter in the community群落中物质的命运Producers 生产者Consumers 消费者Decomposers 分解者Autotrophs 自养生物Grazing mammals 草食哺乳动物Phytoplankton 浮游植物Zooplankton 浮游动物Bacteria 细菌Fungi 真菌Nonliving 无生命Food chains 食物链Primary and secondary production 初级和次级生产力Net Primary production 净初级生产力Aphotic zone 无光区Photic zone 透光区Primary consumers 初级消费者Secondary consumer 次级消费者Soil formation 土壤形成The soil profile 土壤剖面Primary classification：the great soil groups 主要分类：大土壤群Higher vegetation 高等植物Dynamic mixture 动态混合物Organic matter 有机质Cells 细胞Pedology 土壤学Subsoil 亚土壤Mineral soil 矿物质土壤Parent material 母质Soil series 土系Soil surveyor 土壤勘测员Succession 演替Ecosystem patterns 生态系统格局Soil horizons 土层Humic acids 腐植酸Great soil groups 土壤群Population size 种群大小Age and stage structure 年龄和时期结构Zygote 受精卵Unitary organism 单体生物Modular organism 构件生物Ramets 无性系分株Clone 无性系Genet 基株Evolutionary individuals 进化个体Immediate ecological impact 直接生态作用Stable age distribution 稳定年龄分布Age pyramid 年龄金字塔Stationary age distribution 固定的年龄分布Stage structure 时期结构Sizes classes 个体大小群Natality 出生率Mortality 死亡率Survivorship 存活率Life tables 生命表K-factor analysis k-因子分析The fecundity schedule 生殖力表Population growth 种群增长Density-independent Population growth 非密度制约性种群增长Density-dependent growth-the logistic equation 密度制约性种群增长：逻辑斯缔方程Life expectancy 生命期望Survivorship curve 存活曲线Cohort 同生群Age-specific survival rate 特定年龄存活率Key factors 关键因子Killing factor 致死因子Basic reproduction rate 基础繁殖率Carrying capacity 环境容纳量Estimating density 估计密度Mark release recapture 标记重捕法H3Density dependence密度制约Equilibrium population density 平衡种群密度Relative density相对密度Allee effect阿利效应Exactly compensating准确补偿Undercompensating补偿不足Overcompensating过度补偿H4Population fluctuations 种群波动Chaos 混沌Expanding and contracting populations 增长种群和收缩种群Stable limit cycle 稳定极限环I1Competition 竞争Predation 捕食Parasitism 寄生Mutualism互利共生Intraspecific competition种内竞争Interspecific competition种间竞争Exploitation competition利用性竞争Interference competition干扰性竞争Cannibalism 自相残杀Altruism 利他主义Commensualism 偏利共生Amensualism偏害共生I2Dispersal扩散Territoriality领域性Niche shift生态位转移Allelopathy异株克生Competive asymmetry 竞争不对称Scramble competition争夺竞争Contest competition格斗竞争Zero net growth isocline零增长等斜线Self-thinning自疏Inbreeding近亲繁殖Reproductive value繁殖价值Leks 求偶场I3Competitive exclusion 竞争排斥Limiting similarity 极限相似性Competitive release 极限释放Character displacement 性状替换Apparent competition 表观竞争Enemy-free space 无敌空间Highly heterogeneous 高度异质性Gaps 断层Probability refuge 隐蔽机率J1Herbivores 食草动物Carnivores 食肉动物Omnivores 杂食动物Chemical defences 化学防御Behavioral strategies 行为对策Specialists 特化种Generalist 泛化种Monophagous单食者Oligophagous寡食者Polyphagous 多食者Parasites 寄生者J2Predator switching 捕食者转换Profitability of prey 猎物收益率Plant defence 植物防御The ideal free distribution 理想自由分布Functional response 功能反应Superpredation 超捕食K1Parasites 寄生物Modes of transmission 传播方式Social parasites 社会性寄生物Helminth worms 寄生蠕虫Insects 昆虫Necrotrophs 食尸动物Parasitoids 拟寄生物The cellular immune response 细胞免疫反应Vectors 媒介Optimal habitat use 最佳生境利用Brood parasitism 窝寄生Evolutionary constraint 进化约束K2Immunity 免疫Cevolution协同进化Gene for gene 基因对基因Mimics 模仿Herd immunity 群体免疫Antigenic stability 抗原稳定L1Pollination 传粉Symbiotic 共生性Obligate 专性Lichens 地衣Outcrossing 异型杂交Mitochondria 线粒体Chloroplasts 叶绿体M1Reproductive values 生殖价Hypothetical organism 假定生物Migration 迁移Senescence衰老Diapause 滞育Dormancy 休眠Longevity 寿命Enormous variation 巨大变异Energy allocation 能量分配Semelparity 单次生殖Iteroparity 多次生殖Carrying capacity 容纳量Current/future reproduction当前/未来繁殖Habitat disturbance 环境干扰The current/future reproductive output 当前/未来繁殖输出A high/low cost of reproduction 高/低繁殖付出Seed bank 种子库Torper蛰伏Hibernation 冬眠Cryptobiosis 隐生现象Aestivation 夏眠Migration 迁徙Morphological forms 形态学性状Generations世代Mechanistic level 机制水平N1Cooperation 合作Grouping-benefits 集群-好处Altruism 利他行为Group defens e 群防御Inclusive fitness 广义适合度Eusociality 真社会性Hymenoptera 膜翅目Haplodiploid 单倍二倍体Venomous sting毒刺N2Sex 性The costs of inbreeding 近交的代价Self-fertilization 自体受精Sexual versus asexual reproduction 有性和无性生殖Sex ratio 交配体制Monogyny 单配制Polygyny 一雄多雌制Polyandry 一雌多雄制Inbreeding depression 近交衰退Hermaphrodite 雌雄同体Recombine 重组Rare type advantage 稀少型有利Equal investment 相等投入Local mate competition局域交配竞争Epigamic 诱惑性Intrasexual selection 性内选择Intersexual selection 性间选择O1Alleles 等位基因Polymorphism 多型Genetic drift 遗传漂变Genetic bottleneck 遗传瓶颈Rare species 稀有物种Extinction 灭绝Chromosome染色体Genotype 遗传型Phenotype 表现型Gene pool 基因库Gel electrophoresis 凝胶电泳O2Gene flow 基因流Differentiation 分化Sibling species 姊妹种Genetic revolution 遗传演变Peripheral isolates 边缘隔离PTransfer efficiencies 转换效率（net）primary productivity (净)初级生产力Respiratory heat 呼吸热Grazer system 牧食者系统Food chains 食物链Pathways of nutrient flow营养物流Food webs 食物网QCommunity structure 群落结构Community boundaries 群落边界Guilds同资源种团Community organization 群落组织Species diversity 物种多样性Energy flow 能量流Superorganism 超有机体Species-poor/rich 物种贫乏/丰富Biomass stability 生物量稳定性Tundra 冻原Island biogeography 岛屿生物地理学Turnover rate 周转率Source of colonists 移植者源Relaxation松弛Edgespecies 边缘物种Interior species 内部物种Corridor 走廊Greenways 绿色通道Community assembly群落集合Grazers 食草动物Carnivores 食肉动物Keystone species 关键物种Dominance control 优势控制Habitat affinity生境亲和力Prey switching 猎物转换RSuccession 演替Climax Community 顶级群落Pioneer species 先锋物种Primary succession 原生演替Alluvial deposit 冲积层Secondary succession 次生演替Acidifying effect 酸化作用Opportunistic机会主义Cellulose 植物纤维素Lignin 木质素Resource ratio hypothesis 资源比假说Fluctuations 波动Cyclic succession 循环演替Disturbance 干扰Patch dynamics板块动态Mini-succession 微型演替Cambium 形成层Neotropical forest 新热带雨林Priority effect 优先效应SVegetation 植被Ecotones 群落交错区Climate map 气候图Biomes 生物群系Heat budget 热量预算Zonation 分带Grassland 草地Primary regions 基本区域Desertification 荒漠化Arctic tundra 北极冻原Alpine tundra 高山冻原Permafrost 永冻层Coniferous boreal forest北方针叶林Temperature forest 温带森林Tropical forest 热带森林Salinization 盐渍化Primary saltwater regions 基本盐水区域Opens oceans 开阔海洋Continental shelves 大陆架The intertidal zone 潮间带Salt marsh 盐沼Mudflats淤泥滩Mangroves 红树林Pelagic 浮游生物Photic zone 有光带Phyto plankton 浮游植物Nekton 自泳动物Benthic 底栖Rocky shore 岩岸Zonation 分带Streams 溪流Ponds 池塘Environmental concerns 环境关系Catchment area 集水区Temperature inversion 温度逆转Biomanipulation 生物处理TThe goals of harvesting 收获目标Quota limitation 配额限制Environmental fluctuation环境波动Maximum possible yiel最大可能产量Net recruitment 净补充量Surplus yield 过剩产量Age structure 年龄结构Population data 种群数据Stable equilibrium 稳定平衡Harvesting effort 收获努力Gun licences 猎枪执照Rod licences钓鱼许可证Upwelling of cold water冷水上升流Fisheries 渔业Ocean productivity 大洋生产力The tragedy of the common公共灾难Overexploitation 过捕Pollution 污染Global decline 全球性下降By-catch 附带收获Community perturbations 群落扰动Oil spills 原油泄漏Eutrophication 富营养化Algal blooms 水华Red tides 赤潮Biomagnification 生物放大作用UPest 有害生物Natural enemies 天敌Ruderal 杂草型Economic/aesthetic injury level 经济/美学损害水平Cultural 栽培Biological control 生物防治‘Silent spring’寂静的春天Chemical toxicity 化学毒性Evolution of resistance抗性进化Microbial insecticide微生物杀虫剂Inoculation接种Augmentation扩大Inundation 爆发VRare species 稀有种Genetic diversity 遗传多样性Extinction 灭绝Endemic species 特有种Habitat fragmentation 生境片段化Insularization 岛屿化Biodiversity 生物多样性Strategies for conservation保育对策Antarctic treaty 南极协议Ecotourism生态旅游WAir pollution空气污染Acid rain 酸雨Water pollutants 水体污染物Soil pollution 土壤污染Acid deposition 酸降Pathogens病源体Chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量Anaerobes 厌氧菌The greenhouse effect 温室效应Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Ozone 臭氧Photochemical smog 光化学烟雾XOverview 概述Soil erosion 土壤侵蚀Soil compaction 土壤硬结Contour ploughing等高耕作Cover crops 覆盖作物No-till farming 免耕农业。
小学上册英语第1单元期中试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The chemical symbol for nickel is _____.2.I make _____ (晚餐) for my family.3.We are going to the ___. (beach) this summer.4.The rabbit hops over the ______.5.What do you call a collection of poetry published together?A. AnthologyB. CollectionC. VolumeD. Book答案: A6. A _______ (小鲸鱼) can sing songs underwater.7. A _____ (植物研究计划) can address global challenges.8.I enjoy making ________ (生日蛋糕) for friends.9.My mom is a great __________ (家长) who supports us.10.The __________ (悬崖) is dangerous but beautiful.11. A __________ is a type of chemical bond formed by sharing electrons.12. A saturated fat is ______ at room temperature.13.My grandpa enjoys gardening ____.14.My teacher is _______ (友好的).15.Solids have tightly packed ______.16.The classroom is _____ (clean/dirty).17.What do you call the process of plants making their own food?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. FermentationD. Transpiration答案:A18.We have a ______ (丰富的) calendar of events.19. A jellyfish has a gelatinous ______ (身体).20._____ (温带) plants can survive in seasonal changes.21.My dad is a strong __________ (支持者) of my education.22. A cat's purring can soothe ______ (焦虑) feelings.23.The antelope gracefully moves through the grasslands, a testament to speed and ____.24.My aunt is very _______ (形容词). 她总是 _______ (动词).25.Many flowers are ______ (一年生) and die after one season.26.The capital of the Cayman Islands is __________.27.I enjoy playing in the ______ (秋天) leaves when they turn bright ______ (颜色).28.They are ___ a movie. (watching)29.I enjoy ______ (探索) the world around me.30.The element with the chemical symbol Fe is _______.31.I find _____ (乐趣) in reading.32.The chemical formula for silver acetate is _______.33. (Renaissance) artists were supported by wealthy patrons. The ____34.I have _____ (three/four) pets.35.What is the coldest season of the year?A. SpringB. SummerC. FallD. Winter答案:D.Winter36.What is the name of the sweet food made from chocolate and cream?A. GanacheB. FrostingC. MousseD. Pudding答案: C37. A ____(community development) focuses on improving living conditions.38.The process of combining elements to form compounds is called ______.39. A hamster can run for hours on its ______ (轮子).40. A __________ is a common example of a base.41.The museum is very _______ (有教育意义的).42.What is the main ingredient in sushi?A. NoodlesB. RiceC. BreadD. Potatoes答案: B43.I can ______ (dance) with my friends.44.What is the name of the famous landmark in the USA?A. Statue of LibertyB. Washington MonumentC. Golden Gate BridgeD. All of the above答案: D. All of the above45.She is a friendly ________.46.I want a pet _______ (fish).47.I like to _______ (paint) with watercolors.48. A __________ is a narrow valley.49.The __________ helps some animals to glide through the air.50.The chemical formula for boric acid is ______.51.The playground is ________ (适合孩子们).52.She is a _____ (历史学家) who studies ancient civilizations.53.I go to school by ______.54.What is the name of the famous painting by Van Gogh?A. The Starry NightB. The ScreamC. Girl with a Pearl EarringD. The Mona Lisa答案:A.The Starry Night55.The chemical name for HO is _______.56.What do we call the famous American holiday celebrated on July 4th?A. ThanksgivingB. Independence DayC. Memorial DayD. Labor Day 答案:B58.The ancient Egyptians kept _______ as pets. (猫)59.The ancient Romans had a system of laws known as ________.60.The ancient Romans built _____ to celebrate their victories.61.I love to explore ________ (村庄) during vacations.62.I think animals are very _______ (形容词). They bring joy and _______ (快乐) to our lives.63. A __________ is a small body of water, usually smaller than a lake.64. (Magna Carta) was signed in 1215 to limit the power of the king. The ____65.The ancient Greeks believed in the importance of ________ (艺术).66.What is 60 ÷ 3?A. 15B. 20C. 25D. 30答案:b67.What do you call the person who helps you in a gym?A. TrainerB. ChefC. DoctorD. Teacher答案: A68.The apples are _______ (ripe) and ready to eat.69. A ______ has a unique pattern on its fur.70. (18) is the imaginary line that divides the Earth into northern and southern halves. The ____71.The chemical formula for magnesium oxide is _____.72.Which animal lives in a den?A. WolfB. EagleC. FishD. Frog答案:A73.The penguin waddles across the ______ (冰).74.My mom enjoys __________ (与朋友聚会).75.In _____ (日本), sushi is a popular dish.76.My brother is my best _______ who plays games with me.78.In the garden, I planted _____ (多种) vegetables like carrots and tomatoes.79.The ______ teaches us about climate change.80.Carbon dioxide is produced when we __________ (呼吸).81.The crow is known for its ________________ (智慧).82. A squirrel's diet consists mainly of ______ (坚果) and grains.83.The chemical formula for glucose is ______.84.The chemical symbol for promethium is _____.85.How many colors are in a standard rainbow?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案:C86.n Wall fell in _____. The Berl87.The reaction between an acid and a base produces ______.88.The forecast says it might ______ (下雨) this evening.89.My teacher teaches us . (我的老师教我们。
