动词的语气(陈述语气与虚拟语气、祈使语气)

动词的语气

-------陈述语气、祈使语气与虚拟语气

语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对说话内容的看法和态度。

一、语气的种类

1、 陈述语气：表示说话人认为他说的话是事实

They went to visit the Great Wall Yesterday.

He likes chemistry.

What a clever boy he is!

2、 祈使语气：表示说话人提出请求、命令、劝告、警告、号召等

Don’t leave today’s work for tomorrow.

Be more careful next time.

Work hard and you will succeed.

Be quick or you’ll be late.

3、虚拟语气：表示说话人认为他所说的话是和事实相反的主观设想或主观愿望。

If I were you, I would study hard.

I wish she had taken my advice.

试比较：

I hope he comes to Beijing.

(陈述语气)

我希望他能来北京。（很可能来）

I wish he came to Beijing. (虚拟语气)

我真希望他能来北京。（不可能来，只是表示愿望）

I suggest he come to Beijing. (虚拟语气)

我建议他来北京。（可能来也可能不来，只表示建议）

If I am a president, I will make all the people rich.（陈述语气，可能是候选人说）

If I were a president, I would make all the people rich.（虚拟语气，可能是小学生说）

If I win the race, I will buy a car. （陈述语气，得过第一名的人说）

If I won the race, I would buy a car. （虚拟语气，最后一名说）

在陈述语气中，主、从句时间一般要取得一致；而在虚拟语气中，主、从句时间经常不一致，不互相制约，因为表示愿望、假设等。如：

If it rains tomorrow, I will not go out. （时间一致，都表示将来）

如果明天下雨，我就不出门了。

If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.（时间不一致，主句表示现在，从句表示过去）

如果昨晚下雨的话，现在地上就会是湿的。

二、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法

1、虚拟语气在if条件句中的使用。（表示根本不存在的情况或实现可能性很小的假设）

1） 表示与现在事实相反的情况

if条件句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式

动词过去式（be用were） would / should / could / might +动词原形

If the weather were fine, they would go for a swim. （would用于各种人称）

如果天气好，他们就去游泳了。（事实天气不好）

If we had time now, we should/ would read it again. （should主要用于第一人称）

要是现在我们有空，我们就把它再看一遍。（事实我们现在没空）

If I were rich, I would buy that car. If I had a car , I should be very happy.

If you took his advice, you might be well soon. (might表示“或许”、“可能”之意)

2）表示与过去事实相反的情况

if条件句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式

had + 过去分词 would / should / could / might + have +过去分词

If I had taken his advice, I would not have made such a mistake.

如果我听了他的忠告，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实上当初我没有听他的忠告）

He wouldn’t have been able to write such a good novel if he hadn’t lived among the

workers for so many years. 假如他不是和工人一起生活这么多年，他不可能写出这样好的小说。（事实上当时他和工人生活在一起了）

If I had known her telephone number, I could have called her. （could表示“能够”）

If you had told him that thing yesterday, he might have made some suggestions.

If I had had enough money, I should have bought that car.

If he had hurried, he could have caught the train.

3) 表示与将来事实相反的情况

if条件句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式

1、 动词过去式（be用were）

2、 should + 动词原形

3、 were to + 动词原形

would / should / could / might +动词原形

If she should come, I would ask her for help.

(“should+ 动词原形”表示对将来的极大怀疑，意思是“万一”，表示可能性极小。)

万一她来的话，我就请她帮忙。（事实上她来的可能性很小）

If you should drop the glass, it would break. 杯子摔下来会打碎的。（事实上杯子没有摔下来）

If I were to go to abroad, I would go to America.

If it should rain tomorrow, I might get lost.

[注意]如果说话人认为if条件句所表示的是事实（客观存在的情况或实现性很大的假设），全句就可以用陈述句语气。

If you do it once more, you will do it better.

如果你再做一遍，你就会做得更好。（事实上完全可以再做一遍）

4)混合虚拟语气

有时从句和主句分别表示发生在不同时间的动作或状态，这时，动词的形式根据它所表示的时间加以调整。

If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now.

他当时若是听从医生的话，现在就会痊愈了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在）

If you were to master English, you should have worked hard.

如果你要掌握英语，你本来应该下苦功的。（从句说明将来，主句说明过去）

You could answer most of the questions now if you had reviewed the lesson last night.

如果你昨晚复习功课，现在你就能回答大部分问题。

If he had died in the accident, he couldn’t stand in front of you now.

如果他在那次事故中死去，他现在就不会站在你面前了。

5）在if虚拟条件句句中，如果从句中含有should, had 或were，可以省去if，把should,

had 或were移到主语之前。

Should it happen (=If it should happen), what would you do?

如果真发生这样的事，你怎么办呢？ Were I you (=If I were you), I would go. 如果我是你，我就去。

Had he recognized me (= If he had recognized me), he would have come over.

如果他认出了我，早就走过来了。

Were I to go home (=If I were to go home), I would do a lot of homework.

Had he hurried (=If he had hurried), he couldn’t have been late for school.

Should he fail(=If he should fail), he would leave school.

I would have called you had I known your telephone number (=If I had known your

telephone number) .

6) If it were not for + 短语….. 和 If it had not been for + 短语…..也是一种条件虚拟

语气从句，意思是“如果不是„„”。

If it were not for the guidance of the Party Committee, we should fail.

如果不是党委的指导，我们会失败的。（现在情况）

If it had not been for the help of our teacher, we should not have made so much

progress. 如果不是老师的帮助，我们就不会取得这么大的进步。（已发生的情况）

2、 if only…..与only if…….

1) if only 作“只要”讲，引出真实条件句，谓语动词用陈述语气。

If only you work hard, you’ll learn English well.

If only it clear up, we’ll go for a picnic.

2) if only 作“如果„„就好了”“要是„„就好了”讲，引出虚拟条件句，用来表示强烈的愿望或遗憾，谓语动词用虚拟语气。通常省略主句。

If only she had known where to find you!

If only I could speak several foreign languages!