东北财经大学2007年考博英语试题

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编58(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．To avoid an oil shortage more machines must ______ solar energy.A．developB．introduceC．exerciseD．utilize正确答案：D解析：utilize／-ise vt．利用，使用(如：Can you utilize a computer in your work? to utilize one’s abilities in a suitable job)。

develop vt.开发，研制；发展，形成。

introduce vt．引进，传入；介绍。

exercise vt．运用，行使(权力、影响、耐心、谨慎等)。

2．There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with______contempt.(2005年中国科学院考博试题)A．utterB．soleC．intimateD．corresponding正确答案：A解析：本题空格处是说“经理以完全蔑视的态度来对待他的员工”。

A项“utter 全然的，绝对的”符合题意，如：What he is doing is utter stupidity!(他正在做的是完全愚蠢的事!)其他三项“sole单独的，唯一的：intimate亲密的，隐私的：corresponding相应的，通信的”都不正确。

3．They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any ______ones in this area?(2007年清华大学考博试题)A．evacuatedB．emptyC．vacantD．vacate正确答案：C解析：四个选项的意思分别是：evacuated撤退者的；empty空的，指里面什么东西都没有，如：The ease is empty．(这是个空箱子。

东北财经大学考博英语真题1、93．Welcome ________ our school! [单选题] *A．to(正确答案)B．inC．atD．/2、--_______ I borrow these magazines?--Sorry, only the magazines over there can be borrowed. [单选题] *A. MustB. WouldC. May(正确答案)D. Need3、He gathered his courage and went on writing music. [单选题] *A. 从事B. 靠······谋生C. 继续(正确答案)D. 致力于4、( ) She keeps on learning English all the time. So far, she______three books of New Concept English. [单选题] *A. has learned(正确答案)B. have learnedC. had learnedD. learn5、There is a bank ______ the street. [单选题] *A. on the end ofB. in the end ofC. at the end of(正确答案)D. by the end of6、--Could you please tell me _______ to get to the nearest supermarket?--Sorry, I am a stranger here. [单选题] *A. whatB. how(正确答案)C. whenD. why7、_______ is on September the tenth. [单选题] *A. Children’s DayB. Teachers’Day(正确答案)C. Women’s DayD. Mother’s Day8、-----How can I apply for an online course?------Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for you. [单选题] *A. seeB. are seeingC. have seenD. will see(正确答案)9、17．Joe is a good student and he is busy ______ his studies every day. [单选题] *A．inB．with(正确答案)C．byD．for10、My watch usually _______ good time, but today it is five minutes fast. [单选题] *A. goesB. makesC. keeps(正确答案)D. gains11、31．A key ring is used __________ holding the keys. [单选题] *A．toB．inC．for (正确答案)D．with12、The people’s Republic of China _______ on October 1, 1 [单选题] *A. foundB. was founded(正确答案)C. is foundedD. was found13、Obviously they didn’t see the significance of the plan. That is（）the problem lies. [单选题] *A. where(正确答案)B. whyC. /D. how14、--The last bus has left. What should we do?--Let’s take a taxi. We have no other _______ now. [单选题] *A. choice(正确答案)B. reasonC. habitD. decision15、I paint a lot of pictures. [单选题] *A. 评论B. 注意C. 悬挂D. 画(正确答案)16、He can’t meet his friends tonight because he _______ do homework. [单选题] *A. has to(正确答案)B. needC. have toD. don’t have to17、--_______ does Ben go to school?--By bus. [单选题] *A. How(正确答案)B. WhatC. WhereD. Why18、Bob used ______ on the right in China, but he soon got used ______ on the left in England.（）[单选题] *A. to drive; to driveB. to drive; drivingC. to driving; to driveD. to drive; to driving(正确答案)19、Galileo was ____ Italian physicist and astronomer who invented _____ telescope. [单选题] *A. a, aB. the, theC. an, aD. an, the(正确答案)20、I paid him 50 dollars for the painting, but its real（）must be about 500 dollars. [单选题] *A. feeB. value(正确答案)C. priceD. fare21、33．Will Mary's mother ______ this afternoon? [单选题] *A．goes to see a filmB．go to the filmC．see a film(正确答案)D．goes to the film22、89．The blackboard is ________ the classroom. [单选题] *A．nextB．betweenC．in front ofD．in the front of(正确答案)23、—Judging from ____ number of bikes, there are not many people in the party.—I think so. People would rather stay at home in such _____ weather. [单选题] *A. the, aB. a, /C. the, /(正确答案)D. a, a24、7．—I've got some ________.—Great! I'd like to write with it. [单选题] * A．funB．chalk(正确答案)C．waterD．time25、Where have you _______ these days? [单选题] *A. been(正确答案)B. beC. isD. are26、_____ to wait for hours,she brought along a book to read. [单选题] *A. ExpectedB. Expecting(正确答案)C. ExpectsD. To expect27、As I know, his salary as a doctor is much higher_____. [单选题] *A. than that of a teacher(正确答案)B. than a teacherC. to that of a teacherD. to a teacher28、In the future, people ______ a new kind of clothes that will be warm when they are cold, and cool when they’re hot.（）[单选题] *A. wearB. woreC. are wearingD. will wear(正确答案)29、In the closet（）a pair of trousers his parents bought for his birthday. [单选题] *A. lyingB. lies(正确答案)c. lieD. is lain30、The carbon we produce when we breathe is much less than（）produced by a car. [单选题] *A. oneB. itC. that(正确答案)D. those。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编53(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．We all buy things on the______of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse buy”.(2007年中国科学院考博试题)A．urgeB．forceC．spurD．rush正确答案：C解析：此题考查的是词语的搭配。

urge项表示“敦促”；force表示“力量，影响力”；spur表示“动力”；rush表示“匆促”。

只有C项有固定用法on the spur of,表示一时冲动，所以答案是C选项。

2．The young nation has not yet attained political ______.A．stabilityB．prosperityC．maturityD．independence正确答案：A解析：stability n.稳定，稳固(如：Nothing is more important than political stability for a country in its economic endeavour．)。

prosperity n.兴旺，繁荣。

maturity n.成熟(阶段)；有经验。

independence n.独立，自主。

3．Even when textbooks are ______ through a school system, methods of teaching may vary greatly.(2011年四川大学考博试题)A．commonplaceB．standardizedC．competitiveD．generalized正确答案：B解析：在给出的选项中：commonplace“平凡的，陈腐的，平庸的”；standardized “标准化的”；competitive“竞争的，有竞争力的”；generalized“广泛的，普遍的”。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编30(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Recent research into aging suggests that the body’s defense mechanisms may lose the ability to distinguish what is alien.(2003年春季电子科技大学考博试题) A．insaneB．infectiousC．foreignD．poisonous正确答案：C解析：本题中，alien的意思是“外来的，不同的”。

四个选项中，foreign的意思是“外国的，异质的”，如：a foreign object in the eye．(眼睛中的异物)。

insane 的意思是“患精神病的，极度愚蠢的”；infectious的意思是“有传染性的，易感染的”。

只有C项符合题意。

2．It is impossible to ______ whether she’ll be well enough to come home from the hospital next month.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A．foreseeB．inferC．fabricateD．inhibit正确答案：A解析：本题意为“很难预见她是否能在下个月出院回家”。

A项的“foresee 预见”符合题意。

其他三项“infer推论、推断；fabricate制作、装配，伪造；inhibit 禁止、约束”都不正确。

3．She said some bad things about me, but I have______her for that.A．releasedB．freedC．forgivenD．regretted正确答案：C解析：forgive vt．原谅，饶恕，宽恕。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编59(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Nobody knew how he came up with this______ idea about the trip.(2004年清华大学考博试题)A．wearyB．twilightC．unanimousD．weird正确答案：D解析：本句空格处意为“提出这个怪主意”。

weird的意思是“怪异的”，与句意相符。

而“weary疲倦的：twilight模糊的；unanimous意见一致的”都不正确。

2．An old woman was badly hurt in ______the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack.(2003年复旦大学考博试题)A．thatB．whichC．whatD．whatever正确答案：C解析：本题也可以用“An old woman was badly hurt in an accident that the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack”来表达。

因此，能代替an accident that的只有what。

3．He thought I was lying, ______ I was telling the truth.A．hithertoB．henceforthC．whereasD．nevertheless正确答案：C解析：whereas conj．(表示对比关系)然而，但是，尽管(如：One arrived promptly，whereas the others were late．Some praise him，whereas others condemn him．)。

2007一、词汇1. There are as good fish in the sea ________ ever came out of it.（C）A. thanB. likeC. asD. so2. All the President's Men ________ one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.（B）A. remainB. remainsC. remainedD. is remaining3. You ________ borrow my notes provided you take care of them,' I told my friend.（A）A. couldB. shouldC. mustD. can4. If only the patient ________ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.（A）A. had receivedB. receivedC. should receiveD. were receiving5. Linda was ________ to experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute.（B）A. to startB. to have startedC. to be startingD. to have been starting6. She ________ fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.（D）A. must beB. had beenC. could beD. must have been7. It is not ________ much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.（C）A. thatB. asC. soD. very8. The committee has anticipated the problems that ________ in the road construction project.（D）A. ariseB. will ariseC. aroseD. have arisen9. The student said there were a few points in the essay he ________ impossible to comprehend.（A）A. had foundB. findsC. has foundD. would find10. He would have finished his college education, but he ________ to quit and find a job to support his family.（C）A. had hadB. hasC. hadD. would have11. The research requires more money than ________.（B）A. have been put inB. has been put inC. being put inD. to be put in12. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably ________ a threat to the human race than enviromental destruction.（B）A. no moreB. not moreC. even moreD. much more13. It is not uncommon for there ________ problems of communication between the old and the young.（D）A. beingB. would beC. beD. to be14.________ at in his way, the situation does not seem so desperate.（B）A. Looking.B. lookedC. Being looked.D. to look15. It is absolutely essential that William ________ his study in spite of some learning difficulties.（C）A. will continueB. continuedC. continueD. continues16. The painting he bought at the street market the other day was a ________ forgery.（D）A. man-madeB. naturalC. crudeD. real17. She's always been kind to me –I can't just turn ________ on her now that she needs my help.（A）A. my backB. my headC. my eyeD. shoulder18. The bar in the club is for the ________ use of its members.（B）A. extensiveB. exclusiveC. inclusiveD. comprehensive19. The tutition fees are ________ to students coming from low-income families.（D）A. approachableB. payableC. reachableD. affordable20. The medical experts warned the authorities of the danger of diseases in the ________ of the earthquake.（A）A. consequenceB. aftermathC. resultsD. effect21. This sort of rude behaviour in public hardly ________ a person in your position.（B）A. becomesB. fitsC. supportsD. improves22. I must leave now.________, if you want that book I'll bring it next time.（B）A. Accidentally.B. Incidentally.C. Eventually.D. Naturally.23. After a long delay, she ________ replying to my e-mail.（D）A. got away withB. got back atC. got backD. got round to24. Personal computers are no longer something beyond the ordinary people; they are ________ available these days.（C）A. promptlyB. instantlyC. readilyD. quickly25. In my first year at the university I learnt the ________ of journalism.（A）A. basicsB. basicC. elementaryD. elements26. According to the new tax law, any money earned over that level is taxed at the ________ of 59 percent ________.（D）A. ratioB. percentageC. proportionD. rate27. Thousands of ________ at the stadium came to their feet to pay tribute to an outstanding performance.（C）A. audienceB. participantsC. spectatorsD. observers28. We stood still, gazing out over the limitless ________ of the dessert.（C）A. spaceB. expanseC. stretchD. land29. Doctor often ________ uneasiness in the people they deal with.（C）A. smellB. hearC. senseD. tough30. Mary sat at the table, looked at the plate and ________ her lips.（A）A. smackedB. openedC. partedD. seperated二、阅读TEXT AIf you like the idea of staying with with a family, living in house might be the answer. Good landladies – those who are superb cooks and launderers, are figures as popular in fiction as the bad ones who terrorize their guest and overcharge them atthe slightest opportunity. The truth is probably somewhere between the two extremes. If you are lucky, the food will be adequate, some of your laundry may be done for you and you will have a reasonable amount of comfort and chompanionship. For the less fortune, house rules may restrict the freedom to invite friends to vistit, and shared cooking and bathroom facilities can be frustrating and row-provoking if tidy and untidy guest are living under the same roof.The same disadvantages can apply to flat sharing, with the added difficulties that arise from deciding who pays for what, and in what proportion. One person may spend hours on the phone, while another rarely makes calls. If you want privacy with guest, how do you persuade the others to go out; how do you persuade them to leave you in peace, especially if you are student and want to study?Conversely, flat sharing can be very cheap, there will always be someone to talk to and go out with, and the chores, in theory, can be shared.1. According to the passage, landladies are ________.（D）A. usually strictB. always meanC. adequately competentD. very popular with their guest2. What is the additional disadvantage of flat sharing?（A）A. Problems of sharing and paying.B. Differences in living habits.C. Shared cooking and bathroom facilities.D. Restriction to invite friends to visit.3. What is NOT mentioned as a benefit of flat sharing?（D）A. Rent is affordable.B. There is companionship.C. Housework.D. There is peace and quiet.TEXT B1. Travelling through the country a couple of weeks ago on business, I was listening to the talk of the late UK writer Douglas Adams' master work "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" on the radio and thought-I know, I'll pick up the next hitchhikers I see and ask them wahat the state of real hitching is today in Britain.2. I drove and drove on main roads and side roads for the next few days and never saw a single one.3. When I was in my teens and 20s, hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport. The kindness or curiosity of strangers took me all over Europe, North America, Asiaand southern Africa, Some of the lift-givers became friends, many provided hospitality on the road.4. Not only did you find out much more about a country than when traveling by train or plane, but there was that lelement of excitement about where you would finish up that night.Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture. It has books and songs about it. So what has happened to it?5. A few years ago, I was asked the same question about hitching in a column of a newspaper. Hundreds of people from all over the world responded with theirview on the state of hitchhiking.6. Rural Ireland was recommended as a friendly place for hitching, as was Quebec, Canada-"if you don't mind being criticized for not speaking French".7. But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in some places, the general feeling was that throughout much of the west it was doomed.8. With so much news about crime in the media, people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger. But do we need to be so wary both to hitch and to give a lift?9. In Poland in the 1960s, according to a Polish woman who e-mail me,＂the authorities introduced the Hitchhiker's Booklet. The booklet contained coupons for drivers, so each time a driver picked somebody, he or she received a coupon. At the end of the season, drivers who had picked up the most hikers were rewarded with various prizes. Everyone was hitchhiking then".10. Surely this is a good idea for society. Hitchhiking would increase respect by breaking down barriers between strangers. It would help fight global warming by cutting down on fuel consumption as hitchhikers would be using existing fuels. It would also improveeducational standards by delivering instant lessons in geography, history, politics and sociology.11. A century before Douglas Adams wrote his "Hitchhiker's Guide", another adventure story writer, Robert Louis Stevenson, gave us that what should be the hitchhiker's motto:＂To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive." What better time than putting a holiday weekend into practice. Either put it to the test yourself, or help out someone who is trying to travel hopefully with thumb outstreched.4. In which paragraph (s) does the writer comment on his experience of hitchhiking?（C）A. 大3家B. 大4家C. 大3家and 大4家D. 大4家and 大5家5. What is the current situation of hitchhiking?（A）A. It is popular in some parts of the world.B. It is popular throughout the west.C. It is popular in Poland.6. What is the writer's attitude towards the practice in Poland?（D）A. Critical.B. Unclear.C. Somewhat favourable.D. Strongly favourable.7. The writer has mentioned all the following benefits of hitchhiking EXCEPT（B）A. promoting mutual respect between strangersB. increasing one's confidence in strangersC. protecting enviromentD. enrich one's knowledge8.＂Either put it to the test yourself…"in Paragraph 大11家means（D）A. to experience the hopefulnessB. to read Adams' bookC. to offer someone a lift TEXT CI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me; it is the realiry I took with me into sleep. I try to think of something else. Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her. She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They meminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don't know the word for "ribbons", so I put my hand to my own hair and, with three fingers against my head, I looked at her ribbons and said "Beautiful." She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn't sure if she understood me (I don't speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They ahd designs in them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn't make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn't, of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colours. The woman in the maketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn't cry.10. Which of the following in NOT corret?（A）A. The writer was not used to bargaining.B. People in Asia always bargain when buying things.C. Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.D. The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.11. The writer assumed that the voman accepted the last offer mainly because woman ________.（B）A. thought that the last offer was reasonableB. thought she could still make much moneyC. was glad that the writer knew their way of bargainningD. was tired of bargainning with the writer any more12. Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?（C）A. The skirts were cheap and pretty.B. She liked the patterns on the skirts.C. She wanted to do something as compensation.D. She was fed up with further bargainning with the woman.13. When did the writer left the marketplace, she wanted to cry, but did not because ________.（D）A. she had learned to stay cool and unfeelingB. she was afraid of crying in publicC. she had learned to face difficulties bravelyD. she had to show in public that she was strong14. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?（C）A. she suddently felt very sadB. she liked the ribbons so muchC. she was overcome by emotionD. she felt sorry for the womanTEXT DThe kids are hanging out. I pass small bands of students, in my way to work these morings. They have become a familiar part of the summer landscape.These kids are not old enough for jobs. Nor are they rich enough for camp. They are school children without school. The calendar called the school year ran out on them a few weeks ago. Once supervised by teachers and principals, they now appear to be "self care".Passing them is like passing through a time zone. For much of our history, after all, Americans arranged the school year around the needs of work and family. In 19th-century cities, schools were open seven or eight hours a day, 11 months a year. In rural America, the year was arranged around the growing season. Now, only 3 percent of families follow the agricultural model, but nearly all schools are scheduled as if our children went home early to milk the cows and took months off to work the crops. Now, three-quarters of the mothers of school-age children work, but the calendar is written as if they were home waiting for the school bus.The six-hour day, the 180-day school year is regarded as something holy. Butwhen parents work an eight-hour day and a 240-day year, it means something different. It means that many kids go home to empty houses. It means that, in the summer, they hang out."We have a huge mismatch between the school calendar and realisties of family life,"says Dr. Ernest Boyer, head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.Dr. Boyer is one of many who believe that a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable.＂School, whether we like it or not, is educational. It always has been."His is not popular idea. School are routinely burdened with the job of solving all our social problems. Can they be asked to meet the needs of our work and family lives?It may be easier to promote a linger school year on its educational merits and, indeed, the educational case is compelling. Despite the complaints and studies about our kids' lack of learning, the United State still has a shorter school year than any industrial nation. In most of Europe, the school year is 220 days. In Japan, it is 240 days long. While classroom time alone doesn't produce a well-educated child, learning takes time and more learning takes more time. The long summers of forgetting take a toll.The opposition to a longer school year comes from families that want to and can provide other experiences for their children. It comes from teachers. It comes from tradition. And surely from kids. But the most important part of the conflict has been over the money.15. Which of the following is an opinion of the auther's?（B）A. ＂The kids are hanging out."B. ＂They are school children without school."C. ＂These kids are not old enough for jobs."D. "The calendar called the school year ran out on them a few weeks ago."16. The current American school calendar was developed in the 19th century according to ________.（A）A. the growing season on nation's formB. the labour demands of the industrial ageC. teachers' demands for more vacation timeD. parents' demands for other experiences for their kids17. The author thinks that the current school calendar ________.（B）A. is still validB. is out of dateC. can not be revisedD. can not be defended18. Why was Dr. Boy's idea unpopular?（D）A. He argues for the role of school in solving social problems.B. He supports the current school calendar.C. He thinks that school year and family life should be donsidered separately.D. He strongly believes in the educational role of school.19."The long summers of forgetting take a toll"in the last paragraph but one means that（C）A. long summer vacation slows down the progress go learningB. long summer vacation has been abandoned in EuropeC. long summers result in less learning timeD. long summers are a result of tradition20. The main purpose of the passage is ________.（C）A. to describe how American children spend their summerB. to explain the needs of the modern working familiesC. to discuss the problems of the current school calendarD. to persuade parents to stay at home to look after their kids。

2007年西南财经大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Vocabulary(15points,0.5point each)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A.B.C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes thesentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single pencilline through the center.1.A number of______clients have expressed their interest in our business.A.possibleB.potentialC.originalD.relevant【答案】B【解析】potential潜在的。

possible可能的，可以接受的。

original最初的，原始的。

relevant有关系的。

2.I’m pleased to hear of your job offer—all that hard work at school has obviously______.A.paid offB.taken its tollC.made a differenceD.shown up【答案】A【解析】pay off回报，成功。

take its toll造成损失。

make a difference有很大不同。

showup露面。

3.Based on the______that every business is now free to formulate its own strategy in light of the changing market.I would predict a marked improvement in the efficiency of China’s economy.A.guidanceB.instructionC.premiseD.quantity【答案】C【解析】on the premise that在…的前提下。

东财大学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The meeting will be held ________ 9 a.m. tomorrow.A. atB. inC. onD. to答案：A2. The teacher asked the students to ________ the composition in class.A. hand onB. hand inC. hand outD. hand over答案：B3. The company has ________ a new policy to improve employee satisfaction.A. introducedB. inventedC. createdD. developed答案：A4. She is ________ to be the best candidate for the job.A. qualifiedB. eligibleC. suitableD. appropriate答案：C5. The project was delayed due to ________ weather conditions.A. adverseB. favorableC. normalD. extreme答案：A6. The book provides an ________ analysis of the economic crisis.A. in-depthB. superficialC. shallowD. profound答案：A7. The company is ________ for its innovative approach to product development.A. recognizedB. acknowledgedC. knownD. famous答案：A8. The new law aims to ________ the rights of workers.A. protectB. preserveC. maintainD. uphold答案：D9. The team worked ________ to complete the project on time.A. separatelyB. independentlyC. collaborativelyD. individually答案：C10. The professor's lecture was ________ and thought-provoking.A. informativeB. boringC. dullD. uninteresting答案：A二、完形填空（每题1分，共20分）阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从11-30各题所给的选项中，选择最佳选项。

设想你再一列去上海的火车上。

在你面前的位置丄有两个外国人，而且你能听到他们的谈话。

他们中的一个正在跟另一个说他的工作。

他说了他做什么，但没说他的职业或者他的工作领域。

在你的试卷上，有一个人名列表，他们分别从事六十种不同的行业。

当你听的时候，选出那个说话人的职业，找到单词旁边的数字，并把它写在答题纸的对应位置上。

比如，你听到：说话者P：我不太喜欢讲课，尤其是跟年轻学生讲。

但我的确喜欢我的研究。

如果每天都能同我的post rocks研究生一起呆在实验室里, 那我将非常高兴。

然而，这不是大学院系运作的方式。

所以你决定那个说话的人一定是个教授，所以你在列表上找到（a professor）这个词，它旁边的数字是61，然后你把这个数字写在答题纸上p 旁边的空白上。

顺便说一下，没有说话者P也没有61这一项，而且professor 也不是列表中的选项。

这只是一个例子。

现在你有三分钟时间读这个列表。

说话者A：对人类而言，至少是在现代社会，没有数字做任何事都会很困难。

还是小孩的时候我就意识到数字是多么重要了。

同时我也发现数字本身就很迷人，至少对我而言。

从某种意义上说，我爱上了它们。

从那以后，我的生活就集中在思考数字的行为上。

说话者B: 我们的存在是基于我们的意识活动。

我们知道的任何现实都是我们意识活动的结果。

更重要的是，当我还是个本科生的时候，我决定研究人类意识，研究它怎么运作的，什么对它有影响。

我做的研究非常激励人心。

说话者C: 有的人问我，我接待过的最糟糕的客人是谁。

我想应该是那个百万富翁，2003年他在我们旅馆呆了一个星期。

他来了，登记房间的时候带了十条狗，每条狗都有不同的进餐和散步时间安排。

他租了一个套房，还有五个房间给他的狗。

他退房走的时候，我可正高兴。

说话者D：我小时侯没受过多少教育，但幸运的是我很强壮。

而且我手灵活，不恐高，所以建筑公司经修高层建筑的时候经常请我。

一开始我挣的钱不多，但现在我有了好的技能，生活的就很好了，虽然工作时也出了些大事故。

东北财经大学英语b统考考试真题1.________.w.don'.sto.climat.change.man.animal.an.plant.i.th.worl.wil.b.gone.[单选题.*A.AlthoughB.WhileC.If(正确答案)D.Until2._____.visitor.cam.t.tak.photo.o.Hongyandon.durin.th.holiday.[单选题.*A.ThousandB.Thousan.ofC.ThousandsD.Thousand.of(正确答案)3.Chines.peopl.spen.____.mone.o.travellin.toda.a.the.di.te.year.ago.[单选题.*A.mor.tha.twiceB.a.twic.muchC.twic.a.much(正确答案)D.twic.mor.than4.Ton.ca.______.th.guitar.No.h.______.th.guitar.[单选题.*A.play.plays(正确答案)B.playing.playingC.plays.i.playingD.play.i.playing5.( ) ________ large the library is! [单选题] *A.WhatB.Wha.aC.How(正确答案)D.Ho.a6.Yo.canno.se.th.docto.____.yo.hav.mad.a.appointmen.wit.him.[单选题.*A.exceptB.evenC.howeverD.unless(正确答案)7、—Judgin.fro.___.numbe.o.bikes.ther.ar.no.man.peopl.i.th.party.—.thin.so.Peopl.woul.rathe.sta.a.hom.i.suc.____.weather.[单选题.*A.the.aB.a./C.the./(正确答案)D.a.a8、32.Mr.Blac.i._____.now.s.h.want.t.g.t..movi.wit.hi.son.[单选题.*A. busyB. free(正确答案)C. healthyD. right9、25. e.fo._____.th.time.[单选题.*A. telling (正确答案)B. sayingC. speakingD. holding10、77. Yo.ca.watc.T.whe.yo.finish_______.you.homework.[单选题.*A. to doB．doC. to doingD. doing(正确答案)11.--Mom..wil.no.ea.fas.foo.thi.year.Believ.me.--I.yo.mak.._______.yo.mus.kee.it.[单选题.*A.jokeB.noiseC.mistakeD.promise(正确答案)12.34.M.mothe.isn'.i.now.bu.sh.wil.b.bac._____.te.minutes.[单选题.*A. forB. beforeC. in(正确答案)D．at13.A.soo.a.h._______.h.______.t.hi.family.[单选题.*A.arrived.writesB.arrived.writtenC.arrived.wrote(正确答案)D.arrives.write14...I.tell.wha.i.goin.o.___th.count.an.all____th.world.[单选题.*A.across.over(正确答案)B.all.acrossC.in.inD.to; for15.I.wa._____th.policema.came_____th.parent.kne.wha.ha.happene.t.thei.son.[单选题.*A.before…asB.until…whenC.no.until…that(正确答案)D.until…thatuall.______.hi.roo.afte.school.Bu.no.h.______.soccer.[单选题.*A.cleans.playsB.cleaning.playingC.cleans.i.playing(正确答案)D.cleans.i.playin.the17、Th.boo.i._______.You’.bette.bu.it.[单选题.*eful(正确答案)elesseD.careful18、Which is _______ city, Shanghai, Beijing or Chengdu? [单选题] *rgergerrgestrgest(正确答案)19、It’.ver.hot.Pleas.______.you.coat.[单选题.*A.loo.afterB.tak.off(正确答案)C.tak.onD.pu.on20、67. —What can I do for you?—I'm looking at that dress.It looks nice.May I ________？[单选题] *A. hold it onB. try it on(正确答案)C. take it offD. get it off21.Sh.______.s.muc.______.he.mother.[单选题.*A.looks.like(正确答案)B.looks.forC.looks.afterD.look.forwards.to22.I.fact.Beethove.di.somethin.brav.tha.dying.[单选题.*A.勇敢(正确答案)B.冒险C.可怕D.奇妙23._____.m.grea.joy..me.a.ol.frien..haven..see.fo.year._____.m.wa._____.town.[单选题.*A.To.in.forB.To.on.to(正确答案)C.With.in.toD.For.in.for24.She’.______.wit.he.presen.______.job.[单选题.*A.boring.boringB.bored.boredC.boring.boredD.bored.boring(正确答案)25.Som.student.ar.abl.t.fin.job.afte.graduatio.whil._____wil.retur.t.schoo.fo.a.advance.degree.[单选题.*A.otherB.anotherC.others(正确答案)D.th.other26.86. —......?wil.i.tak.m.t.ge.t.th.Golde.Street?—Abou.hal.a.hour.[单选题]*A. How farB. How long(正确答案)C. How oftenD. How much27.--Shal.w.hav..swim?--Yes.let’.______.i.a.9:0.nex.Sunday.[单选题.*A.putB.meetC.setD.make(正确答案)28、There are about eight ______ students in my school.（）[单选题] *A.hundred(正确答案)B.hundredsC.hundre.ofD.hundred.of29、 3. —Wil.yo.bu.th.blac.car?No..won't..wil.buya(n._______.on.becaus..don'.hav.enoug.money.[单选题.*A. cheap(正确答案)B. expensiveC. highD. low30、Wil.yo.pleas.sa.i.again..______.you.[单选题.*A.didn’.hear(正确答案)B.don’.heardC.didn’.heardD.don’.hear。

东北财经大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(总分90, 做题时间180分钟)[*]1.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B2.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B3.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C4.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C5.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C6.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C7.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C8.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B9.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A10.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D[*]1.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B2.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C3.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C4.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D5.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A6.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C7.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A8.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D9.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D10.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C[*]SSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN2.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN3.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN4.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN5.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN6.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN7.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN8.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN9.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN10.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN11.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN12.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN13.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN14.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN15.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN16.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN17.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN18.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN19.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN20.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:B[*]SSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN2.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN3.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN4.A B C D该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 0.5 答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN5.A B C D该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 0.5 答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN6.A B C D该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 0.5 答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN7.A B C D该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 0.5 答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN8.A B C D该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 0.5 答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN9.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN10.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN11.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN12.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN13.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN14.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN15.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN16.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN17.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN18.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN19.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN20.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A[*]SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 10答案:SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 10答案:[*]1.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 10答案:1。

中央财经大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Vocabulary (15%)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that completes best the sentence.1. The discovery of the Americas began ____ of adventure.A. a semesterB. a spellC. an epochD. a span2. All the ____ of the hotel were evacuated when the fire began.A. pioneersB. settlersC. inhabitantsD. residents3. The roses I left in the car yesterday started to ____ after a couple of hours in the heat.A. wiltB. blossomC. budD. bloom4. The two runners crossed the line ____.A. s ometimesB. simultaneouslyC. f r equentlyD. henceforth5. She was not crying but her eyes were ____.A. a ridB. m oistC. s oakedD. dr y6. Some sportsmen ____ to relax before a contest.A. meditateB. predictC. conceiveD. assume7. When there are so many important things to be done, why does she insist on so many ____ distractions?A. drasticB. crucialC. v italD. petty8. A ____ businessman is one who destroys his competitors.A. ge nerousB. s pitefulC. r u thlessD. humane9. The price of housing has remained ____ for six months.A. a gileB. dynamicC. s tationaryD. i n ert10. With a ____ effort he won a million dollars.A. m inimalB. di m inutiveC. m icroscopeD. d warfSection BDirections:In this section there are 20 sentences. Each sentence has one underlined word or phrase. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should identify one of the four choices which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.11. The breadfruit is a round fruit with a rough rind, and a soft pulpy inside.A. s kinB. hus kC. s hellD. bl o om12. Frederick E. Taylor was the pioneer of scientific management.A. immigrantB. inventorC. f o eD. a lly13. The almond, native to the Mediterranean, grows abundantly in California.A. r e lativeB. pi o neerC. originalD. i m migrant14. Freshwater turtles can survive in frigid waters for three months without oxygen.A. balmyB. sultryC. freezingD. sweltering15. The parched landscape of salt flats is often used to break world land speed records.A. dr i edB. s oakedC. s ultryD. c hilly16. The fruit does well in hot and humid climates.A. a ridB. dampC. s oakedD. de siccated17. Sedatives calm a person without actually inducing sleep.A. pr o longingB. s ubsidingC. gettingD. c ausing18. F. D. Roosevelt was the only man to have been elected president of the United States four successive times.A. s ignificantB. consecutiveC. not a bleD. s ymmetrical19. Aqueducts built during the Roman Empire may still be seen in many parts of Europe.A. B athsB. Water c analsC. RoadsD. Air pi p es20. Guam, as island in the West Pacific, was ceded to the United States.A. gi v en ov er t oB. a ttacked byC. r u led byD. i n fluenced by21. Hypertension is one of the most widespread and potentially dangerous diseases.A. c olossalB. popularC. c ommonD. s cattered22. Jazz appeared as a unique form of American music in the 1920s.A. obs cureB. s carceC. v italD. s ingular23. Gregor Mendel conceived of the laws of heredity from observing the growth of peas.A. a ssumedB. r e minisced ofC. t h ought ofD. m editated a bout24. Harriet Beecher Stowe was an obscure writer until the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.A. a nonymousB. eminentC. i n famousD. unknown25. After years of work and contemplation, the Native American Sequoyah single-handedly invented a written language for his people.A. worryB. sicknessC. deep thoughtD. l o neliness26. The profuse tropical forests of the Amazon are inhabited by different kinds of animals.A. wildB. distantC. abundantD. immersed27. Although Langston Hughes is better known for his poetry, he also wrote a two-volume autobiography.A. book about someone else’s l i feB. book a bout hi s ow n l i feC. book about many people’s l i vesD. bo ok a bout t h e l i fe of a nimals28. Paul Revere daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists.A. be nevolentlyB. c ourageouslyC. apprehensivelyD. mercilessly29. Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fish and shellfish in the 17th century.A. insipidB. f l avoredC. blandD. s our30. Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donations of its citizens.A. ki n dheartedB. unw antedC. s elfishD. m eaninglessPart II Cloze (10%)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet.The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of _31_.The 32 of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few cries that serve 33 signals, 34 even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, 35 with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently 36 for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we mustsuppose that he 37 the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day 38 he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that 39 picture language preceded oral language. A man 40 a picture on the wall of his cave to show 41 direction he had gone, or 42 prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language 43 the most important single factor in the development of man.Two important stages came not 44 before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was 45 in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable 46 our own machine age. Agriculture made possible 47 immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 48 were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil 49 each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end 50 the physical comforts it provided.Part IV Reading Comprehension (50%)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The ideal companion machine – the computer – would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machine would appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversational style would make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that people obtain from interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in interesting conservation that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.51. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?A. Active i n c ommunication.B. Attractive i n pe rsonality.C. Enjoyable i n pe rformance.D. Unpredictable i n be havior.52. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a(n) ________ way.A. qui c kB. un predictableC. pr o ductiveD. i n conspicuous53. Which of the following aspects is NOT mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?A. Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.B. Being sensitive to earlier contract.C. Being ready to learn about the person’s life.D. Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.54. Throughout the passage, the author is ________ in his attitude toward the computer.A. favourableB. criticalC. vagueD. hesitant55. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?A. Artificial relationships.B. How to form intimate relationships.C. The affectionate m achine.D. Humans a nd c omputers.Passage 2The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as the 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa the most eloquent spokesman of Japan’s “Enlightenment”, claimed “The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere.” Fukuzawa’s great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he was not able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another interlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially students: but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life: yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Values are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles, emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old order remain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions such as political parties, large corporations, and university faculties is the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. A party leader, supervisor, or professor, in return for loyalty, protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes evenextends to arranging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even within the same profession.56. The author is mainly concerned withA. explaining the influence of Confucianism on modern JapanB. analyzing the reasons for Japan’s postwar economic successC. discussing some important determinants of Japanese valuesD. describing managerial practices in Japanese industry57. Which of the following is most like the relationship of the oyabun-kobun described in the passage?A. A political candidate and the voting public.B. A gifted scientist and his studentC. Two brothers who are partners in a businessD. A judge presiding at the trial of a criminal defendant58. According to the passage, Japanese attitudes are influenced by the following factors except ________.A. democratic ideals.B. elements of modern Western culture.C. remnants of an earlier social structure.D. prewar economic success.59. It can be inferred that the Imperial Rescript of 1890A. was a protest by liberals against the lack of individual liberty in Japan.B. marked a return in government policies to conservative valuesC. implemented the ideals set forth in the Education Code of 1872.D. was influenced by the Leninist ideology of the Bolshevik Revolution.60. The tone of the passage can best be described asA. neutral and objectiveB. critical and demandingC. enthusiastic a nd s upportiveD. s keptical a nd que stioningPassage 3A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most – people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes – he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of priceincreases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices, “In a few months,” she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk; we’ll have less to spend on other things.” Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer’s resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just don’t pay these prices; they are too high.”The investigations mentioned above were carried on in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conducive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.61. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way consumers will spend their money, he should ________.A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spendingB. try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend moneyC. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain data on consumers’ incomes andmoney spending motivesD. do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory62. According to paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that ____.A. price increases always stimulate people to hasten to buy thingsB. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of certain thingsC. women are more sensitive to the rising in prices than menD. the expectations of price increases often make buyers feel angry63. The results of the investigations on consumer psychology carried out in America were ____ those of the investigations made at the same time in Great Britain.A. somewhat different fromB. exactly the same asC. m uch be tter t h anD. not a s good a s64. From the results of the surveys, the writer of this article ____.A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great Britain are better than those inAmericaB. concludes that the consumers always expect prices to remain stableC. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct business policyD. does not draw any conclusion65. Which of the following statements is always true according to the surveys mentioned in the passage?A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect prices to increase.C. The price condition has an influence on consumer behavior.D. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are reliable.Passage 4Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal – or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned.Ideas about social class – whether a person is “working-class” or “middle-class” – are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers’ jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was – and still is – inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve job-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about “tomorrow”. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in precious generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather than the old conflicts will reappear, but between different groups.66. Which of the following is seen as the causes of class differences in the past?A. L ife s tyle a nd oc cupation.B. Attitude a nd i n come.C. Income and job security.D. Job security a nd hobbi e s.67. The writer seems to suggest that the description of ____ is closer to truth.A. middle-class w ays of s pending m oneyB. working-class ways of spending the weekendC. working-class drinking habitsD. middle-class attitudes68. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a typical feature of the middle-class?A. D esiring f o r s ecurity.B. M aking l o ng-term plans.C. Having priorities in life.D. Saving money.69. Working-class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following factors EXCEPT ________.A. be tter s ocial s ecurityB. m ore j o b oppor t unitiesC. higher l i ving s tandardD. better legal protection70. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?A. Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British society.B. The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C. Differences in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D. Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working-class people.Passage 5There have been a great many explanations, some of them very complicated, of the great demand for college education in America, and they are probably all true in some measure. An oversimplified explanation is that over the last fifty years, three generations of the parents of growing children have realized that better education meant better living and, as individuals, and through group action, have pushed and urged that facilities be made available. Happily the nation has been able to provide the colleges, and the students have been admitted to them in ever-increasing numbers. And the consumers of the products of education – government, business in all its forms, and labor – all welcomed the expansion of opportunity because it simplified their problems of employing new workers, and training and placing them.Forty years ago, when the parents of today’s high-school seniors were themselves in school, a high-school education was enough to get ready for most occupations, and, for those occupations, job training took place either in the high school or on the job. A college degree was necessary only for those who wanted to be ministers, doctors, or lawyers, high school teachers, scientists, or scholars. Today most jobs that offer opportunity for growth and advancement are open only to college graduates, for colleges have assumed the task of offering the specific preparation that is needed. There is very little job training in high schools today. Instead they concentrate on preparing students for college.What has happened is that, as business, industry, government, and the professions have expanded, they have developed a need for many varieties of specialists. Colleges and universities, responding to these developments, have organized new programs of study to train these specialists, and in turn these new programs draw students who would not have gone to college forty years ago.For example, almost all of the college programs in business and commerce have developed and the more advanced programs in agriculture and home economics. And there is a long list of other offerings that were not available except in a few experimental programs. Accounting, social science, various forms of administration, public hospital and public health medical technology, and advanced nurses training have been developed in higher education within those same forty years. And as evidence that the process is still continuing, we can see the emergence of atomic technology, unclear engineering, computer technology, and, most recently, international administration.71. In Paragraph 1, the word “consumers” most probably refers to ____.A. high-school graduatesB. college graduatesC. those who employ college graduatesD. those who consume commercial goods72. According to paragraph 2, the parents of today’s high-school students ____.A. did not receive enough high-school educationB. received a level of education which is almost equivalent to that of today’s collegeC. received a level of education high enough for most occupations 40 years agoD. who received only high-school education are not qualified for such professional work as ministers, doctors or lawyers73. Which of the following does not seem to be an explanation of the great demand for collegeeducation in America?A. The parents have realized that higher education means a higher standard of living.B. A high-school education is not “high” enough for most occupations.C. A great need has been developed for many varieties of specialists.D. High schools concentrate mainly on preparing students for colleges.74. Which of the following specialties and programs was the least possibly available in America colleges and universities 40 years ago?A. I n ternational a dministration.B. Computer s cience a nd t e chnology.C. Nuclear engineering.D. Advanced nur s e t r aining.75. What is the theme of the passage?A. A general survey of American colleges and universities.B. The main causes for the development of American higher education.C. The historical development of American colleges and universities.D. The higher education, the better living condition.Part V Translation (10%)Section ADirections:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your translation on Answer Sheet.If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thing because it was hard or inconvenient. If we want light, we must conquer darkness. Perseverance can sometimes equal genius in its result. “There are only two creatures,” says a proverb, “who can surmount the pyramids – the eagle and the snail.” If I were a boy again, I would school myself into a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I would remember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directions at once. The habit of attention becomes part of our life, if we begin early enough.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.完善国家计划和财政政策、货币政策等相互配合的宏观调控体系，发挥经济杠杆的调节作用。

东财大学英语试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. What is the woman going to do this afternoon?A. Go shoppingB. Go to the libraryC. Go to the cinemaD. Go to the parkAnswer: B2. How much did the man pay for the tickets?A. $20B. $30C. $40D. $50Answer: C3. What is the weather like today?A. SunnyB. CloudyC. RainyD. SnowyAnswer: A4. Where are the speakers?A. At homeB. At schoolC. At a restaurantD. At a concertAnswer: C5. What time does the train leave?A. 7:00 AMB. 8:00 AMC. 9:00 AMD. 10:00 AMAnswer: B二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1The passage discusses the importance of water conservation and the steps that can be taken to reduce water waste. According to the article, what is the primary reason for water scarcity?A. OverpopulationB. Climate changeC. Overuse of water resourcesD. Industrial pollutionAnswer: CPassage 2The text describes the benefits of regular exercise, including improved physical health and mental well-being. What is the recommended minimum amount of exercise per week?A. 150 minutesB. 300 minutesC. 450 minutesD. 600 minutesAnswer: APassage 3The article explores the impact of social media on interpersonal relationships. What does the study suggest about the relationship between social media use and loneliness?A. There is no correlation.B. Social media use increases loneliness.C. Social media use decreases loneliness.D. The relationship is complex and varies by individual. Answer: D三、词汇与语法（共20分）6. The new policy will come into _______ next month.A. effectB. affectC. efficientD. infectAnswer: A7. She is one of the most _______ students in her class.A. intelligenceB. intelligentC. intellectualD. intellectAnswer: B8. Despite the heavy rain, they _______ the game.A. called offB. gave offC. put offD. carried offAnswer: A9. The company has _______ a new marketing strategy to increase sales.A. launchedB. landedC. foundedD. groundedAnswer: A10. It is important to _______ the truth, no matter how difficult it may be.A. stick toB. stick atC. stick byD. stick upAnswer: A四、翻译（共15分）11. 请将下列句子翻译成英文：“随着科技的发展，远程工作变得越来越普遍。

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. AppearanceB. PerformanceC. PhenomenologyD. Phenomenon答案：C2. Which of the following is a correct use of the preposition "with"?A. He is with the company.B. He is in the company.C. He is at the company.D. He is on the company.答案：A3. The phrase "break a leg" is an idiomatic expression that means:A. To have an accidentB. To perform wellC. To break a boneD. To take a break答案：B4. Which of the following is the correct form of the past tense for the verb "to run"?A. runB. runnedC. ranD. running答案：C5. The word "subsequent" is an antonym of:A. PreviousB. ConsequentC. FollowingD. Prior答案：D6. In the sentence "She is the apple of his eye," the phrase "the apple of his eye" means:A. His favorite thingB. His least favorite thingC. His most hated thingD. His most feared thing答案：A7. The word "facetious" is most closely related to which of the following?A. SeriousB. HumorousC. AngryD. Sad答案：B8. Which of the following is the correct use of the verb "to lie"?A. He lied down on the bed.B. He lay down on the bed.C. He layed down on the bed.D. He lied down on the bed.答案：B9. The phrase "at the drop of a hat" means:A. To wait for a long timeB. To do something immediatelyC. To do something reluctantlyD. To do something slowly答案：B10. The word "antediluvian" is an antonym of:A. ModernB. AncientC. RecentD. New答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The opposite of "visible" is _______.答案：invisible2. The past participle of "to lead" is _______.答案：led3. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is _______.答案：easy4. The word "ambivalent" means having mixed feelings of_______ and _______.答案：love; hate5. The word "antediluvian" refers to something that is_______.答案：very old6. The word "ubiquitous" means being _______.答案：everywhere7. The opposite of "ascend" is _______.答案：descend8. The word "euphemism" refers to a mild or indirect word or expression used in place of one considered to be too _______. 答案：harsh9. The word "platitude" is a synonym for a _______ statement. 答案：commonplace10. The word "prodigy" is often used to describe someone who is a _______ in a particular field.答案：genius三、阅读理解题（每题4分，共40分）阅读以下短文，并回答问题。

2007年考博英语题一、vocabulary and structure1. This book is expected to ____ the best-seller lists.A. promoteB. prevailC. dominateD. exemplify答案：C. dominate2. under the guidance of their teacher, the pupils are building a model boat____.A. towedB. pressedC. tossedD. propelled答案：D. propelled3. Just because I’m _____ to him, my boss thinks he can order me around without showing me any respect.A. redundantB. superiorC. versatileD. subordinate答案：D. subordinate4. although the colonists ____ to some extent with the native Americans, the Indians’ influence on American culture and language was not extensive.A. migratedB. irritatedC. mingledD. melted答案：C. mingled5. The jobs of wildlife technicians and biologists seemed _____ to him but one day he discovered their different.A.identicalB. verticalC. parallelD. specific答案：A.identical6. Mary became _____ homesick and critical of the United States, so she fled from her home in west Bloomfield to her hometown in Australia.A. completelyB. sincerelyC. absolutelyD. increasingly答案：D. increasingly7. although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close ____.A. temperamentB. scrutinyC. symmetryD. contamination答案：B. scrutiny8. while a full understanding of what causes the disease may be several years away, ____leading to a successful treatment could come much sooner.A. a distinctionB. an identificationC. an interpretationD. a breakthrough答案：D. a breakthrough9. each workday, the workers followed the same schemes and rarely _____from this routine.A. disconnectedB. detachedC. deviatedD. distorted答案：C. deviated10. They were _____ in their scientific research not knowing what happen outside their job.A. submergedB. drownedC. dippedD. immersed答案：D. immersed11. Watch the magician and try to_____ how he makes the dove disappear.A. set outB. figure outC. catch onD. work on答案：B. figure out12. poor transport facilities and the lack of resources, raw materials and energy also partly____ the drop in contract fulfillment.A. accounted forB. attributed toC. contribute forD. depended on答案：A. accounted for13. The world’s population is not _____evenly throughout the regions of the world.A. scatteredB. placedC. organizedD. spread答案：A. scattered14. Many students find _____ jobs during their summer holidays.A. contemptibleB. temporaryC. satisfactoryD. counterpart答案：B. temporary15. the Grapes of Warth, a novel about the Depression years of the 1980s, is one of John Steinkeck’s _____books.A. most famousB. the most famousC. are most famousD. and most famous答案：A. most famous16. The human Skehon consists of more than two hundred bones_____ together by tough and relatively irrelastic connective tissues called ligamentsA. are boundB. to bindC. bind themD. bound答案：D. bound17. in the 1850’s H.B,Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin ”became the best shelter of the generation, _____a host of imitators.A. inspiredB. inspired byC. inspiritingD. to inspire答案：C. inspiriting18. I will see to _____ the regulations printed.A. getB. gettingC. haveD. be getting答案：B. getting19. Although most algae are predominantly single-celled, those masked with brown and red pigments ____ multicellular.A. forB. theC. areD. when答案：C. are20. although hazel tree are small, _____ branches are strong and flexible.A. andB. theirC. itD. but their答案：B. their二、Reading comprehension21. it is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if _____.A. high levels of nitrogenB. the components of the soilC. the numbers and kinds of the plantsD. the diversity of the species答案：D. the diversity of the species22. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “bounty” ?A. good harvestB. poor harvestC. boundaryD. drought答案：A. good harvest23. according to Tillman, if the world loses its biological diversity_____.A. bounty and famine will alternateB. sea levels will rise rapidlyC. humanity’s waste products will become lessD. nitrogen in soil will rise above normal答案：A. bounty and famine will alternate24. Tillman implies that compared with the lifestyle of Westerners. Asians_____.A. are more likely to let cattle graze on grasslands.B. pay more attention to their relationship with other organism in this world.C. eat more agricultural products in their everyday life.D. use more natural resources in their everyday life.答案：B. pay more attention to their relationship with other organism in this world.25. The last paragraph mainly argues _____A. the different lifestyle between Westerners and AsiansB. human’s interdependence with other organisms in this worldC. how to keep environment from deteriorationD. how to turn to quality food into high-quality food.答案：C. how to keep environment from deterioration26. People in the 18 th and 19th centuries used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night because they had_____.A. no drive and ambitionB. no electric lightingC. the best sleep habitsD. nothing to do in the evening答案：B. no electric lighting27. according to Dr. David, Americans____.A. are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of lifeB. often neglect the consequences of sleep deficitC. do not know how to relax themselves properlyD. can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep.答案：B. often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit28. Many Americans believe thatA. sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busyB. they need more sleep to copy with the complexities of everyday lifeC. to sleep is something once can do at any time of the dayD. enough sleep promotes people’s drive and ambition答案：A. sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busy29. the word “subjects” refer to_____A. the performance tests used in study of sleep deficitB. special branches of knowledge that are being studiedC. people whose behavior or reactions are being studiedD. the psychological consequences of sleep deficit答案：C. people whose behavior or reactions are being studied30. it can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to ______A. improve one’s memory dramaticallyB. be considered dynamic by other peopleC. maintain one’s daily scheduleD. feel energetic and perform adequately答案：D. feel energetic and perform adequately31.in their speech young people like to ______A. invent words that older people cannot understandB. use words invented by pop starsC. give words new meanings to mislead their parentsD. copy the speech of their contemporaries答案：D. copy the speech of their contemporaries32. words of praise keep changing because______.A. they lose their freshnessB. there are more words available in this areaC. young people are becoming more discriminatingD. older people try to avoid the in-words of the young答案：A. they lose their freshness33.the fact that magic is a frequent source of words of praise suggests the people_____.A. lack linguistic originality.B. have always been interested in magicC. are becoming more superstitiousD. are interested in magic when young答案：B. have always been interested in magic34.the word “rage” probably means “______”A. violent angerB. a stormC. a current fashionD. a burning desire答案：C. a current fashion35. to the author’s granddaughter the word “ripping”_____.A. seems strange and old fashionedB. has a clearer meaning than it does for the authorC. is unacceptable because it is slangD. means much the same as smashing答案：A. seems strange and old fashioned36. From the passage we know that Wooster______.A. is the best model of growing city.B. is the place where the author lives.C. has no change in the past five yearsD. is a developed city with no pollution答案：B. is the place where the author lives.37.it can be inferred from the passage that _____.A. Wooster used to be a quiet and peaceful city surrounded by farmland.B. with many nationwide shopping centers, Wooster lost its uniqueness.C. it is unavoidable to destruct farmland when city grows.D. is a developed city with no pollution答案：C. it is unavoidable to destruct farmland when city grows.38.the author mentioned an oak tree in the 5th paragraph in order to ______.A. blame the planning commission for its wrong decision.B. describe the beauty and naturalness of the cityC. show the residential and commercial growth of the cityD. show the detriment of commercial expansion to plants答案：D. show the detriment of commercial expansion to plants39. it can be concluded from the passage that the author think Wooster’s plumping commission ______.A. should have avoided such a tragedy.B. has tried its best to protect the environmentC. is the cause of environment pollutionD. preserves the hillsides and fields答案：A. should have avoided such a tragedy.40. Which of the following sentence best expresses the main idea of the passage?A. when planning for future developments, effects on the environment should be taken into consideration.B. with a safety growth of pollution, more homes and more work places are needed.C. with immerse technology, population growth and economic flourish, we need to plan for the future.D. planning for future residential and commercial developments has had effects on the environment and the people.答案：A. when planning for future developments, effects on the environment should be taken into consideration.41. Robert Spring was so good as his profession as a forger that _______.A. his bookstore in Philadelphia was an immediate successB. even experts felt difficult to distinguish his products from the originalsC. even famous American liked his productsD. he prospered by selling his forgeries答案：D. he prospered by selling his forgeries42. why didn’t Spring sell his forgeries in America?A. because there was no demand for these thingsB. because America was not his motherlandC. because he would have to take greater risk of being discoveredD. because he would make more money by selling them in foreign countries答案：C. because he would have to take greater risk of being discovered43. according to the passage, Miss Fanny Jack was _____A. a respectable maiden from the southB. a famous general’s only daughter who survived the warC. a poor girl who had to sell her father’s paper to othersD. an imagined person created by Spring答案：D. an imagined person created by Spring44. in order to sell forgeries, Spring used all the methods except______.A. treating paper and ink with chemical.B. photocopying the handwriting of only famous AmericansC. using aged paper taken from old booksD. approaching people who were not experts答案：B. photocopying the handwriting of only famous Americans45. Spring hard work _____.A. failed to earn the well-off life in the endB. satisfied people’s demand for southern manuscriptsC. enabled him to live happily for fifteen yearsD. made it impossible for experts to tell the true from the false autographs答案：D. made it impossible for experts to tell the true from the false autographs46. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because____.A. the definition of maturity has changedB. more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeC. the industrialized society is more developedD. ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance答案：B. more education is provided and laws against child labor are made 47. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to _____.A. certain behavioral changesB. social recognitionC. socio-economic statusD. graduations from schools and colleges答案：D. graduations from schools and colleges48. no one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ____.A. twenty-one years oldB. sixteen years oldC. eleven years oldD. between twelve and twenty-one years old答案：A. twenty-one years old49. starting from 22, _____.A. one will obtain more basic rightsB. one won’t get more rights than when he is 21C. the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will haveD. one will enjoy more rights granted by society答案：B. one won’t get more rights than when he is 2150. according to the passage, it is true that _____.A. in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed.B. no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-oneC. one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s licenseD. one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join in army.答案：A. in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed.51. the nuclear family is made of ______.A. individuals from several generationsB. husband, wife and childrenC. husband, wife and their parentsD. widowed parents and their children答案：B. husband, wife and children52. The man who suffered from depression is mentioned as an example of _____.A. someone being accepted by family members regardless of how that personrespondsB. someone who is an outcast because of illnessC. there being limits to the amount of help a family will give to a member who fails to return or accept their care.D. someone who is brought into the family activities by a caring family答案：C. there being limits to the amount of help a family will give to a member who fails to return or accept their care.53. according to the passage, widowed parents live together with their children when______.A. they can not take care of themselvesB. they are invited by their childrenC. they are needed as grandparents to take care of the grandchildrenD. they have no other choice答案：D. they have no other choice54. in this short passage the author mainly describes_______.A. what the relations between adults and the immigrant generation are likeB. how old people are treatedC. what conflicts result between young and old if they live togetherD. the family type that existed among Italian-Americans living in Boston-West End.答案：D. the family type that existed among Italian-Americans living in Boston-West End.55. the types of family existing in the West End is ______.A. a nuclear familyB. an extended familyC. an expanded familyD. a working-class family答案：A. a nuclear family三、translation1. with so great a proportion of the young people entering higher education there is a problem of maintaining academic standards, and the process can be painful.答案：随着大量年轻人接受高等教育，确保学术水平的问题也出现了，这个问题是艰巨的。

2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. To do some experiments. B. To attend a class.C. To review his lessons.D. To take a test.2. A. In a hotel. B. In the hospital. C. In the prison. D. At the airport.3. A. He got an ulcer in his stomach. B. He got hurt in the soccer game.C. He will be discharged soon.D. He got his tumor removed.4. A. She told a lie so as not to hurt Jimmy. B. She left because she had a headache.C. She hurt Jimmy by telling him a lie.D. She slept off her headache.5. A. His new car is not fast enough.B. His new car moves very fast.C. His new car is a real bargain.D. His new car is somewhat of a financial burden.6. A. Get more time to relax. B. Take some tranquilizers.C. Seek a second opinion.D. Avoid her responsibilities.7. A. He got a headache while establishing the institute.B. He had a hard time getting the institute started.C. Everything was OK at the beginning.D. Avoid her responsibilities.8. A. Excited. B. Frustrated. C. Annoyed. D. Relieved.9. A. Each class lasts an hour.B. The class is meeting in an hour and a half.C. The class meets four hours and a half per week.D. The class meets for half an hour three times a week.10. A. The woman was a good skier. B. The woman couldn’t ski.C. The woman didn’t intend to go skiing.D. The woman didn’t like Swiss.11. A. She’s an insurance agent. B. She’s an insurance client.C. She’s a bank clerk.D. She’s a driver.12. A. He tripped over some crutches. B. He had rheumatism in his legs.C. He sprained his foot.D. He broke his leg.13. A. The vacation is almost gone.B. The vacation has just started.C. They are prepared for the new semester.D. They can’t wait for the new semester.14. A. She was knocked down by a feather. B. She is shamed of Larry.C. She was really surprised.D. She was proud of Larry.15. A. To visit his son. B. To perform an operation.C. To have an operation.D. To send his son for an operation.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. A pharmacist. B. A visitor. C. A physician. D. A dieter.17. A. Cough. B. Diarrhea. C. Headache. D. Stomach upset.18. A. Pain-killers. B. Cough syrup. C. Antidiarrheas. D. Indigestion tablets.19. A. The cold weather. B. Tiredness caused by traveling.C. The strange food he had eaten.D. The greasy food he had eaten.20. A. Take the medicine from the woman. B. Go to see a specialist.C. Stop eating and drinking for a few days.D. Stay in bed for a couple of days.Passage Two21. A. Headaches. B. Insomnia.C. Respiratory problems.D. Digestive problems.22. A. On Monday in Edinburgh. B. On Wednesday in Edinburgh.C. On Monday at Staffordshire University.D. On Wednesday at Staffordshire University.23. A. 94. B. 41. C. 130. D. 135.24. A. The subjects were asked to write of their free will.B. The subjects were asked to write in a systematic way.C. The subjects were asked to say how often they made entries.D. The subjects were asked if they had written down anything traumatic.25. A. The diarists who write of their free will.B. The diarists who were students at Staffordshire University.C. The diarists who had written about trauma.D. The non-diarists who were susceptible to headaches.Passage Three26. A. A brief history of British pubs.B. Beer—the British national drink.C. Various attempts made to curb drinking in Britain.D. The frustrating opening and closing hours of British pubs.27. A. As early as 659 AD. B. After 659 AD.C. Before the Roman invasion.D. After the Roman invasion.28. A. To restrict drinking hours.B. To restrict travelers to certain drinks.C. To encourage the locals to drink in other towns,D. To encourage inns to lodge various kinds of people.29. A. People were better off.B. The government failed to persuade people from drinking.C. There appeared a new cheap drink.D. Drinkers had found various ways to get around the taws.30. A. The licensing hours have been extended.B. Old people are not allowed to drink in pubs.C. Children are not allowed yet to drink in pubs.D. Big changes have taken place in pubs.2007全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. D 由男士的话I have an exam in about twenty minutes可知他正赶去做测验。

2007年社科院博士生入学考试英语真题及答案Section A (10 points)Directions : Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1.The public might well sanction a wider range of programming than would strictlybe implied by the ―gap-filling‖ approach, but this is not certain.a. viewb. approvec. coerced. insist2. Petrazzini‘s main concern is not so much cultural homogenization associated with the spread of the Internet, but an exacerbation of the gap between young and old and between spread of the Internet.a. uniformityb. discrepancyc. conventiond. distinction3. The history helps explain the vexing dispute between the European Union and the United States over the greatest threat to privacy yet conceived: the hundreds o f millions of personal dossiers in computerized and networked databases.a. troublesomeb. astonishingc. everlastingd. conflicting4. There were not personal goals, no desire to get ahead or to leave something behind. There were only God‘s decrees to be faithfully carried out.a. ordersb. petitionsc. prophetsd. queries5. Lee Ford and Dan Brooks, a London-based creative and development team, came up with an ―edgy‖V olkswagen spot for a demo: a terrorist tries to detonate a car bomb outside a crowded café.a. igniteb. stainc. impeded. ascribe6. The music indicates the way in which Mozart was developing his ideas in 1773as he attempted to shake off his reputation as a child prodigy and be taken seriously ad a computer.a. bedlamiteb. betrayerc. geniusd. jailor7. Kelly fought depression, her sister struggled against violent tendencies, and their only physical touches they‘d ever known from their parents were abusive.a. cordialb. fastidiousc. sadisticd. absurd8. Browse one of the websites that hosts them, like Y ouTube or Google Vides, and you‘ll see drunken karaoke, babies being born, plane crashes, freakish sports accidents and far, far stranger things.a. elegantb. fraternalc. franticd. bizarre9. There were still a few surprises, as a squeal here and there in the dark announced, but we didlearn to ―see with our feet‖– lessons in trail Braille.a. divergenceb. screamc. gradationd. strand10. He hasn‘t analyzed why he tips so generously, but I think the proclivity stems from his highschool years, when he worked as a busboy.a. predilectionb. prosperityc. premeditationd. preambleSection B (10pionts)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.11. In a competitive and fast-paced modern society, busy business executives are so _____ theirwork that they hardly know what the word leisure means.a. engrossed inb. exempt fromc. skeptical ofd. extraneous to12. But the depth of novel and the value of its artistic and ideological feature do not depend on the theme ----- either _____ or significant.a. versatileb. trivialc. preliminaryd. alternate13. It is always _____ in some ways, because if it were performed as a primitive fending-off or covering-up action, it would obviously be too transparent.a. scrupulousb. clamorousc. intrinsicd. camouflaged14. She often remains coldly remote from him; probably his badly scarred face produced an involuntary feeling of _____ in his neighbor.a. discordanceb. deliberationc. perversityd. repulsion15. ―For us it is a big and dark secret; to _____ it would be to jeopardize our future,‖ confessed an aviaphobe who is currently undergoing therapy.a. divulgeb. recallc. retaind. duplicate16. The charitable aces of their boss used to be greatly praised by the people. However, ruthless company-downsizing drives and continued layoffs, coupled with rising pay for top managers, have made him look a good deal less _____.a. discourteousb. prudentc. benevolentd. obstinate17. Most of us go through life adding _____ to knowledge, polishing a concept here or there, doing an experiment, contributing a few leaves –or, if we are lucky, a twig –to the tree of knowledge.a. impartiallyb. impassablyc. incrementallyd. melodiously18. The only way he could do it – and by ―it‖ he means achieving the level of fame enjoyed by Martin, who is so famous that his infant daughter, Apple, is better known than the rest of Coldplay combined – is by getting into some kind of trouble, and it could only be infamy, which is of course, _____.a. preposterousb. preludialc. precised. preponderant19. So the most _____ scientist alive at that time who symbolized the height of human intellect adopted what became his last message –this manifesto, which implored governments and the public not to allow our civilization to be destroyed by human folly.a. fastidiousb. eminentc. anonymousd. waggish20. The novel will be read a long time for its minute and almost uncanny insight into army life, its _____ dialogue, its sheer narrative pull, its portrayal of the tenderness that sometimes is found beneath the crudest animal drives, its absence of mock heroics, its comic absurdities and irony and, above all else, its revelation of the perversity of human nature in the face of evil.a. pungentb. notoriousc. anticlimacticd. shakyPART II: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best gills in the blank.21. The police kept asking me to repeat the story of how I found the scroll, and they kept tellingme that I was changing it and tripping me _____.a. forb. onc. upd. in22. The budget crunch has put extra pressure on nearly everyone at this storied campus ----- besieged administrators _____ to lure minority applicants, students frantically _____ money to cover fee hikes, department heads trying to staunch a faculty brain drain and office staffers worried that a stalemate in Sacramento means no money for the mortgage at home.a. to struggle, to seekb. struggled, soughtc. struggle, seekd. struggling, seeking23. If you‘re a regular reader of blogs, or indeed of any kind of news website, you‘ve probably been frustrated from time to time by information overload: the blogosphere creates _____ material for any human being to comfortably _____.a. too much, digestb. not much, digestc. too little, be digestedd. not much, be digested24. When deposits are federally insured, people no longer rush to withdraw their money it they _____ the financial condition of their bank.a. become concerned aboutb. become concerned withc. become concerned ind. concern25. Over and over in War of the worlds, he evokes the sensation, more familiar from dreams than movies, _____ an other worldly entity, glimpsed from a great distance, _____ suddenly, violently clawing its way into your personal space.a. that, isb. is, thatc. that, beingd. which, being27. Never far from position of influence, wealthier from his broadcasting activities _____ the biggest moguls, he is in many ways on the edge of things.a. than all butb. as all butc. but than alld. but as all28. _____ a rigid, unidirectional mode of demystification which saw all such other modes as subsidiary and peripheral, it began to see all alternatives to its mode of demystification as conspiracies against human good.a. Modern science not only gradually developsb. Not only did modern science gradually developc. Now that modern science gradually developedd. Only did modern science develop29. One theory is that too much vitamin E _____ bleeding risk, which would _____ the risk of a type of stroke, while another theory suggests that at high doses vitamin E stops working like an antioxidant, removing harmful molecules in the body, and instead becomes a pro-oxidant, actually promoting the production of harmful molecules.a. decreases, decreaseb. increases, increasec. decreases, increased. increases, decrease30. Nor, indeed, do all these guardians of tradition have to exert much pressure on the principal players, since the expectations of their social world have long ago been built into their own projections of the future – they want precisely _____ society expects of them.a. that, whichb. thatc. whichd. what thatSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. The repetitions that concern Domhoff pertains largely to repetitions within an individual‘sAdream history. But there is a sense in which all dreamers dream each other‘s dreams in the form ofB Cso-called universal dreams, which are the equivalent of literary archetypes.D32. The Nature commentary says scientists working on aging now have to take into account theAprospect that ―drug-related approaches to interfere with this process may come at a price—theB Cdisruption of our natural mechanisms for keeping cancer to bay.‖D33.The work confirms hints that had already been emerging in the scientific literature in recentAyears that p53 and related proteins might play an important role in life, but the new paper is farmore detailed - and, scientists say, more compelling – that anything published previously.B C D34. For all the fretting about outsourcing and trade deficits in the United States, MTV offers aA Bhighly-end case study in how to export what seems, at first glance, to be a uniquely AmericanC Dbrand.35. The trend to empty a library is being driven, academicians and librarians say, by the dwindlingA B C need for undergraduate libraries, many of them were built when leading research libraries wereDreserved for graduate students and faculty.36. Dr. ELBaradei said his hope is that the Nobel Peace Prize will serve to help the internationalAcommunity, and to achieve the goal of developing a functional system of global security that doesnot derive from a nuclear weapons deterrent, would rather based on addressing the securityB C Dconcerns of all people.37. DDT, the most powerful pesticide the world has ever known, exposed nature‘s vulnerability.AUnlike most pesticides, whose effectiveness is limited to destroy one or two types of insects, DDTB Cis capable of killing hundreds of different kinds at once.D38. For it is ―everybody‖, a whole society, which has identified being feminine with caring aboutA B Chow one looks. Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather ……..D39. The research also raises the possibility that younger people treat successfully for cancer with chemotherapy may be subject to premature aging later in life, a possibility that has never been rigorously examined.40. We peer out beyond our world to glimpse objects that lie at the very edge of the universe, stars teetering tantalizingly on the beginning of time. We peer inward to our own genome, swiftly unraveling the puzzle of what tiny bit of chemical code manifests themselves as appearance, tendency, advantage and liability in the marvelous human creature.PART III: Reading comprehension：（30 points）Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have observed that the Americans show a less decided taste for general ideas than the French. This is especially true in politics.Although the Americans infuse into their legislation far more general ideas than the English, and although they strive more than the latter to adjust the practice of affairs to theory, no political bodies in the United States have ever shown so much love for general ideas as the constituent Assembly and the Convention in France. At no time has the American people laid hold on ideas of this kind with the passionate energy of the French people in the eighteenth century, or displayed the same blind confidence in the value and absolute truth of any theory.This difference between the Americans and the French originates in several causes, but principally in the following one. The Americans are a democratic people who have always directed public affairs themselves. The French are a democratic people who for a long time could only speculate on the best manner of conducting them. The social condition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government, while their polit ical constitution prevented them from correcting those ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency; whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other.It may seem at first sight that this is very much opposed to what I have said before, that democratic nations derive their love of theory from the very excitement of their active life. A more attentive examination will show that there is nothing contradictory in the proposition.Men living in democratic countries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but little leisure and because these ideas spare them the redouble of studying particulars. This is true, but it is only be understood of those matters while are not the necessary and habitual subjec ts of their thoughts. Mercantile men will take up very eagerly, and without any close scrutiny, all the general ideas on philosophy, politics, science, or the arts which may be presented to them; but for such as relate to commerce, they will not receive them without inquiry or adopt them without reserve. The same thing applies to statesman with regard to general ideas in politics.If, then, there is a subject upon which a democratic people is peculiarly liable to abandon itself, blindly and extravagantly, to general ideas, the best corrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their daily practical occupation. They will then be compelled to enter into details, and the details will teach them the weak points of the theory. This remedy mayfrequently be a painful one, but its effect is certain.Thus it happens that the democratic institutions which compel ever citizen to take a practical part in the government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in politics which the principle of equality suggests.Comprehension questions41. According to the writer, what kinds of ideas have been favored by the French people?a. Political ideas that can be adjusted to the practice of government.b. Concrete ideas that they believe to be truthful.c. General ideas in political affairs.d. Eighteenth century ideas.42. Why do the Americans show less enthusiasm for general ideas than the French?a. The French constitution did not allow for experiment.b. In America, the constitution provides checks and balances.c. The social conditions in France led to different ideas.d. The Americans have always been in charge of their own public affairs.43. Some people in democratic countries prefer general ideas because _____.a. in politics it is easier to study general ideasb. general ideas on different subjects are more interestingc. mercantile men prefer general ideas on philosophy, politics, science and the artsd. they do not have time to address details44. What does the writer think would inhibit people‘s preference for general ideas?a. Teaching them the weak points of the theory.b. Encouraging them to take a practical part in democratic institutions.c. Trying to make them abandon those ideas.d. Compelling them to study details.45. The writer‘s conclusion is that _____.a. the principle of equality must be paramountb. general theories in politics should be the most important part of democracyc. citizens should be forced to take part in democratic institutions.d. people‘s taste for general ideas can be diminished through taking part in democraticinstitutions.Passage 2Of the great variety of opinions concerning ―marriage for money‖, the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money. Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development, but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all. The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection –so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives –does not exist in simpler cultures. The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons.For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive), in so far as society doesnot insist upon the couple‘s equal social status – a condition, however, that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests. In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom, irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring. This is because where the constitutions, state of health, temperament, internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group, the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society. It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection. Y et personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare.The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due, in part, to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves. Y et we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction. But, happiness is a purely personal matter, decided upon entirely by the couple themselves, and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading –particularly in the higher strata, whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts –no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results, it remains true that, with reference to procreation, love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection. In fact, in this respect, it is the only right and proper thing.Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia –the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities – a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species. In the case of marriage for money, the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness –just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together –and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important. This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individual relationships.Comprehension questions46. According to the text, what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and stability insimpler cultures?a. Personal dignityb. Economic declinec. Monetary considerations d Financial growth47. Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are more likely not to be camouflaged in whatstrata of society?a. Upper middleb. Middle middlec. Lower middled. Lower lower48. The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because _____.a. we demand too much of our partnersb. partners don‘t give complimentsc. people are too differentiated sociallyd. the economic disparity in many regions is growing49. How is the question of race in relation to marriage similar to the question of money?a. They fuel mutual instinctual attractionb. They inspire individual responsibilitiesc. They deflect superficial relationshipsd. They prohibit suitable marriages50. Panmixia is said to _____.a. aid the selection processb. complement individualizationc. inspire positive resultsd. set up biological declinePassage 3But probably the fullest statement of the doctrine of the rule of law occurs in the work of William Paley, the ―great codifier of thought in an age of codification.‖It deserved quoting at some length: ―The first maxim of a free state,‖ he writes, ―is, that the laws be made by one set of men, and administered by another; in other words, that the legislative and the judicial character be kept separate. When these offices are unified in the same person or assembly, particular laws are made for particular cases, springing often times from partial motives, and directed to private ends: whilst they are kept separate, general laws are made by one body of men, w ithout foreseeing whom they may affect; and, when made, must be applied by the other, let them affect whom they will… When the parties and interests to be affected by the laws were known, the inclination of the law makers would inevitably attach to one side or the other; and where there were neither any fixed rules to regulate their determinations, nor any superior power to control their proceedings, these inclinations would interfere with the integrity of public justice. The consequence of which must be, that the subjects of such a constitution would live either without constant laws, that is, without any known pre-established rules of adjudication whatever; or under laws made for particular persons, and partaking of the contradictions and iniquity of the motives to which they owed their origin.―Which dangers, by the division of the legislative and judicial functions, are in this country effectually provided against. Parliament knows not the individuals upon whom its acts will operate; it has no case or parties before it; no private designs to serve: consequently, its resolutions will be suggested by the considerations of universal effects and tendencies, which always produce impartial and commonly advantageous regulations.‖With the end of the eighteenth century, England‘s major contributions to the development of the principles of freedom came to a close. Though Macaulay did once more for the nineteenth century what Hume had done for the eighteenth, and though the Whig intelligentsia of the Edinburgh to think of liberty in classical terms, there was little further development. The new liberalism that gradually displaced Whiggism came more and more under the influence of the rationalist tendencies of the philosophical radicals and the French tradition. Bentham and his Utilitarians did much to destroy the beliefs that English had in part preserved from the Middle Ages, by their scornful treatment of most of what until then had been the most admired features of the British constitution. And they introduced into Britain what had so far been entirely absent – the desire to remark the whole of her law and institutions on rational principles.The lack of understanding of the traditional principles of English liberty on the part of the men guided by the ideals of the French Revolution is clearly illustrated by one of the early apostles of that revolution in England, Dr. Richard Price. As early as 1778 he argued: ―Liberty is too imperfectly defined when it is said to be ‗a Government of LA WS and not by MEN.‘ If the laws are made by one man, or a junto of men in a state, and not by common CONSENT, a government by them is not different from slavery.‖ Eight years later he was able to display a commendatory letter from Turgot: ―How comes it that you are almost the first of the writers of your country, who has given a just idea of liberty, and shown the falsity of the notion so frequently repeated by almost all Republican Writers, ‗that liberty consists in being subject only to the laws?‘‖ From then onward, the essentially French concept of political liberty was indeed progressively to displace the English ideal of individual liberty, until it could be said that ―in Great Britain, which, little more than a century ago, repudiated the ideas on which the French Revolution was based, and led the resistance to Napoleon, those ideas have triumphed.‖ Though in Britain most of the achievements of the seventeenth century were preserved beyond the nineteenth, we must look elsewhere for the further development of the ideals underlying them.Comprehension Questions51. Concerning William Paley‘s main vision of the rule of law, which of the following is Not true?a. The purpose of and independent counsel is to eliminate potential conflicts of interests.b. Paley‘s political strategy illustrates the concept of checks and balances.c. The absence of separation of powers would inevitably result in injustice and inequity.d. The rule of law and the separation of powers could be deemed unconstitutional princ iples.52. According to Paley, what would happen to a person living in a country where the judiciary andlegislative powers are n‘t kept separate?a. The inviolability of the legal apparatus would be guaranteed.b. Laws could be manipulated to serve particular interests.c. Lawmakers would have to mitigate conflicts of interest.d. Lawmakers would have adjudication powers.53. Complete the following sentence: ―The Whig intelligentsia _____.‖a. supported traditional tendenciesb. supported reformist tendenciesc. supported Manichean tendenciesd. supported aesthetical tendencies54. Which of the following best expresses the author‘s opinion of the Utilitarians?a. Unbiased.b. Neutral. C. Critical. d. Sympathetic.55. Which of the following is true?a. The author favors the principles of English freedom as opposed to the ideals of the Frenchrevolution.b. The author favors the principles of the French revolutions as opposed to the principles ofEnglish freedom.c. The author is deeply attached to the status quo between the principles of English freedomand the ideals of the French revolution.d. The author shows that the principle of political alienation in a capitalist society has aneconomic base.Passage 4There are two opinions as to the production of light. Augustine seems to say that Moses could not have fittingly passed over the production of the spiritual creature, and therefore when we read, In the beginning God created heaven and earth, a spiritual nature as yet formless is to be understood by the word heaven, and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth. And spiritual nature was formed first, as being of higher dignity than corporeal. The forming, therefore, of this spiritual nature is signified by the production of light. That is to say, the light in question is a spiritual light. For a spiritual nature receives its formation by the illumination whereby it is led to adhere to the Word of God.Other writers think that the production of spiritual creatures was purposely omitted by Moses, and give various reasons. Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things; but that the spiritual or angelic creation is passed over, as having been created beforehand.Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people, to whom material things alone appealed, and whom he was endeavoring to draw away from the worship of idols. It would have been to them a pretext for idolatry if he had spoken to them of natures spiritual in substance and nobler than all corporeal creatures; for they would have paid them divine worship, since they were prone to worship as gods even the sun, moon, and stars, which was forbidden them (Deut. Iv. 9)But scripture also mentioned several kinds of formlessness, in regard to the corporeal creature (Gen. i. 2). One is where we read that the earth was void and empty, and another where it is said that darkness was upon the face of the deep. Now it was necessary, for two reasons, that the infirmity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light. In the first place because light is a quality of the first body, as was stated, and thus it was fitting that the world should be first formed according to light. The second reason is because light is a common quality. For light is common to terrestrial and celestial bodies. But just as in knowledge we proceed from general principles, so do we in work of every kind. For the living thing is generated before the animal, and the animal before man, as is shown in De Gener. Anim. It was fitting, then, as an evidence of the divine wisdom, that among the works of distinction the production of light should take first place, since light is a form of the primary body, and because it is a more common quality.Basil, furthermore, adds a third reason: that all other things are made manifest by light. And there is yet a fourth, already touched upon in the objections, namely, that day cannot be unless light exists. It had to be made, therefore, on the first day.Comprehension Questions56. the purpose of this article is to _____.a. discuss the origination of lightb. argue that physical light came firstc. argue that spiritual light came firstd. discuss early religious idol origins57. in this passage, the meaning of corporeal is ______.a. a living thingb. a spiritual thingc. a physical bodyd. a form of light58. What does Chrysostom say is Moses‘s reason for not discussing the spiritual nature of light?a. The people wouldn‘t understand.。