学生版情态动词
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情态动词与虚拟语气
一、情态动词
情态动词只有情态意义,即它所表示的是说话人对动作的观点,如需要、可能、意愿或怀疑等。
1. 情态动词没有实义动词的各种变化,只有could, would, had to, might等几个过去式。其它如must, ought to 等的过去式皆与现在式同形。
2. 大多数情态动词有多个意义。如can可表“能够”“可能”“允许”等。
3. 在用法上,情态动词与助动词一样,须后接动词原形,构成谓语动语。
4. 情态动词有can,could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to, must, need, dare,
used to 共十三种形式,最小和最大的might和must,如:You might do it for me, please. 请你为我做这件事。(近似请求的命令)
You must do it for me. 你必须为我做这件事。(不容违抗的命令)
That might be Tom. 那或许是汤姆。(把握性最小)
That must be Tom. 那肯定是汤姆。(抉择性最大)
(1)Can / could的用法
1. 1. 表能够。
can 是现在式,多用于指现在或将来。如:
He can speak English.
Can you speak German?
Could是过去式,多用于指过去。如:
I said that I could go.我说我能去。
但could亦可用于指现在,表虚拟语气,或作为can的委婉形式。如:
If I could go, I should be glad.假如我能去,那我就会很高兴。(表虚拟语气)
Could I help you? 我能帮你干点什么?(比Can I help you?委婉)
2.表可能。如:
The moon can not always be at the full.
Can 表可能时可指现在或将来。如:
What can he mean? 他可能是什么意思呢?(疑问句)。
表可能时,could可指过去。如:
He said he couldn‟t agree more.
Could与完成式连用,则指过去未实现的动作。如:
It could have been seen from here if it had not been so dark. 如果天不那么黑,你可能从这儿望见它的。
3.表允许。如:
You can borrow my bike tomorrow. 明天你可以借用我的自行车。
Could指现在时,仅用于疑问句表更委婉的要求。如:
Could I request an interview? 我可以要求面试吗?
表允许和推测时,只是could语气较为委婉,含义较不确定。如:
Can I use your pen? 我可以借用你的笔吗?(表允许);
Could I use your pen? (较为委婉)。
(2)have (to)与have got (to)的用法
have可做实义动词和助动词,在做实义动词时,have表示拥有时,可与have got连用。例如:
We have got a new car.
have在表示动作和经历时,不能和got连用。例如:
I have breakfast.
Have作助动词时,与过去分词,现在分词构成完成时态和完成进行时态,此时亦不能和got连用。
Have 还可做为使役动词。例如:
I now have the problem solved.
Have to 是情态动词,是必须、不得不的意思,在肯定句中可与got连用。例如:
I‟ve got to get to a business meeting.
但在借助助动词do,构成疑问句和否定句中,就不能在不定式符号前got。Did you have
to do it tomorrow?
二、虚拟语气
动词虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是通过句中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。
虚拟语气的基本形式共有七种:
1) 1) 动词原形,用于一切人称和数。如:
If that be so, we shall take action at once. 如果情况是那样,我们就立刻采取行动。
May you succeed! 祝您成功!
2) 2) 动词的过去式,用于一切人称和数,be的过去式用were,如:
If I were in your shoes, I‟d accept the terms. 假若我处在你的地位,我就会接受这些条件。
3) 3) had+过去分词,用于一切人称和数。如:
If we had left earlier, we wouldn‟t have missed the train.
4) 4) 助动词should+动词原形,用于一切人称和数。如:
They suggested that we should meet at the station.他们建议我们在车站会面。
5) 5) 助动词should + have+过去分词,用于一切人称和数。
It is strange that she should have done it.
6) 6) 助动词should(第一人称)和would(第二、三人称)+ 动词原形。如:
If I were you, I should take his advice.我如是你,就会听他的忠告。(美国英语常用would代替should)。
7) 7) 助动词should(第一人称)和would(第二、三人称)+ have + 过去分词。如:
If father hadn‟t sent me, I shouldn‟t have come.
三、虚拟语气在非真实条件从句中的用法:
所指时间为现在时,从句用一般过去时(be用were),主句用should/would be 型;所指时间为过去时,从句用had been 型,主句用should/would have been 型;所指时间为将来时,从句用should be 或were型,主句用should/would be 型,例如:
If he had time, he would/could/might go with you. (对现在情况的虚拟)如果他有时间,他就会/能和你去。
If I had had the money last year, I should/would/could/might have bought a house. (对过去情况的虚拟)如果我去年有了这笔钱,我就会/可能买一所房子了。
If there should be/were/were to be something wrong, they would/could/might let you know at
once. (对将来情况的虚拟)如果出了什么事,他们会/可能马上告诉你。
如果条件从句中有were, had 或should,可以把if省略,把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装,如:Were I you (=If I were you),I would not do it Were I to meet him tomorrow (=If
I were to meet him tomorrow), I should ask him about it. Had he been more careful(=If he had
been more careful),such mistakes could have been avoided.
四、在主语从句中的用法
虚拟语气常用在以It is/was 开头的复合句的主语从句中,表示命令、要求、建议等,谓语动词为should be型或be型虚拟形式,在美国英语中常用be型,如:It is necessary that he
(should) be sent there at once.
常用于主句中的形容词和过去分词有:advisable, appropriate, best, better, compulsory,
crucial, desirable, fitting, imperative, important, obligatory, preferable, proper, decided, ordered,
recommended, requested, required等。
五、在宾语从句中的用法
虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法主要有三种情况:
1. 1. 在某些动词后的宾语从句中,表示命令、要求、建议,形式为should be 型或be型,在美国英语中常用be型,如:
He insisted that his daughter (should) come. 他坚持要他女儿来。
He ordered that the letter (should) be mailed at once. 他吩咐马上把这封信寄出。
常用于主句的谓语动词有:ask, decide, demand, desire, insist, move, order, prefer, propose,
request, require, suggest, urge等。
2. 2. 在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语的宾语从句中,表示要求、建议等。
I think it advisable that be (should) have his car serviced. 我觉得他请人检修一下汽车是明智的。
We consider it imperative that a meeting(should) be held immediately. 我们认为必须马上开个会。
3. 3. 在动词wish后的宾语从句中:表示与现在或过去的事实相反、或对于将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。
1) 1) 表示对现在情况的虚拟:用were型虚拟形式,如:I wish I knew his address.
2) 2) 表示对过去情况的虚拟:通常用had been 型虚拟形式,如:I wish/wished
I hadn‟t spent so much money.
3) 3) 表示对于将来的主观愿望:谓语形式为would+不带to的不定式。I wish it
would stop raining.但愿雨能停下来。
有不少情态动词也可用于虚拟语气。
It might help a little if only you would keep clean.
If my parents couldn‟t accept him, I would elope with him.