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Horizontal Lateral
Multi-Well Drilling Pad Site With Six Horizontal Laterals
Horizontal Lateral
Minimizes surface disturbance but concentrates industrial activity
Geophysical Log
Marcellus Stratigraphy
High gamma radiation
Oatka Creek High gamma radiation
Cherry Valley
Union Springs
Lash and Engelder (2009)
Darker gray = moreபைடு நூலகம்organic rich
1 2 3
18,600
0
1
2
3
Barium (mg/L)
10000
Gross Alpha (pCi/L)
20000
8,730
7500
19,000
15000
6,100
5000
10000
2500
5000
668
0 1 2 3
1,160
0 1
22
2 3
Water quality of flowback (1.5 million gallons) from Marcellus shale well after completion of hydraulic fracturing (Samples were taken at 1, 2, and 3 third intervals of the 2-week flowback period, PADEP)
Dual porosity gas reservoir where fractures drain rapidly and matrix drain slowly
Free gas and adsorbed gas in matrix Connect matrix porosity to the wellbore by intersecting multiple J1 fractures
4,000 ft
Hydraulic Fracturing
• First hydraulic fracturing of oil & gas well was in 1948 • Medina Sandstone, a tight gas reservoir, was extensively fraced in western New York and Pennsylvania during the 1970s • 100,000 oil & gas wells are fraced per year
Top-set rig for drilling vertical surface- and intermediatecased interval
Directional rig for drilling horizontal leg
Wellheads of first two of six horizontal wells
Tompkins County, NY
Levanthal and others (1981)
Uranium & Thorium to Radium & Radon Radioactive Decay Series
Radioisotope and half life
High TOC and abundant pyrite in basal Marcellus Shale
Multi-Stage High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing of Horizontal Laterals
3,000 – 8,000 ft
4,000 ft
3 to 5 million gallons of water for hydraulic fracturing of each horizontal lateral
TDS and Radioactivity of Flowback Water
Uranium & Thorium to Radium & Radon Radioactive Decay Series
Marcellus shale play is located in the Appalachian basin and covers parts of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia
Marcellus shale play is the one of three overlapping shale plays that includes the older Utica shale and the younger Devonian shales
Total dissolved solids (mg/L)
250,000
Chloride (mg/L)
120,000
109,000
200,000
192,000 134,000
100,000
80,500
80,000
150,000
60,000
100,000
40,000
50,000
34,600
20,000 0
Smith (2010)
Highest TOC (up to 20%)
Seismic survey from Otsego County
Gamma log
Seismic image courtesy of Gastem
Lash and Engelder, 2009
Shale Gas Development
Gamma Log Drill Core Sample Analysis
Lash and Engelder (2009)
Drill Cuttings
• Elevated uranium and abundant pyrite in high-TOC black shale • Multi-horizontal well site will generate more than 500 times the volume of shale cuttings than single-vertical well site
• First commercial gas well in the United States was a Devonian shale gas well drilled in 1821 near Fredonia, NY
Site of first gas well in the United States
Gamma Density
Logging-while-drilling used to steer lateral within target beds
Schlumberger (2010)
High TOC and elevated radioactivity in basal Marcellus Shale
~15 ft Walking legs on directional drilling rig
Horizontal wells target basal Marcellus Shale
Teff (2011)
Target horizon (Union Springs Shale) mapped using offset well logs and seismic
Horizontal Drilling
• First horizontal well was drilled in 1948 • First horizontal shale gas well was drilled in 1988 in the Antrim Shale, Michigan • First horizontal gas well in New York was drilled in 1989
Barnett Shale Infill Drilling Refrac

Water Withdrawals for Frac Water
• Surface-water withdrawals and municipal supply in PA • Water-availability issues are seasonal in nature • Withdrawal of 5 MGD during high water insignificant, during low water exceeds 10 percent of flow • Cumulative impacts of multiple withdrawals • If surface water becomes more restrictive, industry will look to groundwater • Surface water and groundwater – a single resource
Typical Components of Frac Fluid
• For a 3 million gallon frac. job, the 0.5 percent is equivalent to 15,000 gallons of “chemistry” •Re-fracing may be needed due to proppant crushing, scale, etc.
Geophysical Log
Marcellus Stratigraphy

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William Carlos Williams 2

William Carlos Williams 2


Peter Brueghel, the elder, painted a Nativity, painted a Baby new born! among the words. Armed men. savagely armed men armed with pikes, halberds and swords whispering men with averted faces, get to the heart of the matter as they talked to the pot bellied greybeard (center) the butt of their comments, looking askance, showing their amazement at the scene, features like the more stupid German soldiers of the late war
William Carlos Williams


Unlike some other writers of his time, such as T. S. Eliot, Williams avoided complexity and obscure symbolism. Instead, he produced lyrics, such as this one from “January Morning” (1938), that contain few difficult references: “All this—/ was for you, old woman./ I wanted to write a poem/ that you would understand.” Williams’s greatest achievement as a writer was the epic Paterson (5 volumes, 1946-1958), which is a landmark of 20th-century poetry.
小学下册第13次英语自测题(有答案)

小学下册第13次英语自测题(有答案)

小学下册英语自测题(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The study of Earth's materials is crucial for understanding ______ processes.2.The ancient Egyptians worshipped gods like ______ (拉) and ______ (伊西斯).3. A turtle can live in both ______ (淡水) and saltwater.4.Bees help in the _____ (授粉) of many plants.5.I like to ________ (打篮球) after school.6.The chemical symbol for lanthanum is _______.7.My mom enjoys __________ (与朋友聚会) and socializing.8.The _____ (果树) has ripe fruit.9.What is the name of the famous artist known for his "The Garden of Earthly Delights"?A. Hieronymus BoschB. Pieter BruegelC. Vincent van GoghD. Salvador Dalí答案: A10.The ________ is a special friend that I cherish.11.The __________ (历史的故事讲述) captivates audiences.12.The bicycle has a ___ (flat) tire.13.The _____ (clover) is a symbol of luck.14.The __________ is a region known for its cultural diversity.15.We have a _____ (会议) after school.16.My dad loves __________ (培养兴趣).17.The butterfly lands on a ______.18.The _______ (The Space Race) led to significant advancements in technology.19.We are having a ______ (picnic) in the park.20. (Aztecs) built large temples in Mexico. The ____21.The ice cream is ______. (cold)22.The Great Barrier Reef is off the coast of _______.23.The stars are ___ (fading/shining) brightly.24.To neutralize an acid, you can add a ______.25.The ____ is often seen waddling by the water's edge.26.I enjoy making ______ (手工艺品) for special occasions.27.The first successful test of a nuclear bomb occurred in ________ (1945).28.The flamingo has a distinct _______ (颜色).29.The body of water surrounding an island is known as __________.30.The mouse is hiding in the ______ (洞). It is very ______ (小心).31.The lemur is native to _________ (马达加斯加).32.What is the name of the imaginary line that divides the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres?A. EquatorB. Prime MeridianC. Tropic of CancerD. Axis答案:A33.The process of making wine involves fermentation of _______.34.The __________ (黑死病) swept through Europe in the 14th century.35. A ________ is small and furry.36.My sister has a ________ toy.37.What do you call a story that is made up?A. FactB. FictionC. HistoryD. Biography答案:B38.She is wearing a warm ___. (sweater)39.The owl is _______ (hooting) at night.40.In a chemical reaction, products are on the ______ side of the equation.41.What is the term for a story's underlying message?A. PlotB. ThemeC. SettingD. Character答案: B42.The melting point is when a solid turns into a ______.43.The __________ (全球问题) require cooperation.44. A parakeet can learn to _______ (说话).45.The Earth’s rotation causes day and ______.46.My favorite fruit is ________ (芒果) in the warm months.47.The ________ has a unique pattern on its shell.48.What is the color of the sun when it sets?A. BlueB. OrangeC. GreenD. Purple答案:B.Orange49.The dog enjoys going for long _______ (散步).50.What animal is known as the king of the jungle?A. TigerB. ElephantC. LionD. Bear答案:C51.The change of rocks due to heat and pressure is called __________.52.The movement of tectonic plates can cause ______ faults.53.What is the term for a group of fish?A. SchoolB. PackC. FlockD. Colony答案:A54.I like building things with my ________ (玩具名). It helps me to be ________ (形容词) and creative.55.We sing songs in _____ (music/art) class.56.I enjoy observing _______ (小动物) in their habitat.57.My dad is a great __________ (模范) of kindness.58. A ______ is a geographical area characterized by its unique features.59.I think science is fascinating because it explains __________.60.What is the name of the famous American author known for "To Kill a Mockingbird"?A. Mark TwainB. Harper LeeC. Ernest HemingwayD. F. Scott Fitzgerald答案:B61.ts can produce ______ (芳香) oils. Some pla62.I enjoy cooking ______ (健康) meals to share with my family.63.The ________ was a landmark event in the history of education reform.64.My ________ (玩具名称) has a secret compartment.65.My uncle is a skilled ____ (potter).66.I saw a ________ walking along the path.67.Where does the President of the United States live?A. The CapitolB. The White HouseC. The PentagonD. The Senate 答案:B.The White House68.The Great Wall of China was built over many ________.69.I call my mom _____ (妈妈).70.The __________ (世界) is full of wonders.71.My mom makes _____ for lunch. (sandwiches)72.The __________ was a period when dinosaurs roamed the Earth. (侏罗纪)73.The _______ (猫) likes to scratch furniture.74.He is a _____ (艺术家) who specializes in sculptures.75.She wears a ________ to school.76. A __________ is a large natural elevation of the Earth's surface.77.This ________ (玩具) encourages learning through play.78.The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia contributed to the development of________.79.I enjoy painting ______.80.What is the name of the event where people come together for a cause?A. FundraiserB. RallyC. GatheringD. Conference答案: A81.The stars are ___. (twinkling)82.My dad works as a ____.83. A _______ is a tool used for measuring the amount of liquid in a container.84.What do you call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. NarratorD. Supporting character 答案:A85.What do you call the person who teaches students?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. ChefD. Driver答案:B.Teacher86.He is playing a ___. (game)87.The chemical formula for palmitic acid is ______.88.The __________ (历史的叙述风格) influence interpretation.89.What do we call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. NarratorD. Author答案: A90.I enjoy playing ________ (团队运动) with friends.91.The doctor, ______ (医生), gives advice on staying healthy.92.The atomic number tells us the number of ______ in an atom.93.I can design a _________ (玩具车) that can climb walls.94.I enjoy ______ (参加) sports competitions.95.What is 10 3?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案: B96.Did you see that _____ (小狗) chasing a squirrel?97.My mom is a fantastic __________ (厨师).98.The elephant sprays water with its _________. (鼻子)99. A ____(green marketing) emphasizes sustainability in advertising. 100.The _______ of an object can be tested with a balance.。

AvailabilityCascadesandRiskRegulation

AvailabilityCascadesandRiskRegulation

314. Adam B. Cox and Eric A. Posner, The Second-Order Structure of Immigration Law (November 2006)
315. Lior J. Strahilevitz, Wealth without Markets? (November 2006)
Timur Kuran
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312. Dennis W. Carlton and Randal C. Picker, Antitrust and Regulation (October 2006)
313. Robert Cooter and Ariel Porat, Liability Externalities and Mandatory Choices: Should Doctors Pay Less? (November 2006)
University of Chicago Law School
我们的计画

我们的计画


嬰兒睡眠時讓其仰面朝上 睡在整齊，床墊較硬的嬰兒睡欄 確保無人在嬰兒附近抽煙 不要讓嬰兒過暖
突然和悄然 – 嬰兒看上去很健康。
兒童虐待或忽略
總是與睡眠有關，並且無痛苦。
由於嘔吐或嗆噎，或象感冒這樣的小病引起。
在醫學上被認定為一種疾病。
傳染性。
只有在進行屍解、現場勘查、嬰兒及家族病史研究 因疫苗注射引起。 後才能確定。
我們的計畫
1
嬰兒猝死風險減降及輔導
嬰兒猝死風險減降及輔導是“公共健康解決方案”的一個計畫，旨在消除紐約市嬰兒和三歲以下兒童突發意外死亡 的風險。
我們的計畫與醫療及社會服務專業人員、社區領袖、教育工作者和當地居民廣泛合作，提供有關嬰兒/兒童突發意 外死亡的風險和潛在原因的最新資訊。 我們提供“培訓輔導師”研習班，並針對喪子家庭的需要提供諮詢輔導。我們也為家庭支援小組提供方便，為曾經 歷同樣情況的志願者如何支援新的喪子家庭進行培訓協調。
佩琪 雷根斯伯格，博士 佩琪 雷根斯伯格博士在諮詢和教育方面資歷頗深。於 2007 年加盟 “公共管理解決方案” 之前，雷根斯伯格博士 是一名社會工作者，為妊娠後期流產或新生兒死亡的喪嬰婦女進行輔導和支持。她于 2001 年作為特聘教授執教 于聖約瑟夫學院的長島分校，為衛生管理和社區健康專業學生講授研究及精神健康課程。
雖然計畫初衷是為父母制定設計的，但隨著時間的推移有所改變。祖父母、繼父母、叔伯嬸姨、兄弟姐妹都可受 益於本計畫提供的服務。任何受到嬰兒或三歲以下兒童意外突亡事件影響的人士均可使用本計畫。
計畫工作人員與紐約市法醫鑒定主官辦公室緊密合作，位於法醫鑒定辦公室內，以便於工作人員每日審閱嬰兒及 三歲以下兒童的死亡記錄。一旦得到法醫鑒定結果，工作人員會立刻向亡兒家庭寄發措辭恰當中肯的材料，並在 三到四天之後與他們電話聯繫。雙語工作人員會向家長介紹我們的輔導計畫，邀請他們使用以下服務：喪子電話 輔導、辦公室會見、家庭支持小組、資料和轉介（例如，家長需要喪葬花費援助，轉介至社會服務）。作為法醫 鑒定辦公室和家庭的中間環節，在最終得出死亡原因之前，計畫工作人員會與法醫鑒定辦公室保持聯繫。