名词解释
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1、Intercultural communication
Intercultural communication as a field of study first emerged in the U.S. in the 1950s.
Intercultural communication occurs whenever there is communication between people from
different cultural background. Intercultural communication guides the process of exchanging
meaningful and unambiguous information across cultural boundaries, in a way that preserves
mutual respect and minimizes antagonism. For these purposes, culture is a shared system of
symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms of behavior. It refers to coherent
groups of people whether resident wholly or partly within state territories, or existing without
residence in any particular territory.
2、Social functions of compliments
Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people,
expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a
conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment. It is a good way to eliminate the barriers of
psychological, to build the social relationship .Therefore, more and more people pay extensive
attention to the compliments.
3、Taboos
A taboo is a strong social prohibition relating to any area of human activity or social custom that
is sacred and forbidden based on moral judgement and sometimes even religious beliefs. A taboo
usually is a moral or cautionary restriction placed upon certain actions by authorities of a people,
which if ignored will result in specific negative consequences. In any culture, some words or
expressions are to be avoided because tradition or social custom strongly frowns on their use.
These are verbal taboos. Just as violating a cultural taboo can be quite offensive, so can verbal
taboo.
4、Nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication expresses meaning of feeling without words.
Universal emotions, such as happiness, fear, and sadness, are expressed in a similar nonverbal
way throughout the world. In broad terms, nonverbal communication covers four areas: time
language, space language, body language, and paralanguage.
Nonverbal communication has three qualities, such as invisible, omnipresent and learned.
NVC can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial
expression and eye contact. NVC can be communicated through object communication such as
clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, symbols and info graphics.
5、time language
Time language is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. The way we perceive
time, structure our time and react to time is a powerful communication tool, and helps set the
stage for the communication process. Across cultures, time perception plays a large role in the
nonverbal communication process. Time perceptions include punctuality, willingness to wait, and
interactions. The use of time can affect lifestyles, daily agendas, speed of speech, movements
and how long people are willing to listen. Time can also be used as an indicator of status. The way
different cultures perceive time can influence communication as well.
6、Paralanguage
Paralanguage refers to the nonverbal elements of communication used to modify meaning and
convey emotion. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously, and it includes
the pitch, volume, and, in some cases, intonation of speech. Sometimes the definition is restricted to vocally-produced sounds. The term paralanguage is sometimes used as a cover term
for body language, which is not necessarily tied to speech, and paralinguistic phenomena in
speech. The paralinguistic properties of speech play an important role in human speech
communication.
7、sex and gender
Sex is determined by genetic codes that program biological features. The words like “man”, “male”
and “female” indicate sexual identities. Gender is more complex than sex. Gender socialization
continues with interactions between parents, teachers, peers, and the media. Gender is a social
creation, not an individual characteristic. Every one is consciously or unconsciously gendered the
minute he or she comes into the world.
In all, gender and sex are not synonymous. Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while
gender is produced and reproduced by society. Societies create meanings of gender; in turn,
individuals become gendered as they embody social prescriptions in their personal identities.
8、High context culture
High context culture involves interaction via nonverbal language behavior, social status,
relationships rather than verbal language. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context
