自考英语本科国际商务英语汉译英考试重点笔记

Lesson 11. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commoditythan it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4.国际专业化：international specialization 绝对利益：absolute advantage比较利益：comparative advantage5. rich in advantage over point on across borders6.Translation:(1) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。

In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.(2) 随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。

International Business EnglishLesson 1International Business/国际商务Business Knowledge:The major differences between international business and domestic businessA.Differences in legal systems 法律体系B.Differences in currencies 货币C.Differences in cultural backgroundD.Different in natural and economic conditionsThe major types of international businessA. Trademodity trade 商品贸易b.Service tradeB. Investmenta.Foreign direct investmentb.Portfolio investment 证券投资C. Other typesa.Licensing and franchising 许可经营和特许经营b.Management contract and contract manufacturing 管理合同和承包生产c.Turnkey project and BOTTrade Terms:1.Customs area关税区:2.Conversion货币兑换3.Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goodsproduced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)4.Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance,consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.5.FDI外国直接投资: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises orassets invested in a host country. / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other thancontrolling.7.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.8.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the moneylent or invested together with interest.9.Maturity（票据等）到期10.Certificate of deposit大额存单11.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm inanother country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty（许可费）.12.Franchising特许经营: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another,franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.13.Trade Mark商标14.Patent专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright版权17.Licenser许可方18.Licensee被许可方19.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos andoperating techniques for royalty.20.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.21.Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerialor other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.22.Value chain价值链23.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with aforeign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.24.BOT建设、经营和移交: Build, Operate, Transfer25.Expertise专门知识26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27.Royalty 许可使用费28.International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.29.Contract manufacturing承包生产30.GATT关贸总协定: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31.International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.32.Intellectual property知识产权33.Oil deposit: 石油储备= oil reserves34.the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35.Personal advancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。

UNIT 4 ECONOMY 1. President Clinton realized——as al of us must—— that today‘s economy is global. 正如每个⼈必须认识到的那样，克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质。

2. 1977， the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $15 billion， putting China‘s share of world at 0.6 percent. The most populous country in the world， China ranked a distant 30th among exporting nations. By 1993 China’s exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion. China had become the world‘s tenth largest exporter. 在1977年，中国进出⼝总额还不到150亿美元，仅占世界贸易总额的0.6%，世界上⼈⼝最多的中国在出⼝国家中排名靠后，仅是第30位，到1993年，中国进出⼝总额接近2000亿美元，它已成为每10个的出⼝国。

3. Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992. 从1980年⾄1992年，⼈均国民⽣产总值平均增长率为7.6%. 4. But the importance of trade in our economy has exploded in the past three decades. In 1970， the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the US economy. Last year， that figure， at 28%， was more than twice as high. In just the last seven years， jobs supported by US exports have risen by 4 million， to a total of 11 million. That‘s almost one out of ten American jobs. Last year US trade equaled $1.8 trillion dollars. 但在过去30年中，我们经济贸易的重要性⼤⼤地增加了，在1970年，双边贸易的总值占了整个美国经济的13%.去年上升到28%，⽐1970年增加了⼀倍多。

商务英语专业资格考试复习笔记分享商务英语专业资格考试（Business English Certificate，简称BEC）是国际上广泛认可的一项商务英语能力评估体系，旨在衡量个人在商务环境中的英语沟通能力。

对于商务英语专业的学生来说，通过BEC考试是提升自身竞争力的重要途径。

在这篇文章中，我将分享一些BEC考试的复习笔记，希望对正在备考的同学们有所帮助。

一、商务英语基础知识1. 商务词汇商务英语中常用的词汇非常重要，复习时可以通过制作词汇卡片进行记忆。

可以分为不同主题，如市场营销、财务、人力资源等，每天复习一定数量的词汇，并进行反复操练。

2. 商务写作商务英语写作是BEC考试的重要组成部分，需要掌握常见的商务信函、报告、备忘录等写作格式。

可以通过模拟真实场景，练习写作不同类型的商务文件，例如回复客户投诉、提出建议等。

3. 商务口语商务英语口语考察的是应对实际工作场景中的沟通能力，因此需要多进行角色扮演练习。

可以找一个学习伙伴，通过模拟商务谈判、电话沟通等场景进行对话练习，提高口语表达能力和应变能力。

二、商务沟通技巧1. 有效听力商务场景中的听力理解能力非常重要，需要能够听懂各种商务会议、电话交流等场景中的内容。

可以通过多听商务英语教材中的录音，同时注意提高听力速度和理解能力。

2. 跨文化沟通商务英语考试中也会考察跨文化沟通的能力，因此需要了解不同国家和地区的商务礼仪和文化习惯。

可以通过阅读相关书籍、观看纪录片等方式，了解不同文化之间的差异，提高应对跨文化沟通的能力。

3. 有效演讲商务英语考试中的演讲部分需要展示自己的表达能力和演讲技巧。

可以通过参加演讲培训班或者加入演讲俱乐部，提高自己的演讲能力和自信心。

三、备考技巧1. 制定合理的复习计划在备考BEC考试时，需要制定合理的复习计划，将复习内容分解为小目标，并合理安排每天的学习时间。

可以根据自己的实际情况，制定每天的学习计划，并坚持执行。

2. 多做模拟题BEC考试的题型比较固定，可以通过做模拟题来熟悉题型和提高解题能力。

L1 International Business1.商务知识1.1major differences between international business and domestic businessA. differences in legal systemB. differences in currenciesC. differences in cultural backgroundD. differences in natural and economic conditions1.2 major types of international businessA. tradea. commodity(visible) tradeb. service(invisible) tradeB. investmenta. foreign direct investment(FDI)b.portfolio investmentstocks, bonds or certificates of depositsC. other typesa. licensing(high customs duty and non-tariff barrier, strong intellectual property protection)franchising(hotel and restaurant business)In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licenser, the franchiser has more control over and provides more suppoort for the franchisee.b. management contract and contract manufacturingc. turnkey project and BOTL2 Income Level and the World Market1.商务知识1.1 GDP and GNPA. GDP market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.B. GNP market value of all goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by theresidents of an economy.1.2 per capita income and per capita GDP1.3 high income, middle income and low income countriesA. H: annual per capita income of $9386 and above;1). OECD; 2). rich oil producing countries of the Middle East; 3). small-industrialized countries orregions;B. M: annual per capita income below $9386 but above $765;1). most East European countries; 2). most members of the Commonwealth of Independent States; 3). 6OECD countries; 4). quite a number of Latin America countries; 5). some Asian countries; 6). South Africa, Libya, Nigeria and Algeria;C. L: annual per capita income of $765 and below;1). most African countries; 2). some Asian countries; 3).a few Latin American countries;1.4 Triad and QuadA. Triad: US, Western Europe and JapanB. Quad:Triad and Canada1.5 other important markets for Chinathe Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India and AustraliaL3 Regional Economic Integration1商务知识1.1 major objectives of regional integrationto better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods,services,capital,labor and other resources.1.2 four levels of regional economic integrationA. free trade areaabsence trade barriers;the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA, formed by US,Canada and Mexico);B. customs unionabsence trade barriers; practice of common external policy;Southern Cone Customs Union (Mercosur, formed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay in 1991);C. common marketabsence trade barriers; practice of common external policy; free production factor mobility;the European Community(1967-1994,became a true common market in 1992);D. economic unionabsence trade barriers; practice of common external policy; free production factor mobility;integration of the domestic policies;European Union;1.3 European Union(EU)A. historythe European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC,1952);the Treaty of Rome(1957,signed by France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries);the European Economic Community(EEC,1957-1967);the European Atomic Energy Community(EURATOM,1957-1967);the European Community(formed by merging ECSC,EEC and EURATOM,1967-1994);the Single European Act(1992);the Maastricht Treaty(1994);the European Union(1994-);B. structurethe European Commission(executive body);the Council of Ministers(decision making);the European Parliament(membership application and trade agreement approval);1.4 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC, has 21 members)A. the Seoul Declaration(1991);B. a five-layer organizational structure:the Informal Meeting of Economic Leaders(China,2001);the Dual-Ministerial Meeting;the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for Trade;the Senior Officials Meeting(SOM);Committee of Trade and Investment, Economic Committee, Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOM, and Budget Management Committee (four subordinate committees underSOM);C. objectives:trade and investment liberation and facilitation(TILF) and economic and technicalcooperation (ECOTECH);1.5 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC,13 members,1960,Vienna)L4 Economic Globalization1. 商务知识1.1 economic globalization as an objective trendA. basic feature: free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information inthe global context for optimized allocation;B. advantages and negative impactsa. advantages: 1).giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development; 2),making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive;b. disadvantage: making countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe;1.2 multinational corporationsA. organization:parent MNC and affiliate MNCB. characteristics: 1). enormous size; 2). wide geographical spread; 3). longevity and rapid growth;C. two basic needs: profit and security;D. roles: as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources;E. four types1). multi-domestic corporation(decentralized);2). global corporation(power and responsibility concentrated at the headquarters);3). transnational corporation(integrated in an independent network of affiliates);4). world company (internationalized)L5 International Trade (1)1. 商务知识1.1 the defintion of international tradethe exchage of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in anoother.1.2 two reasons for international tradeA. the uneven distribution of natural resources among countriesB. international specialization1.3 two theories for international specializationA. the theory of absolute advantagea commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources.B. the theory of comparative advantagea. contents of the theoryeven if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.b. not a static conceptA country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions.c. the cornerstone of modern thinking on international traded. David Ricardo, the economist who introduced the theoryL6 International Trade (2)1. 商务知识1.1 other bases for trade among countriesA. patterns of demandB. economy of scaleC. innovation or style1.2 the reasons why complete specializtion may never occurA. strategic or domestic reasonsB. transport costC. protectionist measures1.3 tariff barriers-- the most common form of trade restrictiona tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.A. export duty (tax levied on goods leaving an area)B. import duty (tax levied on goods entering an area)a. specific dutyb. ad valorem dutyc. compound dutyC. drawback: duties paid on imported goods that are returned if the goods are reexported.D. MFN treatment: a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to allsignatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.1.4 quotas--the most common form of non-tariff barriersin quantity or valume terms, on a country or global basis, unilaterally or be negotiated on "voluntary"basis1.5 invisible tradeA. transportation service across national boundariesmaritime ships is the most important means (Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets)B. insurance (Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)C. tourismD. immigrant remittance: the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign landL7 Incoterms 20001. 商务知识1.1 the neseeity and purpose of having Incoterms1). to eliminate any of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute;2). to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonlyused trade terms in foreign trade.1.2 the reasons for the 2000 revision of IncotermsA. spread of customs-free zonesB. changes in transportation practicesC. increased use of electronic communication1.3 the four groups of InsotermsA. Group E: the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises;EXW (Ex Works);B. Group F: the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to carrier appoined by the buyer;FCA (Free carrier);FAS (Free Alongside Ship);FOB (Free On Board);C. Group C: the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss or damage to thegoods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch;CFR (Cost and Freight);CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight);CPT (Carriage Paid To);CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to);D. Group D: the seller has bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the country of destination;DAF (Delivered At Frontier);DES (Delivered Ex Ship);DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay);DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid);DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)1.4 the three most commonly used termsA. FOB (free on board)B. CFR (cost and freight)C. CIF (cost, insurance and freight)1.5 chandges to some areasA. the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ;B. the loading and unloading obligations under FCA;L8 Business Contract1. 商务知识1.1 the definition of the contractan agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.1.2 two types of business negotiation: oral and written1.3 process of negotiation and conclusion of the contractA. inquiry (enquiry)a first enquiry should content: 1). how the name and address of the exporter have been abtained; 2). thebusiness line and usual practice of the importer;B. quotationa firm offer should made of: 1). the time of shipment and the mode of payment desired;2). an exact description of the goods; 3). the validity period;C. offer and acceptanceD. counter-offera counter-offer may be made in relation to: 1). price; 2). terms of payment; 3). time of shipment; or 4).other terms and conditions of the offer;1.4 the necessity of the written contract: 1). as the proof of the agreement; 2). as the basis for its execution.1.5 the types of contractsA. sales contractB. purchase contractC. sales (or purchase) confirmation (less detailed than a contract)1.6 the setting of a contractA. the title: 1). the type of the contract; 2). the number of the contract; 3). the date;B. the contract propera. the name and address of the buyer and the sellerb. the details of the commodity transactionc. the terms and conditions mutually agreedd. indication of the number of original copies, language(s) used, and the validityC. the signatures of the contacting partiesD. the stipulations on the back of the contractL9 Modes of Trade1. 商务知识1.1 origin and development of counter tradeorigined from pre-World War II years when clearing system was introduced between familiar trading partners exchanging unrelated goods.1.2 current counter tradeA. barter: the direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.B. counter purchase: the assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate butlinked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.C. buyback: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of theoutput produced by these goods as full or partial payment. The goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exported (different from B).D. features common to the three forms of counter trade: "bundling"1.3 major advantages of counter tradeA. helping to deal with foreign exchange shortageB. promoting exportC. reducing uncertainty regarding export receiptsD. bypassing international price agreementE. helping countries with debt problems to import goods1.4 the drawbacks of counter trade: it can be very risk business.L10 International Payment1. 商务知识1.1 the complexity of payment in international tradeA. risks faced by the exporter and the importerB. political factors, commercial factors, grographical factors and language barrier etc.1.2 two methods of payment used under certain conditionsA. cash in advance or partial cash in advanceB. open accountC. consignment transaction1.3 the draft (bill of exchange)A. definitiondraft: an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand orat a fixed time in the future.drawer: the person who draws the draft, usually the exporterdrawee: the person to whom the draft is drawn)payee: the person receiving the payment, usually the drawerB. sight draft (calls immediate payment on presentation)usance draft (tenor draft or term draft, is payable at a later date)C. clean draft (without documents)documentary draft (is accompanied by the relevant documents)1.4 documentary collectionA. documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be released to the importer until payment iseffected.a. D/P at sightb. D/p after sightB. documents against acceptance (D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptanceof the draft drawn by the exporter.L11 The Letter of Credit (I)1. 商务知识1.1 the definition of the letter of credita letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.1.2 the unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit: bilateral security1.3 the relevant parties of the letter of credit and their roles in its process of operationA. the applicant (instructs his bank to issue an L/C)B. the opening bank (issues the credit and sends it to the advising bank)C. the advising bank (examines the credit and advises the beneficiary of its receipt)D. the beneficiary (examines the credit and requests the openerto make amendments to any discrepancies,then prepare the relevant documents and dispatch the goods)E. the negotiating bank (buys the exporter's draft submitted to it under the credit)F. the comfirming bank (adds its confirmation to the credit)1.4 the major contents of the letter of credit1). the number of the credit and the place and time of its establishment2). the type of the credit3). the contract on which it is based4). the major parties relevant to the credit5). the amount value of the credit6). the place and date on which the credit expires7). the description of the goods8). transportation clause9). stipulations relating to the draft10).stipulations concerning the shipping documents required11).certain special clause if any12).instructions to the negotiating bank13).the seal or signature of the opening bank14).whether the credit follows "the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits"1.5 the documents being the only concern of the banks in credit operation"in credit operations all parties concerned deal in documents, and not in goods, service and/or other performance to which the documents may relate"L12 The Letter of Credit (II)1. 商务知识1.1 major types of credits and their functions, forms and mechanismA. clean credit (only requirs clean draft for payment) and documentary creditB. revocable credit (commitments can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary)and irrevocable creditC. confirmed credit (credit confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank) and unconfirmed creditD. sight credit (payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents) andusance creditE. transferable credit (credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties) andnon-transferable creditF. non-draft credit (payment to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality ofdrawing and presenting a draft)a. payment creditb. deferred payment creditG. revolving credit (stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment tothe credit being made)1.2 the limitations of the letter of creditA. inability to provide absolute securityB. being more expensive than other forms of paymentL13 Major Documents Required in Worlt Trade1. 商务知识1.1 the importance of correct documentation1).difficulties in taking delivery; 2).refusal by the bank to make payment,1.2 major types of documentsA. commercial invoicea. major contents1). invoice number and the date; 2). name and address of the buyer and the seller;3). contract number and credit number; 4). description of the goods;5). unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any;6). terms of delivery and terms of payment; 7). packing, shipping marks;8). seal or signature of the exporter;b. points to be noted: the description of the goods in the invoice must comply with the credit and thetotal invoice value should not exceed the total amount of the covering L/C.B. packing lista. major contents: the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing,number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net weight and gross weight etc.b. documents with similar function: specification list (emphasizes the description of specification of thegoods); weight list (also weight note or weight memo, emphasizes the weight of the goods and are used for goods which are based on the weight for price calculation)C. the bill of ladinga. 3 major functions1). as a cargo receipt2). constitutes a contract of carriage between the carrier and the consignor3). a document of title to the goodsb. major contents1). the carrier (shipping company); 2). the shipper or consignor (exporter);3). the consignee (the importer or made out "to order);4). the notify party (the agent of the consignee or the consignee himself);5). a general description of the goods; 6). shipping marks; 7). the freight;8). the port of shipment and the port of destination; 9). the place where the bill of lading is issued;10). the date when the bill of lading is issued;c. clean bill of lading (states that the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition)and on board bill of lading (indicates that the shipment has been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination)d. ocean bill of lading,airway bill and railway bill, cargo receipt;D. insurance policy and insurance certificatea. major contents1). the insured; 2). cargo description; 3). the amount insured and the risks covered; 4). contentsconcerning transportation; 5). the place where claims are to be settled;6). the date on which the document is issued;b. the difference between the two: the latter is a bit simpler than the formerE. various certificatescertificate of quality, certificate of weight, certificate of quantity, certificate of health, certificate of disinfection, certificate of origin, veterinary certificate etc.F. other documentscustoms invoice, consular invoice, consular visa, shipping advice etc.L14 International Transportation1. 商务知识1.1 definitiontransportation: the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another. freight transportation: the economic movement of commodities and products and the effect of such movement on the development and advancement of business.1.2 the five major modes of transportation: water, rail, truck, pipeline, and air.1.3 three types of carriersA. common carriersB. contract carriersC. private carriers1.4 importance, role, and contribution of transportationtransportation plays a major role in the production process; it moves raw material, inter-mediate product between producers and finished products to consumers; by widening the market areas that a producer canreach, it encourages the introduction of more efficient, larger-scale production techniques;1.5 the four factors that are substantially changing transportationA. transportation deregulationB. just-in-time inventory systemC. competition based on high levels of customer serviceD. globalization of business2.生词与短语primitive, in a broad/formal sense, grocery, stringent, shackle, limelight, logistics, committed to, thrusted sb./sth. into the limelight, dockside, at an ever-accelerating pace, innovation,3. 商务术语freight transportation, freight system, natural product provinces, volume loading and unloading machinery, common carrier, contract carrier, private carrier, production process, intermediate products, production techniques, economies of scale, per-unit production costs, commercial intercourse, service packages, just-in-time inventory system, production approach, production input, globalization of business, distribution manager, logistics system,L15 Insurance (I)1. 商务知识1.1 definitiona social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.1.2 the idea of a known premium vs. the uncertainty of risk1.3 the common pool and the advantages enterprises can gain from it the main stimulus to enterprise is the release of funds.1.4 insurance for overseas tradeA. necessityIn bridging both the geographical gap and the time lag serious risks have to be run.B. functionmoving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exporters and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters,it is the handmaiden of commerce.L16 Insurance (II)1. 商务知识1.1 three main principles of insuranceA. insurable interest: no one may insure anything unless he has an interest in it.B. utmost good faith: the people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basisof written statements made in a proposal form.C. indemnity (not apply to life or personal accident insurance): a contract of insurance is one whichrestores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.1.2 two sub-principles of insuranceA. contribution: a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensationfrom both insurers.B. subrogation: when the cargo A insured with B is damaged by C's negligence, B will be substituted for Ain any legal action against C.1.3 the doctrine of proximate cause (the direct cause of the loss): when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered.1.4 three basic types of marine insuranceA. free from particular average (F.P.A.)B. with particular average (W.A. or W.P.A)C. all risksL17 International Monetary System and Exchange Rate1. 商务知识1.1 the international monetary systemA. sterling-based gold standard (19C--1918)B. dollar-based gold standard (1945--1971.8)C. the floating system (1971.8--)1.2 exchange rateA. fixed exchange rateby which each country pegged its currency to gold to establish its par valueB. flexible exchange ratemajor currencies float in the foreign exchange market; other currencies follow a fixed exchange rate by pegging themselves to a major currency and float with it.C. major factors influencing exchange ratea. international balance of paymentthe value of one's own currency will go up with favorable balance of payment;b. inflationwhen inflation intensifies, the value of the currency will drop;c. interest ratehigh interest rate will increase the exchange rate of one's own currency;D. common measures for intervention in exchange ratea. buying or selling foreign currencywhen the price of a foreign exchange goes too high, the central bank may sell it out of its foreign exchange reserves;b. raising or lowering discount ratewhen the price of a foreign exchange goes too high, the government may raise the discount rate to absorb foreign fund;c. foreign exchange controlwhen the exchange rate fluctuates violently, a government may have to resort to foreign exchange control to make up its BOP deficit and lower the demand for foreign exchange;E. the pros and cons of the two different kinds of exchange ratethe fixed exchange rate system reduces the riskiness of international business and curbs inflation, but it is vulnerable to disorderly changes in currency value; the flexible exchange rate system protects domestic currency from the impact of foreign idle funds and fluctuations of exchange rate, and is helpful to the stability of the economy, but frequent wild swings of the value of currencies will increase the riskiness of trade and affect international investment.F. direct quote (the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency)indirect quote (the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency)G. buying price (the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency)selling price (the rate by which a commercial bank sells a currency)medial price (the average of the buying price and the selling price)L18 International Financial Organizations1. 商务知识1.1 the World Bank GroupA. constituent parts: IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGAB. objectives: to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channelingfinancial resources to them from developed countries.1.2 the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD,1945)A. source of its capital1). subscribed by its members;2). comes from its retained earnings and the flow of repayments on its loans;B. financing of its lending operations (from its own borrowings in the world capital market)C. operation of loans grantinga. repayment time (15-20 years) and grace period (5 years)b. target countries (developing countries)c. interest rate (calculated according to a guideline related to its cost of borrowing)D. basic rules governing its operation1). must lend only for productive purposes and must stimulate economic growth in the developingcountries;2). cannot finance a trade deficit, but can finance an infrastructure project;3). must pay due regard to the prospects of repayment;4). the decisions to lend must be based on economic considerations alone;1.3 the International Development Association (IDA,1960)A. relation with IBRD and membershipaffiliated to IBRD;membership in IDA is open to all members of the IBRD.B. objective: providing assistance for the poorer developing countries with soft loansC. source: 1).subscriptions, general replenishments from developed members;2). transfers from the IBRD;D. terms of credits: only to governments; 10Ys grace periods and 35-40Ys maturities; without interest.1.4 the International Finance Corporation (IFC,1956)A. function: to assist the economic development of LDCs by promoting growth in the private sector oftheir economies and helping to mobilize domestic and foreign capital;B. relation with IBRDa separate entity, affiliated to IBRD and draws upon the Bank for administrative and other services;membership in the IBRD is a prerequisite for membership in the IFC;1.5 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)A. mandate: to encourage equity investment and other direct investment flows to LDCs through themitigation of noncommercial investment barriers;B. ways for carrying out the mandate。

自考国际商务英语课后中译英Lesson 11.国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。

International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries, it involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.2．随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。

因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。

With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away form international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。

Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing and turnkey project.4.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。

International businessfirst took the form ofcommodity trade, i.e.exporting and importinggoods produced ormanufactured in onecountry for consumptionor resale in another.5.除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。