The Function and Strategy Difference between Process R&D and Customer Synthesis

1 - 14
Objectives of the HRM Function (2 of 3)
Developing and maintaining a quality of work life that makes employment in the organization desirable
Communicating HRM policies to all employees
workforce efficiently Providing the organization with well-trained
and well-motivated employees Increasing to the fullest the employee’s job
satisfaction and self-actualization
investment Grievance rates Accident rates
1 - 13
Objectives of the HRM Function (1 of 3)
Helping the organization reach its goals Employing the skills and abilities of the
1-5
Four descriptions of the HRM function:
1. It is action-oriented 2. It is people-oriented 3. It is globally-oriented 4. It is future-oriented
1-6
Historical Foundations of HRM
Human resource specialists must show that they contribute to the goals and mission of the firm

Vol. 55 No. 11Nov. 2021第55卷第11期西安交通大学学报2021 年 11 月JOURNAL OF XI'AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITYM 估计补充策略下的三轴磁传感器误差补偿潘惠坤，李胜，钱晨，季蔡娟，徐振(南京理工大学自动化学院，210094,南京)摘要：针对三轴磁传感器采样过程中出现的异常值对磁传感器误差补偿产生影响的问题，提出了一种M 估计补充策略下的三轴磁传感器鲁棒补偿算法。

在最小二乘法的基础上引入M 估计算法，从而降低异常点对拟合结果的影响。

利用最小二乘法对原始数据进行拟合得到初始椭球系数；根据拟合出的椭球面和原始数据计算各点的残差，构建Huber 目标函数，根据残差大小计算各点 的权重，从而对椭球参数进行更新;多次迭代，直到前后两次迭代得到的椭球系数之差小于设定的阀值，得到误差补偿参数；利用补偿参数求取真实磁场数据。

通过仿真模拟实验和场外地磁采集实验对所提算法进行了验证：仿真结果表明，针对包含偏移大的异常值磁场数据序列，与最小二乘法和递推最小二乘法相比，经过多次迭代的M 估计补偿法的数据均方差降低了 97. 5%以上；地磁场数据采集实验结果表明，用M 估计补偿获得的数据有效降低了异常值带来的影响，提高了系统鲁 棒性，数据均方差比最小二乘法的低47. 74%，比递推最小二乘法的低7& 12% .关键词：三轴磁传感器；M 估计；椭球拟合；最小二乘法；误差补偿 中图分类号：TP212文献标志码：ADOI ： 10. 7652/xjtuxb202111007 文章编号:0253-987X(2021 )11-0059-07OSID 码Error Compensation of Triaxial Magnetic Sensor by M-EstimationPAN Huikun , LI Sheng , QIAN Chen, JI Caijuan, XU Zhen(School of Automation , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, China)Abstract : In the process o f sampling using the three-axis magnetic sensor , the abnormal valueusually affects the error compensation of the magnetic sensor. A robust, compensation method of three-axis magnetic sensor following M-est.imat.ion supplementary strategy is proposed.M-est.imat.ion algorithm is introduced based on least, square method to reduce the influence of outliers on fitting and increase t he robustness of magnetic sensor calibration. The least, squaremethod is used to fit the original data to get. the initial ellipsoid coefficient., and the residual error of each point, is calculated according to the fitted ellipsoid and the original data , then the Huberobjective function is constructed to evaluate the weight, of each point, according to the residualvalue , so as to update the ellipsoid parameters. Iterative operation is repeatedly carried out. until the difference between the ellipsoid coefficients obtained by t.wo iterations gets less than the set. threshold , and the parameters of error compensation are obtained. The compensation parametersare then used to obtain the real magnetic field data. The proposed algorithm is verified by simulationsandgeomagnetcdataacquisitionexperiments.Thesimulationsshowthatthe mean squareerrorofthe M-estimationcompensation methodis reduced by more than 97. 5% compared收稿日期：2021-04-01 .作者简介：潘惠坤( 1 997—),女，硕士生；李胜(通信作者)，男，副教授. 基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目(6 16732 14);江苏省高校自然科学研究项目(18KJB120011).网络出版时间：202 1-06-21网络出版地址：http : 〃kns. cnki. nct/kcms/dctail/6 1. 1069. T. 202 10618. 1023. 002. html60西安交通大学学报第55卷with the least,square method and the recursive least,square method.The geomagnetic data acquisition experiments show that,the data compensated with M-est.imat.ion method can effectively reduce the impact,of outliers and improve the system robustness,and the mean square error of the data is47.74%lower than the least,square method and78.12%lower than the recursive least, square method.Keywords:triaxial magnetic sensor；M-est.imat.ion；ellipsoid fitting；least,square method;error compensation地球磁场是地球系统的基本物理场之一，因为 其无源、稳定且与地理位置有关的优点，利用其进行导航的地磁匹配导航技术受到了学者们的关注［-4］。

Cocurrent


Operating System
8
CITS, NanKai University
Efficiency of Cocurrency
Operating System
9
CITS, NanKai University
Efficiency of Cocurrency

Efficiency under sequential mode
Second generation: Batch system

Third generation: Multiprogramming, timesharing


Forth generation: modern operating system


More mature process model More efficient mechanism for process scheduling and communication More complex algorithm for memory protection and management


Time consuming for 2 jobs: 80
Efficiency of CPU: 40/80 = 50% Efficiency of DEV1: 15 / 80 ＝ 18.75%

Efficiency of DEV2: 25 / 80 = 31.25%
Time consuming for 2 jobs:45 Efficiency of CPU: 40 / 45 = 89% Efficiency of DEV1: 15 / 45 = 33%

Skopos TheoryAbstract: In the 1970’ s Germany, a linguist by the name of Hans J. Vermeer broke the linguist-oriented trend by introducing the skopos theory, the first known functional approach to translation, which defends that every translation has a purpose, which would consequently determine the strategies the translator should adopt. This paper main introduces Vermeer’ s skopos theory, with its merits as well as demerits, and gives some personal insights on this theory.Keywords: Vermeer, skopos theory, functional theories of translationSkopos theory, a niche theory in the field of translation studies, employs the prime principle of a purposeful action that determines a translation strategy. The intentionality of a translational action stated in a translation brief, the directives, and the rules guide a translator to attain the expected target text translatum. Emerged around the late twentieth century, skopos theory is the core of the four approaches of German functionalist translation theory.1.Functional theories of translationFunctional theories from Germany in the 1970s-1980s mark a move away from linguistic typologies towards a consideration of culture. Katharina Reiss, a linguist and translation scholar, created a model of translation criticism based on the function relation between the source and the target text, though her views are still concerned with the previous equivalence ones. As she states in her book Possibility and Limits of Translation Criticism, an ideal translation should be “in which the aim in the TL(target language) is equivalence as regards the conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function of SL(source language)” [3].Going further than Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer completely refuses the equivalence-based theories, stating that “Linguistic alone won’t help us. First, because translating is not a merely and not even primarily a linguistic process. Secondly, because linguistics has not yet formulated the right question to tackle our problem” [4].And he put forward with the skopos theory, which lays foundation for the functional theories of translation. Justa Holz-Manttari introduces the theory of translatorial action. Similar to the ideas of Vermeer,Holz-Manttari describes translation as a complex action that is meant to achieve a specific purpose. Moreover, her theory focuses on the analysis of the participants (initiator, translator, target audience), their role and the conditions in which their activities take place. Christina Nord comes up with the “loyalty principle” of skopos theory, which states that the translators must be loyal to the author by making sure that his translatum doesn’t falsifies or is against the author’s original intentions.2. Skopos theory2.1 Synopsis of skopos theoryDiffering from previous translation studies which focus on a loyal reproduction of the source text in a target language based on principles of equivalence, Vermeer uses the action theory to defend that translation is an action with certain purpose. In the book composed with Reiss, he argues that every action has a purpose since “an action aims to achieve a goal and thus to alter the current states of affairs’’ [4]. As translating is a form of translational action that involves intentional communication (or interaction, if it affects two or more agents) and transition, there must be a purpose associated with it [6]. Because of this, Vermeer states “A translational action is governed by its purpose [4].” And he introduces the Greek word Skopos into translation, which means “aim’’ or “purpose” to propose his skopos theory of translation.According to Vermeer, to translate means “to produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances” [4].This is Vermeer’ s definition of translation, and is the manifestation of skopos theory. He proposes that there are three possible types of purposes. Firstly, a general purpose that a translator strives for, such as translating as a source of professional income. Secondly, a communicative purpose of a target text in a target circumstance, such as to instruct the audience. Thirdly, the purpose of a translation strategy or approach, such as to exhibit the structural traits of the source language [2]. In the case of the term “skopos” in skopos theory, it refers to the second type of purpose. For Vermeer, the main aspect that determines the purpose of a translation is the target audience. This includes their culture-specific knowledge, their knowledge of the world, their expectations and theircommunicative needs. Besides, from Vermeer’ s definition on translation, we can see that Vermeer completely excludes the source text as a key factor because, for him, the source text is merely a “source of information” that is then transformed into a “source of information” in the target language. Conversely, what skopos theory emphasizes in translation is a translatum—the target text (outcome) of a source text. And it is the skopos of translation that determines what strategies translators should take to obtain the intended goals. “Skopos theory shaped the way translators work by detaching from the source text and focusing on the target purpose and audience’’ [5]. Hence we can that Skopos theory gives great emphasis on the target language and target recipients. And since the purpose of the translation is judged by the translators, translators are endowed with great power.Under the spokos theory, there are six directives. They are as follows:(1) A translatum is determined by its skopos.(2) A translatum is an offer of information in a target culture and languageconcerning an offer of information in a source culture and source language.(3) A translatum does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way.(4) A translatum must be internally coherent.(5) A translatum must be coherent with the source text.(6)The five rules [sic] above stand in hierarchical order, with the skopos rulepredominating.The first directive highlights that in whatever condition the translation action is always determined by its skopos, its aim or purpose. The second directive points out the importance between the relationship of the source text and target text to their functions in their respective linguistic and cultural contexts [6].The third directive implies that the translatum do not necessarily have the same function of the source text, emphasizing the irreversibility. And the fourth directive emphasizes the internal textual coherence of source text and fifth the TT’ s intertextual coherence with the ST. There are three rules encompassing the six directives:(1)The skopos rule. The first rule to obey in the process of translation is the purposeof an overall translational action. Skopos rule is always put in the first place.(2)The coherence rule. This rule requires that any translatum should make senseaccording to the target culture of the target language so that the receivers can make sense of it. As quoted from Nord, this rule states:A translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation [2].(3)The fidelity rule. The third “overarching’’ rule necessitates intertextual coherencebetween the source and target texts as target texts are produced in accordance to the information offered by source texts.As quoted from Dan, this third rule states: The TT (target text) should bear some kind of relationship with the corresponding ST (source text) [2].As for the relationship between the three rules, the third rule, the fidelity rule, is subordinate to the second rule, the coherence rule, which in turn is subordinate to the skopos rule. In other words, when translating, the translator should first ensure that the TT fulfills its purpose, then make sure the TT is itself coherent and only see that the TT demonstrates coherence with the ST.2.2 Merits of skopos theoryTo begin with, the skopos theory has provided solid theoretical foundation for translating practical texts. For instance, legal translation is the translation of legal and interlingual information. And it is culture-dependent and there may be specific conventions or concepts that are culture-bound and only exist in the source culture but not the target culture. Through the standard set by the skopos theory, translators measure the preservation of elements in their transfer from source to target text. Via the skopos rule and the coherence rule, the requirement that the target text is coherent for the target text receivers will help to inform translators on adjusting the degree of preservation they want such that this coherence is ensured. To some certain extent, Skopos theory has a wide range of practicability as it can promote translators ‘s efficiency when dealing with practical texts [7].Furthermore, Skopos theory highlights the importance of translators in translation activities, which greatly actives participation of translators. It breaks through the restriction of equivalence translation theory, studies translation from theperspectives of intercultural communication, and broadens the vision of translation studies [8].2.3 Demerits of skopos theoryThe flip side of the coin that involves the freedom to choose from different translation strategies based on the element of purpose, is that the theory may be seen as a vague framework that does not provide precise step-by-step orchestration. Students and translators in training do not have guidelines to follow diligently, possibly posing additional pressure and responsibilities on the translator to seek an adequate translation strategy. This can diminish their understanding and translation experiences for practical situations that are vital in the beginning stages of learning.Skopos theory focuses on the functional study of the TT. Tang Yujie argues that sometime, in order to achieve certain purpose, the translator may take the strategy of rewriting, which makes the TT far betray the original text. By taking into account the needs and expectations of the target audience, the translator is detaching completely from the source text.[7] Skopos theory does not pay sufficient attention to the linguistic nature of the ST nor to the reproduction of mirco-level features in the TT. Even if the skopos is adequately fulfilled, it may be inadequate at the stylistic or semantic levels of individual segments.In addition, since it is up to the translator to decide the purpose of translation action, the translator may lose his sense of responsibility and professional ethics in the process of translation, thus becoming a vulgar utilitarian or pragmatist.Moreover, not all translation has a purpose. What purports to be a “general” theory is in fact only valid for non-literary texts. Literary texts are considered to have no specific purpose.Finally, “Jargon such as translatum does little to further translation theory where workable terms (target text) already exist” [1].3.ConclusionBefore functional approaches to translation, and more specifically the skopos theory, translation consisted of a loyal reproduction of the source text in a target language, based on principles of equivalence. The most revolutionary aspect aboutthese new approaches is that the source text was no longer the king of the translation, something translators had to worship. Now, the translators are allowed and encouraged to take into consideration, and privilege, other important aspects, namely the purpose of the translation, and its target audience, who the text is intended for, bearing in mind their circumstances.In my point of view, skopos theory poses as a huge improvement for translation studies, since it shifts the focus of the translation process, enabling the translator to overcome cultural barriers. This makes TT into more natural-sounding and cultural-appropriate texts, with no comprehension constraints, that people can actually connect with, and feel like they are reading something that are written specifically for them.References:[1] Munday, Jeremy. Introduction Translation Studies: Theories and Applications [M]. 4th edition.London: Routledge, 2016.[2] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a purposeful activity: Functionalist approaches explained (2nded.). London: Routledge,2018.[3] Reiss Katharina. Translation Criticis: The Potentials and Limitations.St. Jerome Publishing,1997.[4] Reiss, Katharina & Hans J. Vermeer. Towards a General Theory of Translational Action: Skopos Theory Explained [M]. translated by Christiane Nord. London: Routledge, 1984/2013.[5] Vermeer, Hans Josef . "Ein Rahmen für eine allgemeine Translationstheorie". Lebende Sprachen, 1978.[6] Xiaoyan Du. A Brief Introduction of Skopos Theory[J]. Theory and Practice in Language Studies,2012,2(10).[7]卞建华,崔永禄.功能主义目的论在中国的引进、应用与研究(1987—2005)[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2006(05):82-88.[8] 汤玉洁.浅析翻译目的论[J].和田师范专科学校学报,2008(01):159-161.。