2015年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

词汇（无）完型（网络上找到的原文，试题没有这么长，压缩了。

划线部分为虫友考后忆起的待选空及答案）In the last post, we discussed why fabrication and falsification are harmful to scientific knowledge-building. The short version is that if you’re trying to build a body of reliable knowledge about the world, making stuff up (rather than, say, making careful observations of that world and reporting those observations accurately) tends not to get you closer to that goal.Along with fabrication and falsification, plagiarism is widely recognized as a high crime against the project of science, but the explanations for why it’s harmful generally make it look like a different kind of crime than fabrication and falsification. For example, Donald E. Buzzelli (1999) writes:[P]lagiarism is an instance of robbing a scientific worker of the credit for his or her work, not a matter of corrupting the record. (p. 278)Kenneth D, Pimple (2002) writes:One ideal of science, identified by Robert Merton as ―disinterestedness,‖ holds that what matters is the finding, not who makes the finding. Under this norm, scientists do not judge each other’s work by reference to the race, religion, gender, prestige, or any other incidental characteristic of the researcher; the work is judged by the work, not the worker. No harm would be done to the Theory of Relativity if we discovered Einstein had plagiarized it…[P]lagiarism … is an offense against the community of scientists, rather than against science itself. Who makes a particular finding will not matter to science in one hundred years, but today it matters deeply to the community of scientists. Plagiarism is a way of stealing credit, of gaining credit where credit is not due, and credit, typically in the form of authorship, is the coin of the realm in science. An offense against scientists qua scientists is an offense against science, and in its way plagiarism is as deep an offense against scientists as falsification and fabrication are offenses against science. (p. 196)Pimple is claiming that plagiarism is not an offense that undermines(zqc2849) the knowledge-building project of science per se. Rather, the crime is in depriving other scientists of the reward they are due for participating in this knowledge-building project. In other words, Pimple says that plagiarism is problematic not because it is dishonest, but rather because it is unfair.While I think Pimple is right to identify an additional component of responsible conduct of science besides honesty, namely, a certain kind of fairness to one’s fellow scientists, I also think this analysis of plagiarism misses an important way(whj19890715) in which misrepresenting the source of words, ideas, methods, or results can undermine the knowledge-building project of science.On the surface, plagiarism, while potentially nasty to the person whose report is being stolen, might seem not to undermine the scientific community’s evaluation(zqc2849) of the phenomena. We are still, after all, bringing together and comparing a number of different observation reports to determine the stable features of our experience of the phenomenon. But this comparison often involves a dialogue as well. As part of theknowledge-building project, from the earliest planning of their experiments to well after results are published, scientists are engaged in asking and answering questions about the details of the experience and of the conditions under which the phenomenon was observed.Misrepresenting someone else’s honest observation report as one’s own strips the report of accurate information for such a dialogue. It’s hard to answer questions about the little, seemingly insignificant experimental details of an experiment you didn’t actually do, or to refine a description of an experience someone else had. Moreover, such a misrepresentation further undermines the process of building more objective knowledge by failing to contribute the actual insight of the scientist whoappears to be contributing his own view but is actually contributing someone else’s. And while it may appear that a significant number of scientists are marshaling their resources to understand a particular phenomenon, if some of those scientists are plagiarists, there are fewer scientists actually grappling with the problem than it would appear.In such circumstances, we know less than we think we do.Given the intersubjective route to objective knowledge, failing to really weigh in to the dialogue may end up leaving certain of the subjective biases of others in place in the collective ―knowledge‖ that results.Objective knowledge is produced when the scientific community’s members work with each other to screen out subjective biases. This means the sort of honesty required for good science goes beyond the accurate reporting of what has been observed and under what conditions. Because each individual re port is shaped by the individual’s perspective, objective scientific knowledge also depends on honesty about the individual agency actually involved in making the observations. Thus, plagiarism, which often strikes scientists as less of a threat to scienti fic knowledge (and more of an instance of ―being a jerk‖), may pose just as much of a threat to the project of producing objective scientific knowledge as outright fabrication.What I’m arguing here is that plagiarism is a species of dishonesty that can un dermine the knowledge-building project of science in a direct way. Even if what has been lifted by the plagiarist is ―accurate‖ from the point of view of the person who actually collected or analyzed the data or drew conclusions from it, separating this contribution from its true author means it doesn’t function the same way in the ongoing scientific dialogue.In the next post, we’ll continue our discussion of the duties of scientists by looking at what the positive duties of scientists might be, and by examining the sources of these duties.阅读：Passage One（无）Passage Two – Passage Five同2009.3 （Passage One – Passage Four)六选五：第一篇（无）第二篇（同2014.3六选五Passage One）翻译：Our best college students are very good at being critical. In fact being smart, for many, means being critical. (1) Having strong critical skills shows that you will not be easily fooled. It is a sign of sophistication, especially when coupled with an acknowledgment of one’s own “privilege.”The combination of resistance to influence and deflection of responsibility by confessing to one’s advantages is a sure sign of one’s ability to negotiate the politics of learning on campus. But this ability will not take you very far beyond the university. Taking things apart, or taking people down, can provide the satisfactions of cynicism. But this is thin gruel. The skill at unmasking error, or simple intellectual one-upmanship, is not totally without value, but we should be wary of creating a class of self-satisfied debunkers — or, to use a currently fas hionable word on campus, people who like to ―trouble‖ ideas.(2) In overdeveloping the capacity to show how texts, institutions or people fail to accomplish what they set out to do, we may be depriving students of the chance to learn as much as possible from what they study.In campus cultures where being smart means being a critical unmasker, students may become too good at showing how things can’t possibly make sense.(3) They may close themselves off from their potential to find or create meaning and direction from the books, music and experiments they encounter in the classroom.(4) Once outside the university, these students may try to score points by displaying the critical prowess for which they were rewarded in school, but those points often come at their own expense. As debunkers, they contribute to a cultural climate that has little tolerance for finding or making meaning — a culture whose intellectuals and cultural commentators get ―liked‖ by showing that somebody else just can’t be believed. But this cynicism is no achievement.Liberal education in America has long been characterized by the intertwining of two traditions: of critical inquiry in pursuit of truth and exuberant performance in pursuit of excellence. (5)In the last half-century, though, emphasis on inquiry has become dominant, and it has often been reduced to the ability to expose error and undermine belief. The inquirer has taken the guise of the sophisticated (often ironic) spectator, rather than the messy participant in continuing experiments or even the reverent beholder of great cultural achievements.作文：大意：常言道“富不过三代”，你怎么看？。

2015年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解PART Ⅰ: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is _____ and horizontally spread out.A. prudentB. reversibleC. diffuseD. mandatory【答案】C【解析】句意：甚至总统也不是真正的首席执行官，谁都不是。

在公司中，权力集中且垂直分布。

在华盛顿，权力分散且平行分布。

diffuse散开的。

prudent谨慎的，节俭的。

reversible 可逆的，可撤销的。

mandatory强制的，命令的。

2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _____.A. refineB. discernC. embedD. cluster【答案】B【解析】句意：在描述美国历史中不同阶段不同地区的印第安人中，一些影响他们不同点之间的相似点的因素能够很容易的解释清楚，而其他的却很难看出。

2012年中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．But two hurdles stand in the way of Russia’s realizing its space dreams: a collapsing public-education system and a brain drain that for decades has been siphoning off the country’s highly trained engineers as they move to better-paying jobs in the West.A．obstaclesB．propheciesC．hasslesD．outcomes正确答案：A解析：A项意为“障碍”；B项意为“预言”；C项意为“激战”；D项意为“结果”。

句子中画线单词hurdles意为“篱笆，障碍”，因此，A选项符合题意。

2．Its subject is “life-as-spectacle”, for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without: the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-experience”: readers are, asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likeable hero.A．insideB．outsideC．lackingD．surrounding正确答案：B解析：A项意为“内部”；B项意为“外部，外界”；C项意为”缺乏”；D 项意为“周围的，附近的”。

2015年社科院考博英语阅读理解真题模拟（5）In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously an expression of the period, "Leisure is time for doing something useful." In the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work provided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural parties. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some ofthe rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.（ＰＳ：The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba ;QQ:wu si qi ling liu san ba liu er）26. What is the passage mainly about?A) Methods of fanning used by early settlers of the United States.B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States.C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States.D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed.27. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?A) They followed a pattern Begun in Europe.B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.C) The clergy organized them.D) Only the wealthy participated in them.28. Which of the following can be said about the country dwellers' altitude toward "thepursuit of pleasure" ?A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.B) They felt that it was not necessary.C) They felt that it should be productive.D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.29. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in the 4th sentence in paragraph 2?A) Very frequent.B) Useful and enjoyable.C) Extremely necessary.D) Positive and negative.30. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage?A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people.B) Leisure activities of city dwellers.C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas.D) Changes in lifestyles of settlers as they moved答案及解析请查阅育明考博或致电垂询 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

Translation（社科院历年翻译真题）1.If our country is to achieve modernization the biggest obstacle is not the shortage of natural resources，nor the lack of funds，still less the problem of technology，but rather the quality of the more than one billion people，for funds can be accumulated，technology can be created or imported，but the overall quality of the huge population，which can not be imported，must only be improved by ourselves．我们的国家要走向现代化，最大的障碍并不是资源问题，也不是资金问题，更不是技术问题，而是十几亿人口的素质问题。

资金可以积累，技术可以创造，也可以引进，但是十几亿人口的素质是无法引进的，这必须靠我们自己去提高。

2.Today women increasingly leave the home for the workplace．In addition to the normal financial incentives，we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances，and a desire for more social contact in order to relieve their domestic isolation．However，for all，working is tied to the desire for independence．今天，越来越多的妇女走出家门参加工作。

中国社会科学院研究生院2005年博士研究生英语入学考试和答案PART I: VocabularySection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1. Too often, the sales manager who hires salesmen simply because of their extroverted and flamboyant personality will have a high turnover.a. deviousb. humorousc. singulard. ostentatious2. He remains alert to signs of hope and finds one in the story of the late SuAnne Big Crow, a high-school basketball star whose exploits and character united the reservation in pride.a. featsb. peatsc. leatsd. beats3. The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival paradigms.a. doctrinesb. heresiesc. examplesd. debates4. There are no national statistics, but family-law experts agree that with remarriage and a booming economy creating an increasingly mobile work force, relocation is becoming a much more. contentious issue in divorce cases.a. precariousb. urgentc. elusived. controversial5. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe, the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.a. doubtb. assumec. emerged. amplify6. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of thin sheet metal or glass.a. extantb. manifest e. archaic d. dilapidated7. That prospect has infuriated ordinary Mexicans, who have seen the purchasing power of their paychecks erode more than 40% since 1982, and who voted for the new president because he promised to replace austerity with prosperity.a. severe and restricted economyb. affluence and large-scale economyc. inefficient and small-scale economyd. scarce and uncontrolled economy8. The benefits and pleasure from embezzlement will only be ephemeral for those corrupt officials, at the expense of the whole country for centuries to come.a. transitoryb. durablec. immortald. resilient9. We might feel ambivalence about taking PhD candidate tests that require us to work extremely hard and under too much stress.a. an antagonistic feelingb. a contradictory feelingc. a Monday-morning feelingd. an altruistic feeling10. Much of the emotionalism of modern pop music, which seems to offer catharsis to both performer and audience, is taken directly from the sacred-music traditions of African Americans.a. abreactionb. laxnessc. euphemismd. euthanasiaSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the sentence.11. It is hoped that the severe prison sentences will serve as a(n) to other would-be offenders.a. hoaxb. deterrentc. hindranced. anguish12. and grit are much more important than intelligence and talent. So those who were responsible for cheating were kicked off the team, even in the face of overwhelming criticism.a. integrityb. culpabilityc. persistenced. indolence13. And so to the of the Games --- faster, higher, stronger ---Tonya Harding adds words she knows all too well: harder. Harder. Longer. Badder. She has worked so hard, tried for so long, wanted so bad.a. creedb. convictionc. dogmad. qualm14. Traditionally, biologists believed that life is a freak --- the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is .a. infinitesimalb. immeasurablec. multitudinousd. miscellaneous15. By starting treatment early, and interrupting it for brief periods once they had the virus under control, all of the study's eight participants were able to _ their immune responses.a. consoleb. fosterc. bolsterd. decrease16. His former wife had ____ the court for permission to move them to Colorado, but a judge said that would damage their relationship with Caldwell and ruled she could either stay in Illinois or relinquish custody.a. defiedb. ratifiedc. petitionedd. eluded17. Some managers in the slate-owned enterprises have been charged with for depositing public funds into private bank accounts at a time when economic reform is being carried out.a. embezzlementb. pillagec. pilferaged. arson18. Both sections are designed to be taken by high school seniors. Over 20 percent of the children with these top scores were found to be left-handed or , twice the rate observed among the general population.a. ambidextrousb. ambivalentc. ambientd. dexterous19. Poorer parents, meanwhile, may be tempted to borrow more than they ever expect to repay; the rate on government-backed loans is roughly 22% and bound to rise.a. interestb. mortalityc. defaultd. velocity20. It is not only that they are supposed to fall in love and to enter into a monogamous marriage in which she gives up her name and he his _______. but this love must be manufactured at all cost or the marriage will seem insincere to all concerned.a. concessionb. solvencyc. paroled. meditationPART Ⅱ: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.21. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.a. thereforeb. therebyc. whereasd. thus22. The critics tended to speculate who had the greatest influence on the development of that writer's novels.a. as tob. so as toc. thatd. of23. the stock market has posted its worst loss since the '87 crash and has provoked fears ofa bearish season to come.a. Panicked by a faltering buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,b. To be panicked by a hesitating buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,c. Being panicked by a hesitant buyout deal and a trace of inflation,d. Panicking by a faltering buyout deal and a hair-raising inflation,24. The assumption that the initiative in the establishment of this wondrous arrangement should be in the hands of the male, with the female graciously succumbing ____ the impetuous onslaught of his wooing , goes back right to prehistoric times when savage warriors first descended _________ some peaceful matriarchal hamlet and dragged away its screaming daughters to their marital beds.a. to ... onb. to ...withc. with ...tod. on...at25. Hacker could even take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software that runs it. Moreover, he could program the computer to ease any sigh ofa. his being thereb. him having ever been therec. his ever having been thered. having ever been there26．Jefferson was a renowned doubter，urging his nephew to “question with boldness even the existence of a God” John Adams was at least a skeptic，．a．as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allemb．as the revolutionary firebrand was of course Tom Paine and Ethan Allemc. as of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allem wered．as of course the revolutionary firebrand was Tom Paine and Ethan Allem27．Should Earth be struck by an asteroid，destroying all higher life-forms，intelligent beings，still less humanoids，a．would almost certainly not arise next time aroundb．will almost undoubtedly not arise next time aroundc．would not have to arise next time around indeedd．Would have arisen next time around for a certainty28．Another reason argues for the separation of church and state．If the Founding Fathers had one overarching aim、it was to limit the power the churches the state．They had seen the abuses of kings who claimed to rule with divine approval，from arbitrary Henry VIII to the high-handed George Ⅲ.a．not of ...but of b．not only ...but alsoc．of ...as well as d．of ...or of29．Many such chemical changes have been performed by man since very early times，probably the first the heating of clay to make pottery，which has been known for 1O，000 years．a was b is C．had been d．being30．But if life on Earth is not unique，the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined．The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars,____, would support the view that life emerges naturally．a．if they could be shown to have arisen separately from Earthb．if it could show to have arisen in parallel from Earthc if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earthd. if they can be shown to have arisen autonomously from EarthSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence31．Bill Gates rules because early on he acted on the assumption which computing power---theA Bcapacity of microprocessors and memory chips---would become nearly free；his company keptCchuming out more and more lines of complex software to make use of the cheap bounty．D32. What struck the imagination of the world was, in first place, the dramatic character ofA Bthe discovery - the long and patient search, a real act of faith, culminating in the discoveryCof something the like of which had never been found before - the undisturbed body of theDancient Egyptian kings.33. Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis onA"Judeo-Christian values.” It is he who writes, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in thisB CLand ... every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.”D34. It was a textbook case of crisis mismanagement. Hitting by hundreds of lawsuits and a federalA Bprobe into the safety of its silicone breast implant, Dow Coming spent much of the past year hunkered down in a defensive crouch -- stalling investigators, sitting on evidence andC Dminimizing the complaints of women who said the devices caused them pain, disfigurement and serious autoimmune disorders.35. As the colleges and universities have less and less resources to devote to the humanities andAliberal arts, by which a sensitivity toward social advancement has traditionally been nurturedB Cthey are forced to look to private industry for money.D36. In the space of 12 hours last Thursday, Mexican Finance Minister Guillermo Ortiz Martinez undertook the unenviable task of charming, consoling and begging the forgiveness of three AAmerican credit-rating agencies, the head of a dozen U.S. commercial banks and 400 investorsBand analysts who lost nearly $10 billion last month when Mexico's newly minted President,CErnesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, abruptly allowed the peso to float against the dollar.D37. He believed that Nazca only made sense if the people who had designed and made theseAvast drawings on the ground could actually see them. and that led him to the theory that theBancient Peruvians had somehow learned to fly, as only from above they could really see theC Dextent of their handiwork.38. The rescue package he finally unveiled Tuesday called for cutting budgets, keeping prices inA check and holding wage increases to 7% for 1995, backed by an $18 billion emergency fundBsubstantially financed by the U.S. Those sacrifices, however, make them clear that Mexico nowCfaces an anguished period of economic stagnation, even if the government can make the planD stick.39. But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greater number whoA knows that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society'sB Cinterests better by working together in mutual accommodation.D40. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloodyAreligion that ever existed,” and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keepBthe hand that held the musket separate from the one that carries the cross.C DPART II1: Reading comprehension: (30 points)Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have shown how democracy destroys or modifies the different inequalities that originate in society; but is this all, or does it not ultimately affect that great inequality of man and woman which has seemed, up to the present day, to be eternally based in human nature? I believe that the social changes that bring nearer to the same level the father and son, the master and servant, and, in general, superiors and inferiors will raise woman and make her more and more the equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel the necessity of making myself clearly understood; for there is no subject on which the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have taken a freer range.There are people in Europe who，confounding together the different characteristics of the sexes would make man and woman into beings not only equal but alike．They would give to boththe same functions，impose on both the same duties，and grant to both the same rights：they would mix them in all things—their occupations，their pleasures．their business．It may readily be conceived that by thus attempting to make one sex equal to the other, both are degraded，and from so preposterous a medley of the works of nature nothing could ever result but weak men and disorderly women．It is not thus that the Americans understand that species of democratic equality Which may be established between the sexes．They admit that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman，her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties；and they hold that improvement does not consist in making beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly the same things，but in causing each of them to fulfill their respective tasks in the best possible manner The Americans have applied to the sexes the great principle of political economy which governs the manufacturers of our age，by carefully dividing the duties of man from those of woman in order that the great work of society may be the better carried on．In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other，but in two pathways that are always different．American women never manage the outward concerns of the family or conduct a business or take a part in political life：nor are they，on the other hand，ever compelled to perform the rough labor of the fields or to make any of those laborious efforts which demand the exertion of physical strength．No families are so poor as to form an exception to this rule．If, on the one hand，an American woman cannot escape from the quiet circle of domestic employments．she is never forced，on the other，to go beyond it．Hence it is that the women of America，who often exhibit a masculine strength of understanding and a manly energy，generally preserve great delicacy of personal appearance and always retain the manners of women although they sometimes show that they have the hearts and minds of menNor have the Americans ever supposed that one consequence of democratic principles is the subversion of marital power or the confusion of the natural authorities in families They hold that every association must have a head in order to accomplish its object．and that the natural head of the conjugal association is man．They do not therefore deny him the right of directing his partner，and they maintain that in tile smaller association of husband and wife as well as in the great social community the object of democracy is to regulate and legalize the powers that are necessary, and not to subvert all power．Comprehension Questions：41．What does the writer think will improve equality between the sexes?a．the opinions of those who comment on society's foiblesb．the fact that democracy has leveled other inequalitiesc. the social changes that have occurredd．the wider gender demographic assumptions of our age42. Why does the writer oppose the views of some Europeans?a. Because he does not think men and women should do the same jobs, enjoy the same pastimes, or indulge in the same business transactions.b. Because he thinks they confuse the different characteristics of men and women.c. Because he thinks it absurd that the sexes should have the same duties and rights.d. Because he does not think the sexes have the same function in society.43. In what particular way do Americans have a different interpretation of democratic equality between the sexes?a. They want men and women to take different roles in society.b, They believe the sexes are very different from each other.c. They encourage men and women to fulfill different tasks as well as they can.d. They impose a division of labor in order to benefit society as a whole.44. What does the writer suggest to be the main strengths of American women?a. They concentrate on work in the home.b. They heed their comportments and show brainpowers analogous to those of men.e. They refrain from shirking domestic employment.d. They do not participate in business or politics.45. What effect has democracy had on the relations between the sexes in America?a. It has resulted in women being subordinate to men.b. It has subverted natural authority in families.c. It has formulated and endorsed necessary powers, with the man as head of the family.d. It has reinforced existing inequalities.Passage 2When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i,e., in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work, In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledge--that is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseen--- is likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shah like all its results or that all will begainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course of process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one, Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier than if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each, moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movement's sake, for it is in the process of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.Comprehension Questions:46. Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?a. Scientific progress will benefit mankind immeasurably.b. Scientific research frequently achieves its intended goals.c. Progress may or may not lead to a better world.d. Progress defined by a infinite trajectory leads to wisdom.47. Progress, in the view of the writer.a. involves the development of the human intellectb. is closely related to social development and evolutionc. is at the expense of tradition and moral valuesd. always remunerates everyone relatively equally48. When considering the search for knowledge,a. we should aim at solving specific problemsb. we should produce useful resultsc. we become wiser because we accumulate a broad range of knowledged. science finds solutions for existing problems and uncovers new problems49. Progress, according to this argument,a. unquestionably leads to a more pleasurable existenceb. facilitates prosperity and personal satisfactionc. involves the achievement of measurable goalsd. is an inevitable movement forward50. The author suggests thata. past achievements are less important than future aspirationsb. history's successes demonstrate change in knowledgec. striving without achieving goals is wasted effortd. movement for movement's sake is pointlessPassage 3The immediate postwar economic regime throughout much of the world could be characterized as a unique compromise between national economic objectives (e.g., industrialization / development, full employment, and social welfare) on the one hand, and aninternational system of co-operative and liberal multilateralism, on the other-a combination often described as “national capitalism” or “embedded liberalism”.In practice the implementation of Keynesianism in each national context was quite specific and had to do with the mediating effect of local institutions or “governance regimes”. In industrialized nations, states regulated economics mainly through fiscal policy. Meanwhile, developing countries experimented with more extreme forms of state intervention, from various versions of “mixed”economies to outright socialism. In Latin America, the guiding postwar paradigm was import-substituting industrialization (ISI), through which governments fostered economic development by protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.This variety of postwar social contracts was made possible by a strong system of international monetary regulations, which were bound together by the political hegemony of the United States. In order to prevent global capital movements (whether outflows from the United States or inflows to Europe) from upsetting the system of pegged exchange rates, a consensus emerged for the establishment of capital controls. In limiting the pressures that could be brought to bear on the exchange rate, these restraints to capital mobility allowed governments to pursue domestic objectives other than currency stability (like full employment and a welfare state in Europe and industrialization in the developing world), and thereby satisfy the social demands formulated by their democratic electorates.Over the course of the postwar period, however, this system was put under considerable stress that culminated during the 1970s, On the domestic front, expansionary policies were beginning to exhaust their potential and were becoming increasingly inflationary. On the international front, the rapid progress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms had engendered a movement in favor of the liberalization of capital movements, supported by Britain (initially) and the United States (later). Both emerging and European economies were flooded with foreign capital, which made it even harder to sustain noninflationary courses of action and increased the vulnerability of currencies to speculation. In 1971, the U.S. commitment to such a liberal financial order was ratified by the country's decision to let the dollar float, which in effect brought the Bretton Woods system to an end.The new post-Bretton Woods economic environment not only appeared difficult to control with established economic strategies, but it also changed the political opportunity structure that governments faced. Previously, national policies bad been determined chiefly by the interplay of domestic parties, local interest groups, and national institutions. In contrast, now international finance constituted an increasingly powerful constituency, which could be presumed to have its own set of policy preferences-such as low inflation, balanced budgets, and strict monetary policy managed by an independent central bank.Comprehension Questions:51. What is the best title of this passage?a. The Widely Contrasting Models of the Economy and the Myth of the Mixed Economy.b. The Shifting of the Means of Government Intervention and the Downfall of the Bretton Woods system,c. The Varying Social Contracts and the Disadvantages of the System of Pegged Exchange Ratesd, The Changing International Economic Order and the Rise of the Market Paradigm52. What is the difference in the ways of government intervention between developed and developing countries according to the author?a. The background of developing countries is more general and the contexts of developednations are more specific.b. Industrialized nations focused mainly on government expenditure, while developingcountries tested different experimental forms of state intervention.c. Developed nations regulated the economies through fiscal policies, whereas developingcountries tried to control economies by protectionism.d. Develo ped countries experimented various version of “mixed” economies; meanwhile,developing countries tried to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.53. Which of the following statements is NOT true?a. The restrictive measures gave the governments the first priority on currency stability.b. Not only the U.S political supremacy but a strong system of international monetaryregulations made various social agreements possible.c. To protect the pegged exchange rates from being destabilized by global capital flow, themajority of the countries reached agreement on the establishment of capital control.d. Developed countries concentrated their domestic objective on full employment, whiledeveloping countries focused on industrialization.54. How was the system of pegged exchange rates put under substantial stress for the period before 1970's?a. Domestically, expansionary policies lost their potential and became inflationary;internationally, liberalization of capital movements ensued.b. Domestically, policies exhausted the endangered movements; internationally, the rapidprogress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms supported Britain and the United States.c. Domestically, policies exhausted potential and failed to become deflationary, internationally,financial modernization and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.d. Domestically, policies produced exhaust and reversed inflation, internationally, financialinnovation and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.55. In the passage the author's attitude towards “the new post-Bretton Woods economic environment” isa, optimistic b. critical c. indifferent d. approvingPassage 4The first social effect of this state of affairs was to produce a large and ever larger floating population of 'stateless' exiles. During the growth period of Hellenic history such a plight had been uncommon and was regarded as a dreadful abnormality. The evil was not overcome by Alexander's great hearted effort to induce the reigning Faction of the moment to each city-state to allow its ejected opponents to return to their homes in peace; and the fire made fresh fuel for itself; for the one thing that the exiles found for their hands to do was to enlist as mercenary soldiers: and this glut of military man-power put fresh drive into the wars by which new exiles - and thereby more mercenaries - were being created.The effect of these direct moral ravages of the war spirit in Hellas in uprooting her children was powerfully reinforced by the operation of disruptive economic forces which the wars let loose.。

2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按”考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2。

试卷一（Paper One)答案和试卷二（PaperTwo）答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3。

试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑：如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4。

标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5。

听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said，The question will be read only once, After you hear the question，read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D。

Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example。

You will hear.Woman：1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman? You will read。

Passage2交通法则与交通事故From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age.We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous disease.A large number of once fatal illness can now be found for the most stubborn remaining disease.The expectation of life has increased enormously.But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before,every day we witness the incredible slaughter of them,women and children on the roads.Man versus the motor-car!It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel,his car becomes the extension of his personality.There is no doubt that the motorcar often brings out a man’s very worst qualities.People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind steering wheel.They swear they are ill mannered and aggressive willful as two-year-olds and uttering selfish.All their hidden frustrations,disappointments and jealousies seem to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that the society smiles so gently on the motorist and seems to forgive his convenience.Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic;towns are made ugly by huge car parks;the countryside is desecrated by road networks;and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic,to be conveniently forgotten.It is high timea world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life.With regard to driving,the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate.Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done.The driving test should be standardized and made for more difficult than it is;all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so;the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least21;all vehicles should be put through strict annual tests for safety.Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability.Present drinking and driving laws(where they exist)should be made much stricter.Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers,as has been done in the USA.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.These measures may sound inordinately harsh.But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all,the world is for human beings not for motorcars.1.The main idea of this passage is______.A.traffic accidents are mainly caused by motoristsB.thousands of people the world over are killed each yearC.the laws of some countries about driving are too laxD.only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.2.What does the author think of society toward motorists?A.Society criticizes the motorists severely.B.Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.C.Society overlooks their rude driving.D.Victims of accidents are nothing.3.Why does the author say:“his car becomes the extension of his personality”?A.Driving can show his real self.B.Driving can show the other part of his personality.C.Driving can bring out his character.D.His car embodies his temper.4.Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?A.Build more highwaysB.Stricter driving testsC.Test drivers every three yearsD.Raise age limit and lay down safety specifications5.The attitude of the author is______.A.ironicalB.criticalC.appealingitant【答案与解析】1.D作者要表达的中心意思是：只有严格的交通法则才能防止交通事故的发生。

Passage6人类学What are we?To the biologist we are members of a sub-species called Homo sapiens,which represents a division of the species known as Homo sapiens.Every species is unique and distinct;that is part of the definition of a species.But what is particularly interesting about our species?For a start,we walk upright on our legs at all times,which is an extremely unusual way of getting around for a mammal. There are also several unusual features about our head,not least of which is the very large brain it contains.A second unusual feature is our strangely flattened face with its prominent,down-turned nose.Apes and monkeys have faces that protrude forwards as a muzzle and have“squashed”noses on top of this muzzle.There are many mysteries about evolution,and the reason for our unusually shaped nose is one of them.Another mystery is our nakedness or rather apparent nakedness. Unlike the apes,we are not covered by a coat of thick hair.Human body hair is very plentiful,but it is extremely fine and short so that,for all practical purposes,we are naked.Very partly this has something to do with the second interesting feature of our body:the skin is richly covered with millions of microscopic sweat glands.The human ability to sweat is unmatched in the primate world.So much for our appearance:what about our behavior?Our forelimbs,being freed from helping us to get about,possess a very high degree of manipulative skill. Part of this skill lies in the anatomical structure of the hands,but the crucial element is,of course,the power of the brain.No matter how suitable the limbs are fordetailed manipulation,they are useless in the absence of finely tuned instructions delivered through nerve fibers.The most obvious product of our hands and brains is technology.No other animal manipulates the world in the extensive and arbitrary way that humans do.The termites are capable of constructing intricately structured mounds which create their own“air-conditioned”environment inside.But the termites cannot choose to build a cathedral instead.Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.1.According to the author,biologists see us as______.A.exactly the same as Homo sapiensB.not quite the same as Homo sapiensC.a divided speciesD.an interesting sub-division of Homo sapiens2.What is indicated as being particularly interesting about our species?A.The fact that we walk.B.The size of our heads.C.The shape of our faces.D.The way our noses evolved.3.The author explains that other primates______.A.do not sweatB.sweat more than human beingsC.have larger sweat glands than humansD.do not sweat as much as humans4.What is most important about our hands?A.The way they are made.B.They are very free.C.Our control over them.D.Their muscular power.5.From the passage it could be concluded that human uniqueness derives from ______.A.the kind of choices people makeB.people’s need to make a choiceC.people’s ability to make a choiceD.the many choices people make【答案与解析】1.B文章第一段指出“To the biologist we are members…as Homo sapiens”，也就是说我们只是Homo sapiens的a sub-species，和Homo sapiens并不完全一样。

社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案细节决定成败，学习重在积累，面对日益严峻的竞争环境，越来越多的在职人员纷纷加入到考博的进修行列中，社会科学院的博士生考试英语试题历来以超难著称，下面我领略一下吧!自2015年起社科院博士生英语考试开始启用如下考题类型，下面我们一起来看看社科院的博士生初试考试英语个性考题吧~试卷第三部分(包括阅读7 选5、概要)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。

PART III: Reading and Writing 10 Section A (10 points) Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.(1) __________________ Player 1 may not know these particular words of wisdom, but chances are she’s thinking much the same as she tries to decide whether to send Player 2 some of her $10 stake. If she does, the money will be tripled, and her anonymous partner can choose to return none, some, or all of the cash. But why should Player 2 send anything back? And why should Player 1 give anything in the first place? Despite the iron logic of this argument, she types in her command to send some money. A few moments later she smiles, seeing from her screen that Player 2 has returned a tidy sum that leaves them both showing a net profit.(2) ___________________ Based on exactly the same cold logic that Player 1 dismissed, the so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that in economic transactions between strangers, where one has to make decisions based on a forecast of another’s response, the optimal level of trust is zero. Yet despite the economicorthodoxy, the behavior of Players 1 and 2 is not exceptional. In fact, over the course of hundreds of such trials, it turns out that about half of Player 1s send some money, and three- quarters of Player 2s who receive it send some back.Zak is a leading protagonist in the relatively new field of neuroeconomics, which aims to understand human social interactions through every level from synapse to society. It is a hugely ambitious undertaking. By laying bare the mysteries of such nebulous human attributes as trust, neuroeconomists hope to transform our self- understanding. (3) _________________ “ As we learn more about the remarkable internal order of the mind, we will also understand far more deeply the social mind and therefore the external order of personal exchange, and the extend ed order of exchange through markets.”(4) __________________ As Zak’s collaborator Steve Knack of the World Bank points out: “Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a country’s economic health. Where trust is low, individuals and organizations are more wary about engaging in financial transactions, which tends to depress the national economy.”And trust levels differ greatly between nations. The World Values Survey, based at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has asked people in countries around the world, “Do you think strangers can generally be trusted?” the positive response rate varies from about 65% in Norway to about 5% in Brazil. (5) __________________ “Policy-makers in these latter countries might be urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels,” observes Knack.A. Even more intriguingly, it seems that this urge to respond positively when someone shows trust in us is largely outside ourcontrol.B. Crucially for international economic development, what is true for individuals turns out also to be true for nations.C. Disturbingly, countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about 30%—as is the case in much of South America and Africa – risk falling into a permanent suspicion- locked poverty trap.D. “It’s good to trust; it’s better not to,” goes an Italian proverb.E. They believe their findings even have the potential to help make societies more productive 11 and successful.F. He points out that our brains have been tailored by evolution to cope with group living.G. This outcome doesn’t just flout proverbial wisdom, it thumbs its nose at economic theory.Section B (10 points) Directions: Write a 100—120-word summary of the article in this part.。

2012年中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．But two hurdles stand in the way of Russia’s realizing its space dreams: a collapsing public-education system and a brain drain that for decades has been siphoning off the country’s highly trained engineers as they move to better-paying jobs in the West.A．obstaclesB．propheciesC．hasslesD．outcomes正确答案：A解析：A项意为“障碍”；B项意为“预言”；C项意为“激战”；D项意为“结果”。

句子中画线单词hurdles意为“篱笆，障碍”，因此，A选项符合题意。

2．Its subject is “life-as-spectacle”, for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without: the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-experience”: readers are, asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likeable hero.A．insideB．outsideC．lackingD．surrounding正确答案：B解析：A项意为“内部”；B项意为“外部，外界”；C项意为”缺乏”；D 项意为“周围的，附近的”。

2015年全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题答案 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (19)医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:I n this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.T o discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。

2018年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解PART Ⅰ Cloze (20 points)Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.Every street had a story, every building a memory. Those (1)_____ with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily (2)_____ the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was (3)_____ to get out.The town had changed, but then it hadn’t. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering (4)_____ possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything with no permit, no inspection, no notice to (5)_____ landowners, nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required (6)_____ and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year.But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all. The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Ray roamed them on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only (7)_____ were being neglected. A handful had been (8)_____.This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays (9)_____ go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbours, rest and relax the way God (10)_____.It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until theappointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to (11)_____ the good memories (12)_____ Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played little League for the Pirates, and there was the public pool he’d swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it (13)_____ admit black children. There were the churches—Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian—facing each other (14)_____ the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples (15)_____ height. They were empty now, but in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening services.The square was as (16)_____ as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had (17)_____ so many small towns. But here the people had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn’t a single empty or boarded-up building around the square—no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath.He inched (18)_____ the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always (19)_____ that the family money he’d never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mother’s grave, something he hadn’t done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father’s study, sipping bad instant tea and receiving instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be given, many (20)_____ and directions, because his father (who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered.Moving again, Ray passed the water tower he’d climbed twice, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he’d never visited since he’dleft it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team.It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.1. A. praisedB. celebratedC. blessedD. inherited2. A. roll backB. drive backC. go backD. think over3. A. excitedB. hilariousC. numbD. anxious4. A. as loosely asB. as tightly asC. as firmly asD. as freely as5. A. adjoiningB. hostileC. cravenD. friendly 6. A. documentsB. ratificationC. approvalD. testimony7. A. a lotB. fewC. a littleD. a few8. A. abandonedB. lostC. shatteredD. shunned9. A. butB. exceptC. besidesD. rather than10. A. intendsB. was intendingC. intendD. intended11. A. dwellB. dwell onC. mull overD. sleep on12. A. atB. inC. ofD. about13. A. instead ofB. rather thanC. insteadD. in order to14. A. withB. overC. atD. beyond15. A. enjoyingB. looking overC. competing forD. competing to16. A. lifelessB. boringC. nullD. tedious17. A. wiped upB. wiped awayC. wiped downD. wiped out18. A. toB. atC. intoD. through19. A. assumedB. presumedC. alludedD. deluded20. A. declarationsB. decreesC. depositionsD. declinations【答案与解析】1.C 本句的意思是“那些拥有美好童年的人会回到家乡，回到快乐的时光中去”。

中国社会科学院研究生院 2001 博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠVocabulary (15 points)Section ADirections：Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word．1．Totally perplexed by the first question on the exam，he passed on to the second．A．relieved by B．satisfied with C．confused by D．sated with2．To the growing perturbation of the unions，the Ministry of Labour has been pressing for a stringent income policy．A．satisfaction B．disappointment C．relief D．anxiety3．Adages are frequently mutually antagonistic：witness，“ignorance breeds prejudice” and “familiarity breeds contempt．”A．is at the heart of B．multiplies C．worsens D．generates4．His mother's scolding pierced him to the quick．A．froze him completely B．shamed him enormouslyC．hurt him to the core D．stuck in his craw5．This year's sterling depreciation，only a few aver，has no impact On the economy at large．A．increase in value B．fall in value C．lack of use D．drastic change6．How valiant that general who prosecutes a war with vigor!A．brings to trial B．wages C．praises D．condemns7．Management was not acting in good faith when it alleged that worker's wages would have to be cut for the company to remain solvent．A．prosperous B．out of debt C．productive D．out of trouble8．The new military junta suppressed dissent．A．initiated B．quashed B．supported D．reinstated9．To cream a circuit，a conducting wire is attached to an electric cell at one end，and to an electric outlet at the other．A．battery B．faucet C．socket D．appliance10．The former Soviet state of Georgia today exhibits a diversified economy．A．a multifaceted B．a sagging C．a dissolving D．an improved11．The Mayor asked the city council to recommend potential programs for the benefit of the indigent．A．transient B．unemployed C．homeless D．needy12．He wears strange clothes，talks to himself，and appears unkempt．Is it any wonder his neighbors view him as an eccentric?A．a crank B．cuckoo C．an anchorite D．unconventional13．So engrossed was the detective in considering the evidence that he completely forgot where he was．A．wrapped up B．impressed C．disinvolved D．impatient14．Disastrous forest fires are quite often caused by simple carelessness：a dropped butt ignites dead leaves．A．enflames B．burns C．lights D．blackens15．The reciprocal hatred between various members of different races underlies the difficulty of integration in the United States．A．hidden B．profound C．mutual D．racialSection BDirections：Choose the answer that best completes the sentence．16 ．Having discovered the shadiness in which her employers were involved ，sheimmediately________ her connection with them．A．converted B．severed C．improved D．realized17．An important customer may resent being________ by an assistant rather than by the boss．A．condescended to B．devoted to C．attended to D．conformed to18．The antique silver________ the beautifully set table．A．complemented B．implemented C．augmented D．complimented19．He spends his time in________ complaints rather than acting．A．fragile B．fertile C．frangible D．futile20．She________ because she found the journal interesting．A．subscribed B．prescribed C．described D．inscribed21．It is in the chairman of the board's interest，before a meeting，to________ with the directorsabout sensitive matters．A．confer B．contend C．conspire D．consort22．Complacency towards ecological balance (“It can't happen here!”) has resulted in a numberof________．A．damages B．wastes C．catastrophes D．dangers23．The village lies over the mountain and is________ only by boat．A．acceeded to B．available C．accessible D．obtainable24．A nation-wide service was announced to________ the sacrifice made by the heroes of thewar．A．memorize B．commemorate C．award D．reward25．The doctor pondered for a while，trying to recall which of several medications would be bestto________ the patient's suffering．A．alleviate B．restrict C．decrease D．diminish26．The volume knob，if turned toward the left，will________ the sound．A．magnify B．enlarge C．amplify D．reinforce27．Having reached the top of the hill，we were appalled to find the path________ precipitously．A．departed B．decreased C．descended D．derailed28．Often considered in common thought as________，language，culture，and personality are in fact inseparable．A．indistinct paradigms B．separate reasonsC．irreplaceable concepts D．independent entities29．Based on economic studies，it seems possible to forecast that a recession may________ adepression．A．imply B．indicate C．symbolize D．precede30．The speech consisted of________ phrases，well-chosen imagery，and amusing rhetorical flourishes．A．suitable B．selected C．apt D．fitPart ⅡGrammar (15 points)Section ADirections：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．31．Before Columbus set sail on his first voyage of discovery，many pooh-poohed his chances，and were unwilling to________ on his chances of success．A．make bets B．make the bet C．make a bets D．make bet32．Although her research topic had been approved by her thesis advisor，the library persistedin________ the documents．A．its denial for access B．deny her access toC．denying her access to D．denying her access for33．Their differences were urnreconcilable：they had no alternative________ the law to settle the dispute between them．A．but going to B．but to go C．but go to D．but invoking34．________，water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen．A．As is known B．As be knownC．As known D．Which is known35．It is imperative that he________ full charge of the joint project．A．take B．taking C．took D．takes36．He________ leave her than a child would abandon a favorite plaything．A．would no more B．would rather C．will no longer D．may no more37．The radio was of________ quality that I took it back and asked for a better one．A．such the infeaior B．such a inferior C．so an inferior D．such inferior38．He goes shopping so frequently not because he is rich，but because he enjoys________ politely．A．speaking B．being spoken to C．being spoken D．speaking to39．Eighteenth-century statesmen were totally convinced that war could be used as________ settling disputes．A．a mean to B．a means for C．some means for D．means for40．She does not believe that he is________ the honor accorded him．A．worth of B．worth C．worthy of D．worthy41．Few of the young realize what feats lie________ them．A．in the store for B．in store for C．waiting D．awaiting for42．Reading________ the mind________ food is to the body．A．is for．．．is as B．as．．．is asC．is to．．．_______what D．what is．．．is as43．Obviously，he decided not to say anything about it because he hoped to________．A．keep it as a secret B．keep it to be a secretC．keep it a secret D．keep it being a secret44．She was slated to present an abstract of her thesis at the national convention，and so spent the holiday________．A．touching on it B．touching it upC．touching it D．touching it down45．Greeley's injunction “Go West，young man!” resulted in a massive migration of population，with people occupying land________ no one held title of ownership and that had yet to be sold．A．to which B．that C．which D．of whichSection BDirections：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence．46．Now，as our urban areas sink ever deeper into drug-produced crime，death from the illic it useof unregulated and dangerous drugs following death，that becomes vital for the parents，teachers，C Dand advisors of our youth to have as wide an understanding of these problems as possible．47．It was musingly noted that the major reason why the English colonized so much of the worldAwas that，no matter what weather conditions they met abroad，they had already experiencedB Csomething like it at home．D48．I like sculptors，modern painters were influced by primitive，and ancient art，whichA B Cdemonstrated in the works of the Gaugin and Rousseau．D49．The moon may be considered a world that is complete in itself yet utterly dead，a sterile，mountainous waste on which during the day the sun blazes down with great heat，but on whichA Bduring the night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experiencing on the earth．C D50．It is often the result with new ideas，a great deal of frantic activity and optimistic forecastingA B Cproduce no discernible results．D51．By definition，a discount store offers standard merchandises at prices lower than those of moreA Bconventional merchants．It is able to do so by accepting a lower profit margin，by purchasingat higher volume，and by paying workers less．C D52．In the digestive process，food is initially processed in the stomach，with its nutrient valueApassing into the bloodstream．Alcohol，however，is highly unusual so that some 20 percent entersB C Dthe bloodstream directly from the stomach，having bypassed the digestive process．53．The clothes you wear do not serve only a pure practical function．They speak volumes about theA Bway you view your personality，your state of mind，your social status，and even your aspirations and dreams．C D54．The greatest utility，of an education lies not so much in teaching one information rather than inA B Cteaching one how to deal with the information acquired．D55．The obstacles Nancy Kerrigan faced as she strove to win the Olympic ice skating medal atALikehamma in 1944 form the kind of story about whom a fascinating novel might be written．56．It is on occasion the manner in which a person expresses the thought rather than the actualA Bwords which tells us whether the speaker is serious or not．C D57．The Quebecois，partly because of language，and partly because of religion，have long been consideringA Bto separate themselves from the rest of the Canadian provinces．C D58．Despite the President wrote a conciliatory letter deploring the incident，the press was adamantA B Cin continuing its condemnation．D59．Acids constitute a family of chemical compounds that，in solution，have the ability to turnA Bcertain blue vegetable dyes red，a corrosive action on metals，and taste sharp．C D60．Well over three-fourths of that book on noted British writers are about authors who wroteA B Cduring the nineteenth century．DPart ⅢCloze Test (10 points)Directions：Choose the word that best completes the meaning．It was a foolish question to ask．It 61 more sense for me to have learned if she had 62 or a point of view，but it was 63 for that now and I supposed that the 64 Relations Office had 65 her before granting the interview．I didn't have time this week to read 66 pieces about corporate rainmakers and their golden parachutes or women at midtown law firms 67 six times my salary but whining about breaking the 68 ceiling．“Won't waste your time，”she 69 ．“If the details on your 70 are accurate and the articles Laura 71 me have correct background，we won't have to 72 that．”I 73 in approval．She was obviously a 74 ，and an intelligent one 75 ．It was always 76 to sit for a 77 when the questioner spent the first hour asking what schools I had 78 ，how long 79 ，and whether I liked my job．“Is it all right 80 you if we start with some information about the Sex Crimes Prosecution Unit?”“I'd like that，”I replied．61．A．made B．would make C．would have made D．would be62．A．a fish to fry B．a nut to crack C．a song to sing D．an axe to grind63．A．still late B．too late C．so late D．past64．A Common B．Financial C．Local D．Public65．A．vetted B．called C．connected with D．contacted with66．A．rushed B．windy C．puff D．blowing67．A．taking B．making C．slaving for D．losing68．A．plastered B．glass C．fragile D．limited69．A．rambled B．carried on C．lectured D．went on70．A．application B．curriculum vitae C．report D．folder71．A．phoned B．faxed C．had phoned D．had faxed72．A．re-paint B．remix C．re-write D．rehash73．A．trembled B．grimaced C．smiled D．winked74．A．girl B．pro C．tyro D．mogul75．A．at that B．at this C．to reboot D．added76．A．agreeable B．instructive C．impatient D．aggravating77．A．photo B．portrait C．profile D．sketch78．A．attended B．matriculated C．enrolled D．preferred79．A．I had worked B．did I work C．was I working D．would I work80．A．for B．to C．according to D．withPart ⅣReading Comprehension (30 points)Directions：Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below．Passage 1Early that June Pius XII secretly addressed the Sacred College of Cardinals on theextermination of the Jews．“Ev ery word We address to the competent authority on this subject，andall Our public utterances，”he said in explanation of his reluctance to express more open condemnation，“have to be carefully weighed and measured 15 by us in the interest of the victims themselves，lest，contrary to Our intentions，We make their situation worse and harder to bear．”He did not add that another' reason for proceeding cautiously was that he regarded Bolshevism as afar greater danger than Nazism．The position of the Holy See was deplorable but it was an offense of omission rather than commission．The Church，under the Pope's guidance，had already saved the lives of more Jewsthan all other churches，religious institutions，and rescue organizations combined，and was presently hiding thousands of Jews in monasteries，convents，and Vatican City itself．The recordof the Allies was far more shameful．The British and Americans，despite lofty pronouncements，had not only avoided taking any meaningful action but gave sanctuary to few persecutedJews ．The Moscow Declaration of that year—signed by Roosevelt ，Churchill ，and Stalin—methodically listed Hitler's victims as Polish，Italian，French，Dutch，Belgian，Norwegian，Soviet，and Cretan．The curious omission of Jews (a policy emulated by the U. S. Office of War Information) was protested vehemently but uselessly by the World Jewish Congress．By thesimple expedient of converting the Jews of Poland into Poles，and so on，the Final Solution waslost in the Big Three's general classification of Nazi terrorism．Contrasting with their reluctance to face the issue of systematic Jewish extermination was the forthrightness and courage of the Danes，who defied German occupation by transporting toSweden almost every one of their 6，500 Jews；of the Finns，allies of Hitler，who saved all but four of their 4，000 Jews；and of the Japanese，another ally，who provided refuge in Manchuria for some 5，000 wandering European Jews in recognition of financial aid given by the Jewish firm of Kuhn，Loeb & Company during the Russian—Japanese War of 1904—1905．1．“We，Our” and “Us” in the first paragraph refer to________．A．Pius XII himselfB．Plus XII and the College of CardinalsC．an unknown groupD．something that cannot be determined by the text2．“The Allies” refers to________．A．Britain，the Soviet Union，and the U. S. A．B．the Polish，Italians，etcC．the JewsD．something that cannot be determined by the text3．The actions of the British and the Americans，as contrasted to the actions of the Church，may be illustrated by which of the following?A．There's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip．B．A stitch in time saves nine．C．All say and no do．D．What goes around comes around．4．The U. S. Office of War Information________．A．eschewed the policy mentioned B．emasculated the policy mentionedC．aped the policy mentioned D．did none of the above5．“The Final Solution” refers to________．A．the extermination of the JewsB．the answer to the problem of war in generalC．a mathematical problemD．none of the above6．“Their” in paragraph 3，line 1，refers to the________．A．Jews B．Poles，and so on C．Big Three D．DanesPassage 2Between the invention of agriculture and the commercial revolution that marked the end ofthe middle ages，wealth and technology developed slowly indeed．Medieval historians tell of the centuries it took for key inventions like the watermill or the heavy plow to diffuse across the landscape．During this period，increases in technology led to increases in the population，with little if any appearing as an improvement in the median standard of living．Even t he first century of the industrial revolution produced more “improvements” than “revolutions” in standards of living．With the railroad and the spinning and weaving of textiles as important exceptions，most innovations of that period were innovations in how goods were produced and transported and in new kinds of capital，but not in consumer goods．Standards of living improved，but styles of life remained much the same．The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw a faster and different kind of change．For thefirst time，technological capability outran population growth and natural resource scarcity．By the last quarter of the nineteenth century，the typical inhabitant of the leading economies—a Briton，a Belgian，an American，or an Australian had perhaps three times the standard of living of someone in a pre-industrial economy．Still，so slow was the pace of change that people，or at least aristocratic intellectuals，couldthink of their predecessors of some two thousand years before as effectively their contemporaries．Marcus Tullius Cicero，a Roman aristocrat and politician，might have felt moreor less at home in the company of Thomas Jefferson．The plows were better in Jefferson's time．Sailing ships were much improved．However，these might have been insufficient to createa sense of a qualitative change in the order of life for the elite．Moreover，being a slave of Jefferson was probably a lot like being a slave of Cicero．So slow was the pace of change that intellectuals in the early nineteenth century debatedwhether the industrial revolution was worthwhile ，whether it was an improvement or a degeneration in the standard of living．Opinions were genuinely divided，with as optimistic a liberal as John Stuart Mill coming down on the “pessimist” side as late as the end of the 1840s．In the twentieth century，however，standards of living exploded．In the twentieth century，the magnitude of the growth in material wealth has been so great as to make it nearly impossibleto measure．Consider a sample of consumer goods available through Montgomery Ward in 1895—when a one-speed bicycle cost $65．Since then，the price of a bicycle measured in “nominal” dollars has more than doubled (as a result of inflation)．Today，the bicycle is much less expensive in terms of the measure that truly counts，its “real” price：the work and sweat needed to earn its cost．In 1895，it took perhaps 260 hours' worth of the average American worker's production to amass enough money to buy a one-speed bicycle．Today an average American worker can buy one—and of higher quality—for less than 8 hours worth of production．On the bicycle standard (measuring wealth by counting up how many bicycles the labor canbuy) the average American worker today is 36 times richer than his or her counterpart was in 1895．Other commodities would tell a different story．An office chair has become 12．5 times cheaper in terms of the time it takes the average worker to produce enough to pay for it．A Steinway piano or an accordion is only twice as cheap．A silver teaspoon is 25 percent more expensive．Thus t he answer to the question “How much wealthier are we today than our counterparts ofa century ago?” depends on which commodities you view as important．For many personal services—having a butler to answer the door and polish your silver spoons—you would find little difference in average wealth between 1895 and 1990：an hour of a butler's time costs about the same then as now．For mass-produced manufactured goods—like bicycles—we are wealthier by as much as 36 times．7．In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries upper-class intellectuals________．A．believed that they were very much the same as their equals some two thousand years before B．probably thought that great changes had occurred since CiceroC．felt that qualitative changes had occurred in the last two thousand yearsD．believed in the efficacy of slavery8．In the nineteenth century________．A．worthwhile，visible change occurred as a result of the Industrial RevolutionB．scholars such as John Stuart Mills felt the Industrial Revolution was a negative forceC．led to widespread degenerative behavior in urban conglomeratesD．none of the above9．A bicycle today，generally speaking，________．A．requires more work and sweat because fewer people work to produce itB．is comparatively less in real price than a bicycle in the nineteenth centuryC．needs to be considered in terms of “nominal” costsD．is cheaper in America than any other western country10．Commodities in the twentieth century________．A．are impossible to compare across centuriesB．are more expensive than the nineteenth centuryC．are cheaper than they were in the nineteenth centuryD．need to be measured by comparing upper-class essentials such as having a butler11．The sentence “Moreover，being a slave of Jefferson was probably a lot like being a slave of Cicero”________．A．shows that the author believes that slaves were commoditiesB．reveals that lower class people in the nineteenth century were really slavesC．reinforces the idea that the quality of life really had not changed much over the centuries D．comments on the long-lasting effects of slavery from Roman times12．A suitable title for this passage might be________．A．The Tempo and Temper of ChangeB．The Steadily Increasing Rate of ChangeC．An Explosion of Material WealthD．Improving the Standards of Living for AllPassage3Scholars often seem to operate on the assumption that any analysis with a rosy outlooksimply does not adequately understand the matter at hand．Ecotourism researchers have not been derelict in this regard，as the literature review earlier showed．All the researchers who have looked at Capirona's project，however，have been impressed by its grassroots nature and are optimistic about its potential as eco-development (Colvin 1994；Wesche 1993；Silver 1992)．All of these researchers，however，visited the community in its early years of operation．As mentioned previously，recent，non-scholarly reports are less positive．Thus there remains some doubt as to the long-term viability of even such a model of indigenous ecotourism development as Capirona．This study originally proposed to study Capirona's project，but that community was wear of such research visits and refused a request to carry out the study there．Palo Blaneo，though completing only its first year of ecotourism development was chosen as an alternate site．Perhaps it should not be surprising that the prospects for ecotourism in，Palo Blanco appear，as they did in Capirona quite bright．Ecotourism development efforts differ from mainstream development efforts in that，asidefrom start-up loans，much or all of the continuing financial support comes from tourists rather than from governments or development agencies．As a result，the two main players in any ecotourism endeavor—the hosts and the guests—are driven by differing motivations．The local population hopes to improve its own lot by taking advantage of the curiosity，disposable income，and in some cases，perhaps，good intentions of ecotourists．The tourists want to “explore the natural wonders of the world，”whether that be a wildebeest migration across the Serenget i or the march ofleaf-cutter ants across the jungle floor (Ryan and Grasse 1991：166)．In contrast to mass tourism，ecotourism permits tourists to seek educational self-fulfillment inthe form of travel，and tries to transform that activity into something that benefits the greater good—specifically，to fund environmental preservation，rural development，and even cultural survival．However，in order to satisfy everyone—tourists，environmentalists，tour operators and the local hosts ，ecotourism must bring into aliganment a variety of contradictory purposes．Ecotourism promotes feelings among tourists that they are part of the solution when，in fact，the very act of flying a thousand miles or more to their destination consumes resources and pollutes the environment (cf．Somerville 1994)．The beauty of ecotourism is that it can exploit this egotistic motivation；the flaw is that it is forever limited by it．Even a brief foray into development literature ，however ，shows that flawed conceptualizations are the rule，not the exception．As development，ecotourism may be no more inchoate than any other approach，and in some ways it is as progressive as any theory．For example，ecotourism twin development goals—conserving the environment and benefiting local peoples—are increasingly seen ，both within and outside of tourism circles ，asinterdependent．Without economic development，many argue that environmental conservation is neither ethical nor sustainable (Boo 1990：1；West and Brechin 1992：14，Brandon and Wells 1992)．Such conservation can b e achieved only by “providing local people with alternative income sources which do not threaten to deplete the plants and animals within the protected zone”(Brandon and Wells 1992：557)．Most research on this issue，however，assumes that the protective regulations have been established by the government or another external agency．In Palo Blanco，however，the people themselves are already acting to protect their land．13．According to the author，scholars________．A．see life through rose-colored glassesB．should never give favorable reportsC．are expected to give only favorable response following their research and analysisD．seem to believe a favorable result to research missed the point14．Ecotourism relies on________．A．government aid exclusivelyB．local people and their donations of time and moneyC．initial loans at the beginning，followed by support from touristsD．government assistance through agencies and local disposable income15．The main contradiction raised in this text is that________．A．local people do not need outside touristsB．tourists who believe in ecotourism actually bring some measure of damage to the placesthey visitC．tourists are egotistical but do not want to beD．tourists do not want to spend money but the local people expect them to16．A study of the studies available on this topic shows that________．A．ecotourism is not like other projects that earn moneyB．the twin goals actually coincide with each otherC．the rule in the thinking about ecotourism is that the thinking is well putD．later studies and reports may differ from earlier studies17．The key to conserving the environment is________．A．economic self-relianceB．income for the local people that is independent of ecotourismC．ameliorating accessibilityD．all of the above18 ．The expres sion “explore the natural wonders of the world” is in quotation marksbecause________．A．there are no specific natural wonders of the worldB．it is meant to bring attention to the use of the word “wonder”C．it is meant to be amusing in its comparison of a wildebeest to an antD．it is probably a quotation from Ryan and GrassePassage 4It is not forbidden to dream of building a better world，which is by and large what the social sciences try to help us to do．How to make cities more harmonious，reduce crime rates，improve welfare，overcome racism，increase our wealth—this is the stuff of social sciences．The trouble is that the findings of social sciences are often dismissed as being too theoretical，too ambitious or。

中国社会科学院考博英语-1(总分：69.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：15，分数：13.50)1.With the awfully limited vocabulary to only a thousand words or fewer, the reader resemblesa color blind artist who is only aware of a few colors and consequently his ability to create on canvas is lamentably restricted.（分数：1.00）A.auspiciouslyB.deplorably √C.suspiciouslyD.disbelievingly解析：[解析] lamentably意为“哀伤地，不幸地，拙劣地”。

B选项：deplorably意为“可叹地，悲惨地”，与画线的单词意义相符，如：Business is deplorably dull．(生意极为不景气。

)句意：只有一千个或更少的有限词汇量的读者就像一个色盲的艺术家，只知道几种颜色，因此他在画布上的创造能力也相当有限。

故选B。

A选项：auspiciously繁荣昌盛，前途顺利，吉祥；C选项：suspiciously疑心很深地；D选项：disbelievingly怀疑地。

2.After a few short but interminable seconds, U. S. Astronaut Neil Armstrong placed his foot firmly on the fine-grained surface of the moon. The time was 10.. 56 pm, July 20,1969.（分数：1.00）A.inseparableB.fastC.indelibleD.long √解析：[解析] interminable意为“持续得过长的”。

1
9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked it in--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days. a. not until…when b. not until…that c. until…when d. until…that 10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously. a. in…which b. of …in which c. on…that d. to…that Section B (5 points) Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word. 11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. a. division b. turmoil c. fusion d. consolidation 12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective; for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking. a. inebriates b. forsakes c. relates d. emaciates 13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show. Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change. a. promoting b. impeding c. tempering d. arresting 14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. a. collaboration b. worth c. triumph d. defect 15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of other artists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspired outbursts of creative energy. Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds. a. insuperable b. unsurpassable c. uncountable d. invaluable Section C (5 points) Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence. 16. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power to

中国社会科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试题SAMPLE TESTTHE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESPAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among university professors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in support of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. endB. handC. coreD. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. criticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9. Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10. While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A. discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.A. find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13. In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A. intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________ on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A. countB. insistC. fallD. dwell15. When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into the elevator.A. heartsB. tempersC. headsD. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17. In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A. equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18. He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk____________.A. honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20. She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end.A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations. 23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the26 resources.It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic change in as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)21. A. one B. it C. this D. there22. A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24. A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25. A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26. A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27. A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28. A. in B. with C. as D. to29. A. least B. late C. latest D. last30. A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31. A. on B. up C. down D. out32. A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33. A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34. A. line B. move C. drive D. track35. A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelate d when viewed in a broad historical perspective.The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base.As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36. The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A. finding the most important cause for a particular historical eventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37. The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory” apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historical eventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38. The best definition for th e term “historical synthesis” would be ______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39. A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit” of a time period because ____________.A. the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40. Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A. One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car—not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos.A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area.(Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.)Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling, directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not be clogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42. A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A. locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A. the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44. The computer dispatching system is particularly good at ______________.A. assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45. According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A. Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.46. According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A. tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47. In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A. He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48. According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.A. make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be ______________.A. scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50. The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that___________.A. old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” More recen tly, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of ____________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod” (i n boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. cons idered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of____________.A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run_____________.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter andwidely-varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel.The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economists, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle or Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant” novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain with the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscientarch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as _________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in _______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because___________.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’ support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to feel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not prevail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction readingPassage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.” When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate an energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atmosp here.” “You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,” says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.” Players of any sport throughout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, and mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it this way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.” People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Moreover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, however; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathing. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems larger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour.It seems then that flow is a “floating action” in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing well?” or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and even day-dreaming.61. What is the main purpose of the article?A. to illustrate the feeling of “flow”。