下载文档原格式
1
国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to tr ansaction between parties form d ifferent countries. It involves mor e factors and thus is more compl icated the domestic business. .随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of econo mic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay a way from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in thi s respect is necessary both for t he benefit of enterprises and per sonal advancement.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。Other forms f or participating in international b usiness are management contract, contract manufacturing and turn key project.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。International busin ess first took the form of comm odity trade, i.e. exporting and im porting goods produced or manuf actured in one country for consu mption or resale in another .除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。Besides trade and inve stment, international licensing an d franchising are sometimes take n as a means of entering a forei gn market.国民生产总值和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indi cate a country’s total income. Th e difference between them is tha t the former focuses on ownershi p of the factors of production w hile the latter concentrates on th e country where production takes place.要评估某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。 In assessing the potential of a co untry as a market, people often look at per capita income since i t provides clues about the purch asing power of its residents. 世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家。Countries of the world a re divided by the World Bank int o three categories of high-income, middle-income and low-income economies.中国现在年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前它还是个低收入国家。China with a per ca pita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-income country just a few years ago.就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎、东盟国家、俄罗斯等国，这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around u s: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN co untries, Russia, etc. These countri es with very promising market p otential and can offer good busin ess opportunities to China. 过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。The past decades witn essed increasingly growing import ance of regional economic integra tion.最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区，它是由美国、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。The mos t notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agree ment (NAFTA), the largest free m arket formed by the United State s, Canada and Mexico in 1991. 经济联盟成员国不仅要在税收、政府开支、
企业策略等方面保持一致，而且还应使用同一货币。The mem bers of an Economic Union are r equired not only to harmonize th eir taxation, government expendit ure, industry polices, etc., but als o use the same currency. 欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成员国根据所制定的条约履行自己的义务。The Euro pean Commission is one of the g overning organs of the European Union. It is the body that puts p roposals to the Council of Minist er for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty. APEC 建立于在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。当时有12位成员国出席，分别为澳大利亚、美国、加拿大、日本、新西兰和东盟六国。APEC was set up at the Ministeri al Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the Unite d States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and six ASEAN countries.经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖、相互影响。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and provid ing opportunities to world econo mic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent.跨国公司是在一个以上国家拥有、控制和经营资产的商业组织。A m ultinational enterprise is a busine ss organization that owns (wheth er wholly or partly), controls and manages assets in more than o ne country. 许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处，但同时也有强烈的反对声音。While many people ar e acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization, there are also loud vices of opp osition.除了总部以外，跨国企业组织也可能有不同的地区总部和业务总部。An MNE may also have va rious regional or operational hea dquarters, in addition to internati onal headquarters. 跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易的一个很大的比例。The transfer of the Intra-MNE transactions constitutes a v ery significant proportion of total international trade. 尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨过企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来决定。Although the day-do-day running of corporate operation maybe de centralized to the affiliate MNCs, the major decisions, such as tho se on corporate goals and new i nvestments are made by the par ent company. 无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。Like it or not, e conomic globalization has become an objective trend in world eco nomic development.在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。In the complex economic world, no country can be compl etely self-sufficient.随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。With t he development of manufacturing and technology, there arose ano ther incentive for trade, i.e. inter national specialization.按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。According to the the ory of Comparative advantage, b oth trade partners can benefit fr om trade.比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。Comparative advantage is not a s tatic concept. A country may dev elop a particular comparative adv antage purely through its own ac tions 比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。The idea of c omparative advantage has becom e the cornerstone of modern thi nking on international trade. 一件商品的成本会因生产规模的扩大而减少。The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。In reality, co mplete specialization may never occur even though it is economic ally advantageous.配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。Quotas or quantitative restrictions are th e most common form of non-tari ff barriers.有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。The visible trade i s the import and export of good s, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between co untries.包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物安全地运道目的地所需要的包装。Packing should be made acco rding to the requirement of trans portation. In most cases, the sell er knows clearly the particular ty pe of packing required for transp orting the goods safely to destin ation.在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否则买方必须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or bef ore the time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyers supposed to undertake the charg es of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据将货物在运输途中卖给新的买方，这类可转让单据用起来非常方便。The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer w hile they are being carried by m eans of negotiable shipping docu ments that are very convenient f or use.在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。Und er all terms, the respective obliga tions of the parties have been gr ouped under 10 headings. 合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails t o fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to mak e compensation.口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。Oral busine ss negotiations refer to face-to-fa ce discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls.买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，他对发出询盘的人无约束力。Enquires made by t he buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inqui rer.有效期对于确盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前确盘一直是有效的。T he validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains val id until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.
还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦作出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。A counter-offer is a refusal of th e offer that will be invalid and u nbinding once a counter-offer is made.对销贸易一般是与有关国家的政策目标相互联系的，如应对外汇短缺和扩大出口之类的问题。 Counter Trade is often associated with policy objectives of relevan t economies like dealing with for eign exchange shortages and pro motion of exports.回购贸易和互购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要延续更长一段时间。Another important d ifference between counter purcha se and buyback is that a buybac k deal usually stretches over a lo nger period of time than a count er purchase deal.在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。
In normal market transactions bu ying and selling of goods and ser vices is unbundled, because of th e use of money and the market.尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。Despite all its adv antages, counter trade can be ve ry risky business.在其他贸易方式中还有加工贸易、寄售、租赁贸易、代理等。Among other modes of t rade are processing trade, consig nment, leasing trade, agency etc.在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，
因为总存在对方不履约的可能。 In international trade, both the e xporter and the importer face ris ks, as there is always the possibi lity that the other party may not fulfill the contract.为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade.许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。A lot of inter national transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which (, also referred to as the bill of e xchange,) is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。 Documents against payment at si ght requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of t he documents.就出口商而言，
即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。So far as the exporter’s interest is concern ed, D/P at sight is more favorabl e then d/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable then D/A. 在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和
实际交货同时进行。In internation al trade it is almost impossible t o match payment with physical d elivery of the goods.信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。 The method of payment by the l etter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer. 现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实
质性的发展。Modern credits were introduced in the second half of
the 19th century and had subst antial development after the First World War.要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。Either because the credit mount is too large, or because h e does not fully trust the openin g bank, the exporter may require a confirmed letter of credit. 信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。Letters of credit are v aried in form, length, language, a nd stipulations.信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。Lette
rs of credit are classified into diff erent types according to their fu
nction, form and mechanism.
光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，
而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证。Clean letters of credit are ma inlyused in non-trade settlement, while the documentary credits ar e generally used in commodity tr ade 在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。 In the case of sight credits, pay ment can be made promptly upo n presentation of draft and impe ccable documents.如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的人称作第二受益人。A little o f credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its origina l beneficiary to one or more part ies. The original beneficiary is cal led the first beneficiary and the party (or parties) the credit is tra nsferred to is called the second beneficiary.对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况做出最好的选择。The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transac tion, and the contraction parties should make their best choice ac cording to the specific conditions. 在国际贸易中使用正确的单据很重要，否则进口商提货时会遇到困难。 It is very important to use the c orrect documents in international trade; otherwise the importer w ill have difficulties in taking deliv ery of the goods.商业发票，一般称“发票”，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性的描述。The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice make s a general description of the qu ality and quantity, unit price and total value of the goods. 货物在运输过程中可能发生风险损
失，需要办理货物保险。It is nece ssary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are expo sed to in the course of transport ation.已装船提单表明货物已实际转上开往目的港的承运船只。
