Type II Fluid Solutions to Einstein Field Equations in N-Dimensional Spherical Spacetimes

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C] or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people 9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16,there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]returns[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year’s rise,an average of2.7percent,may be a fraction lower than last year’s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares________.[A]will ease train operation’s burden[B]has kept pace with inflation[C]is a big surprise to commuters[D]remains an unreasonable measure22.The stockbroker in Para.2is used to stand for________.[A]car drivers[B]rail traverllers[C]local investors[D]ordinary tax payers23.It is indicated in Para.3that train operators________.[A]are offering compensations to commuters[B]are trying to repair ralations with the unions[C]have failed to provide an adequate source[D]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face________.[A]the loss of investment[B]the collapse of operations[C]a reduction of revenue[D]a change of ownership25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn’t Worlk[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D]Ever-rising Fares Aren’t SustainableText2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in7,468forested villages across15 provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors,like weather and macroeconomic changes,which were also affecting forest loss.With that,“we see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,”Ferraro says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”26.According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to________.[A]facilitate health care reform[B]help poor families get better off[C]improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that________.[A]cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers[D]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intends to find out________.[A]its acceptance level of CCTs[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[D]the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that________.[A]it will benefit other Asian countries[B]it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can boost grain production30.What is the text centered on?[A]The effects of a program.[B]The debates over a program.[C]The process of a study.[D]The transferability of a study.Text3As a historian,who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?).I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of“Smiling Victorians”makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the1840s and1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today’s digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,”ran one popular Victorian maxim,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry,mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular“pearly whites”was a rare sight in Victorian society,the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers)lacked class:drunks, tramps,prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According to Paragraph1,the author’s posts on Twitter________.[A]illustrated the development of Victorian photography[B]highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies[C]re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public image[D]changed people’s impression of the Victorians32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A]They are rare among photographs of that age.[B]They show effects of different exposure times.[C]They mirror19th-century social conventions.[D]They are in popular use among historians.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?[A]Their inherent social sensitiveness.[B]Their tension before the camera.[C]Their distrust of new inventions.[D]Their unhealthy dental condition.34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was________.[A]a deep-root belief[B]a misguided attitude[C]a controversial view[D]a thought-provoking idea35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A]Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B]Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?[C]What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?[D]How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?Text4From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers,anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution,it only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals court unanimously upheld the2017order deregulating broadband providers,citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that"the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,"and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to"avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism."In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to pre-empt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California,which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband provides would.[A]bring web-based firms under control[B]slow down the traffic on their network[C]show partiality in treating clients[D]intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules,the FCC.[A]sticks to an out-of-date order[B]takes an anti-regulatory stance[C]has issued a special resolution[D]has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph3?[A]It protects against unfair competition[B]It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C]It is under the FCC'S investigation.[D]It is in pursuit of quality service.39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision.[A]focuses on trivialities[B]conveys an ambiguous message[C]is at odds with its earlier rulings[D]is out of touch with reality40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A]Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B]The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C]Rules need to be set to diversify online services.[D]Broadband providers'rights should be protected.Part BDirections：In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For questions41–45,choose the most suitable one from the list A–G to fit into each of numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence(AI)is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life.When it comes to AI in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities.One common application?Preventing electronic security breaches, which,rather than eliminating IT jobs,actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better Hiring PracticesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions.“There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews aremuch more biased than what AI does,”says Domingos.In addition,(41)One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More Effective MarketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10 percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.(42) ________________These are“tools that help people use data,not a replacement for people,”says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving Customers MoneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.Insurance companies,meanwhile,can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk.(43)Improved Accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable,”says Winston.It“helps people make smarter decisions.”(44)Protecting and Maintaining InfrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they fail first and then you fix them,it’s very expensive,”says Domingos.“(45)”[A]I replace the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research,you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.[B]One accounting firm,EY,uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.This process,along with employees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.[C]There are also companies like Acquisio,which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will be most effective.[D]You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for [employees]to go to.[E]“Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,”says Domingos,“or they would charge them too little and then it would cost[the company] money.”[F]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone…to accomplish something beyond human scale.[G]AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern western societies.(46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than asecondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending to a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly though unevenly in the1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth:(48) in many countries of Western Europe the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the decade of the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight,or10years by the middle of the1970s.Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example,a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration,and above all of socialization.When a very large proportion of all the members of an institution are new recruits,they threaten to overwhelm the processes whereby recruits to a more slowly growing system are inducted into its value system and learn its norms and forms. When a faculty or department grows from,say,five to20members within three or four years,(49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty and its standards.And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy,West Germany,and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation;they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into acommunity of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the1960s and1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements,with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.They also saw higher levels of student discontent,reflecting the weakening of traditional forms of academic communities.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:One foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China.Please write an email to him/her to make some suggestions.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the pictures below.In your essay,you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2021年答案速查表SectionⅠUse of English(10points)1.C2.D3.A4.B5.A6.A7.C8.B9.A10.C11.D12.B13.C14.D15.D16.B17.D18.A19.A20.C SectionⅡReading Comprehension(60points)Part A(40points)Text121.D22.B23.C24.D25.DText226.B27.D28.C29.C30.AText331.D32.A33.D34.A35.AText436.C37.B38.B39.D40.APart B(10points)41.G42.C43.E44.B45.DPart C(10points)46.二次世界大战以后，出现了这样的一些西方国家。

User GuideCellASIC ® ONIX M04T-01 Microfluidic Gradient PlateFor research use only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.IntroductionThe CellASIC ® ONIX M04T Microfluidic Plate is a 4-chamber cell culture plate designed for use with the CellASIC ® ONIX2 Microfluidic System and CellASIC ® ONIX2 Manifolds,enabling real-time imaging of 12 µm-sized suspension cells 1. This bio-inspired plate provides a controlled and dynamic microenvironment for cells, which when used in conjunction with the ONIX2 system, permits perfusion-based, long-term, live-cell analysis with automated solution switching. Theeasy-to-use format and novel microfluidics-based technology redefine the standard for live cell imaging experimentation.Applications• Trapping and monitoring of mammalian suspension of 5–12 µm-sized cells 1• Time-lapse analysis of suspension cells• Temperature and gas atmospheric control (temperature shift, anoxic conditions, etc.)• Long-term continuous perfusion experiments• Solution exchange experiments (induction, inhibition, drug dosing, etc.)• Comparison of up to 4 different cell types or exposureconditions (media type and reagent concentration) in parallelPlate DescriptionA B C D123456Solution inlets78Cell inletOutletFigure 1. Plate configurationThe M04T plate has 4 independent units (A–D), each with 6 inlet wells (1–6), a cell inlet (8), and a large outlet well (7). Each row of wells (A–D) addresses the corresponding culture chamber . The plate is shipped pre-primed with a PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) solution, which can be replaced with a buffer of choice prior to experiment. Each chamber has an array of 104 barrier trap pads 12.0 μm in height to hold cells in a single focal plane during long-term analysis. The plate is for single use only.1. The trap has height of 12 µm with vertical barrier gap spacing of 3 µm (See “Cell Trapping Mechanism” for more detail), suitable to use with cells that are 5–12 µm insize. Depending on cell morphology, it is also possible to capture cells of larger sizes.Culture chamber (A–D)Flow inletsFigure 2. Chamber viewing windowAll four culture chambers are located under a single viewing window to minimize travel distance for high-magnificationphase objectives.iii. Wide-opening cell trap123456Figure 3. Culture chamberSchematic indicating the dimensional features of tissue culture chamber with cell trap array. Notice that the colors represent different heights. White: 12 µm; light blue: 25 µm; dark blue: 40 µm. Zoomed-in area (red rectangle) shows the barrier surrounding each trap marked by royal blue with vertical gap height of 3 µm. Additional description on trap design can be found in Figure 4. The culture chamber hexagon marquee is 3.0×6.0 mm with a ceiling height of 25 µm (area with light blue color). Within each chamber , the culture array area is 3.0×3.0 mm with 104 interdigitating individual traps with two different openings (wide and narrow) and heights of 12 µm. Wide and narrow openings enable a balance between initial trapping efficiency and retention of cells over time, allowing more experimental flexibility. For example, narrow opening traps will have lower number of suspension cells initiallytrapped, while retaining these cells within the trap for a longer period, compared to the wide-opening traps. Nine position markers indicate unit number and relative position.The inlet/outlet functions and minimum/maximum recommended volumes for each culture unit are listed below.Inlet 1Inlet for solution switching50300 Inlet 2Inlet for solution switching50300 Inlet 3Inlet for solution switching50300 Inlet 4Inlet for solution switching50300 Inlet 5Inlet for solution switching50300 Inlet 6Inlet for solution switching50300 Outlet 7Outlet from culture chamber50795 Inlet 8Inlet for cell loading into culturechamber / Additional outlet fromculture chamber50265 Cell Trapping MechanismPDMS Trap PDMS TrapFigure 4. Cell trapping mechanismA. C ross-sectional view of an individual trap. Themicrofabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) trap has x-y dimension of 100 μm and height of 12 μm. Due to its height, the traps can hold suspension cells gently against the glass viewing surface and maintain these cells within single focal plane during live cell imaging, facilitating more detailedimaging of suspension cells.B. I mage of traps with retained cells. Shown are narrow (top)and wide (bottom) opening traps with captured Jurkat cells.Notice the barriers bracketing each trap pad’s perimeteron three sides, which act to retain motile cells within FOV (field of view) during imaging. Narrow and wide traps have openings of 26 µm, and 88 µm, respectively, with vertical gap height of 3 µm. Each trap is “open” on the side facing the direction of flow during cell loading.Manifold DescriptionThe CellASIC® ONIX2 heated (CAX2-MXT20) or basic(CAX2-MBC20) manifolds connect the microfluidic plate to the CellASIC®ONIX2 Microfluidic System.Well group 8GasenvironmentVacuum12345678Gas inletWell groups Well groupsFigure 5. Lines to CellASIC® ONIX2 Microfluidic SystemFlow control is achieved using air pressure above the liquid in each well. Multiple wells on a plate are grouped together and addressed by a single pneumatic line via the manifold. Each set of wells is called a “well group.” A vacuum line is used to seal the plate to the manifold, and a gas line enables atmospheric control.Flow PropertiesFlow properties of wells 1–6 are shown in Figure 6. The figure shows the flow rate out of the well as a function of pressure.If more than one channel is pressurized, multiply the well flow rate by the number of pressurized channels to derive the overall flow rate.FlowRate(mL/hr)15304560Pressure (kPa)015304560Figure 6. Flow rate for wells 1–6Plate StorageStore at room temperature. Do not store in direct sunlight. LimitationsThe plate is incompatible with acetic acid and organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol, and methanol. Plates should be tested for compatibility with other acids or organic solvents prior to use.Plate OperationIf temperature control is needed, use the CellASIC® ONIX2 Manifold XT (CAX2-MXT20). Refer to the CellASIC® ONIX2 Microfluidic System User Guide for setup instructions.Plate Priming1. For units to be used (A–D, see Figure 1), replace the PBSin the solution inlet (wells 1–6) and cell inlet (well 8) wells with 100–300 µL of your desired media, e.g., RPMI with10% FBS. Aspirate and empty well 7 (waste well). Makesure to leave all the wells of any unused units filled PBSsolution while emptying well 7.NOTE: It is best to perform the priming and cell loading(see next section) steps at room temperature as certain cell types can become sticky at 37 °C.2. Seal the microfluidic plate to the ONIX2 manifold, accordingto the CellASIC® ONIX2 Microfluidic System User Guide.3. Open the CellASIC® ONIX2 Software, select one of the NewExperiment options, and find the M04T plate on the drop down list. On the Manual Mode tab (Figure 7), click on the Run liquid priming sequence button.NOTE: The preloaded priming sequence should contain the following steps for well group 1–6 and 8:i) 7 kPa (1 psi) for 3 minutes.ii) 50 kPa (7.3 psi) for 20 seconds.iii) 7 kPa (1 psi) for 20 seconds.iv) 50 kPa (7.3 psi) for 20 seconds.For more information on creating custom protocols, refer to the CellASIC® ONIX2 Microfluidic System user Guide.4. Unseal the plate by pressing the Seal button on theinstrument or in the Tools drop-down menu, click UnsealPlate. Remove the manifold from the plate. Proceed to cell loading step.Cell Loading1. Prepare cell suspension of 3~10 x 106 cells/mL for loading.This concentration can be optimized depending on thedesired trapping efficiency.NOTE: It is critical that cells are in good health. Only usecells in their logarithmic growth phase.NOTE: Since trap height is 12 µm, some large suspension cells, such as RAW264.7 may be difficult to trap. However, in most cases, cells with size larger than 12 µm can becaptured with the trap. To date, we have done live cellimaging using the following commonly used cell lines:Jurkat, Raji, THP-1, U937, K562, and HL-60.2. Aspirate media from cell inlet well 8.3. Pipette 80 µL of prepared cell suspension into cell inletwell 8. Make sure cell solution covers the hole at thebottom of the well.4. Seal the microfluidic plate to the ONIX2 manifold accordingto the CellASIC® ONIX2 Microfluidic System User Guide.5. Open the CellASIC® ONIX2 Software, select one of the NewExperiment options, and find the M04T plate on the drop-down list. On the Manual Mode tab (Figure 7), click on the Run cell loading sequence button.NOTE: for initial experiment, we recommend pressurizingwell groups 1–6 and 8 at 3 kPa (0.4 psi) for 20 seconds.This loading protocol must be repeated minimum of 4 times.6. Assess the overall trapping level by microscope. To increasetrapping, repeat the loading protocol.NOTE: Increasing the number of loading will also increase trapping of cellular debris and dead cells. Do not increasethe number of loading beyond the minimum required.NOTE: Alternatively, it is also possible to capture more cells by increasing the loading pressure to 4~5 kPa. However,as before, it is important to strike the balance between the trapping of healthy cells vs. cellular debris and dead cells.Do not increase the pressure beyond the minimum required.7. Once desired level of cell trapping has been achieved,leave the plate at room temperature for 30 minutes before proceeding to setting up imaging experiment.8. Unseal the plate by pressing the Seal button on theinstrument or in the Tools drop-down menu, click onUnseal Plate. Remove the manifold from the plate.Proceed to setting up the experiment.Setting up the dynamic live cell imaging experiment: Cell Culture and Solution Switching1. Aspirate and replace media from desired wells withappropriate solution (any well s 1–6). Add up to 300 µL ofdesired solution to the wells. Optional: cells can be removed from well 8 at this point.2. Seal the microfluidic plate to the ONIX2 manifold accordingto the CellASIC® ONIX2 Microfluidic System user Guide.3. Open the CellASIC® ONIX2 Software, select one of the NewExperiment optio ns, and find the M04T plate on the drop-down list. Click on the Protocol Editor tab and enter thedesired steps and conditions. For an example, see Figure 8.NOTE: It is important to keep perfusing cells duringculturing to provide adequate nourishment and removalof potential waste products. We recommend minimumpressure of 14 KPa (2 psi) from at least one inlet duringculturing to keep cells healthy.NOTE: When designing the duration of experiment, flowrate data from Figure 6 should be used as reference. Forexample, when perfusion setting of 14 kPa (2 psi) is used, 300 µL of solution from a given well will easily be able toperfuse cells for an overnight 16-hour experiment without emptying. However, if 50 kPa (7.3 psi) is used, then 300 µL of solution will run out within 10 hours.For information on creating a protocol, refer to theCellASIC® ONIX2 Microfluidic System User Guide.4. To start imaging, place the sealed plate/manifold assemblyon an inverted microscope. Survey the trap array andidentify the traps to be used for live cell imaging.5. During extended perfusion experiments, empty well 7periodically to avoid outlet overflow into the manifold tubing and perfusion system, since the capacity of the waste well is about 800 µL. On the Run tab in the CellASIC® ONIX2Software, click the Pause button. Press the Seal buttonon the instrument or in the Tools drop-down menu, clickUnseal Plate. Remove the manifold from the plate, andaspirate well 7.6. Reseal the manifold to the plate, then on the Run tab, clickResume to restart the perfusion protocol.Software OperationThe figures below show two modes for running experiments using the CellASIC ® ONIX2 software. Refer to the CellASIC ® ONIX2Microfluidic System User Guide for details on software features.Manual pressure activation (click colored bar to activate well group)(set point)= 0.0 kPaGas flow control (On/Off, source,and flow)Culturechamber layoutpressure is on)Status bar (shows current system conditions and operations)Figure 7. Manual Mode allows interactive operation of the ONIX2 System. Operating parameters can be set manually and this mode also provides the option to run short automated setup sequences that are prepopulated with plate-specific defaults. These setup sequences can be edited if desired.Perfusion: Setspressure and well specified duration Temperature Set:Gas Set: Sets conditionsPause: Closes while maintaining temperature and gas environmentsProtocol steps are listed in this pane Additional comments or details for each step may be captured in this paneFigure 11. Protocol Editor mode allows the creation and editing of an experimental protocol. A protocol is comprised of a sequence of environmental control and/or perfusion steps. Steps can be added and altered as desired. When the protocol is ready, it can be executed using the Run tab.SpecificationsCulture Plate Dimensions Length × widthHeight without lid 127.3 mm (5.0 in.) × 85.2 mm (3.4 in.)14.3 mm (0.6 in.)Number of Traps Wide opening Narrow opening 104 64 40Culture Chamber Dimensions LengthWidthTrap heightChamber heightCulture array lengthGlass bottom thickness (#1.5 slide)6.0 mm (0.24 in.)3.0 mm (0.12 in.)12.0 µm25.0 µm3.0 mm170 µmPlate materials of construction Polycarbonate, silicone, acrylic, glass Product Ordering InformationThis section lists catalogue numbers for the CellASIC® ONIX products. You can purchase these products and find the most up-to-date software, plate maps, and user guides at /cellasic.Microfluidic PlatesCellASIC® ONIX Plate for Bacteria Cells(4-chamber, trap heights of 0.7, 0.9, 1.1,1.3,2.3, and 4.5 µm)5B04A-03-5PKCellASIC® ONIX Gradient Plate forMammalian Cells (4-chamber)5M04G-02-5PK CellASIC® ONIX Open-top Plate forMammalian Cells (4-chamber)5M04L-03-5PK CellASIC® ONIX Switching Plate forMammalian Cells (4-chamber)5M04S-03-5PK CellASIC® ONIX Pad Trap Plate(4-chamber, trap heights 12.0 µm)5M04T-01-5PK CellASIC® ONIX Plate for Haploid YeastCells (4-chamber, trap heights of 3.5, 4.0,and 4.5 µm)5Y04C-02-5PKCellASIC® ONIX Plate for Diploid YeastCells (4-chamber, trap heights of 5.0, 6.0,and 7.0 µm)5Y04E-01-5PKCellASIC® ONIX Pad Trap Plate(4-chamber, trap height of 4.0 µm)5Y04T-04-5PK CellASIC® ONIX2 Microfluidic System and ManifoldsCellASIC® ONIX2 Microfluidic System1CAX2-S0000 CellASIC® ONIX2 Manifold XT(temperature controlled)1CAX2-MXT20 CellASIC® ONIX2 Manifold Basic(no temperature control)1CAX2-MBC20Replacement Parts/AccessoriesCellASIC® ONIX2 Filter Multiconnector(includes filters)1CAX2-AMC00 CellASIC® ONIX2 Software USB Drive1CAX2-SSW01 CellASIC® ONIX2 Gasket1CAX2-AGK20 CellASIC® ONIX2 Self Check Plate1CAX2-ASP20 CellASIC® ONIX2 Cleaning Plate1CAX2-ACP20 CellASIC® ONIX2 Replacement Filter Pack(9 × 4 mm and 1 × 13 mm Millex® 0.45 µmPTFE filters)1CAX2-AFP00CellASIC® ONIX2 Accessory Fittings(quick-connect gas fitting, 2/pk)1CAX2-ABF00 CellASIC® ONIX2 Temperature CalibrationPlate1CAX2-ACT20 CellASIC® ONIX2 Premixed Gas Regulator(for use with 103 L or 112 L gas cylinderswith a C10 connection)1CAX2-ABR00 CellASIC® ONIX2 Microfluidic ServicesCellASIC® ONIX2 Essential Service Plan1CAX2-ESVC CellASIC® ONIX2 Total Service Plan1CAX2-TSVC CellASIC® ONIX2 Installation1CAX2-INST NoticeWe provide information and advice to our customers on application technologies and regulatory matters to the best of our knowledge and ability, but without obligation or liability. Existing laws and regulations are to be observed in all casesby our customers. This also applies in respect to any rights of third parties. Our information and advice do not relieve our customers of their own responsibility for checking the suitability of our products for the envisaged purpose.The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by the manufacturing or selling entity, or an affiliate. We assume no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. Contact InformationFor the location of the office nearest you, go to/offices.Technical AssistanceVisit the tech service page on our web site at/techservice.Standard WarrantyThe applicable warranty for the products listed in this publication may be found at /terms.。

2023年宜荆荆随恩高三12月联考高三英语试卷注意事项：I.答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号、考场号、座位号填写在试卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。

2.选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑．写在试卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

3.非选择题的作答：用黑色签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。

写在试卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节饼；5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出朵佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍．例：How much is the shirt?A.£19.15.B. £9.18.答案是C。

I.What is Paul going to do this summer?A.Go to the beach.B. Attend summer school.2.Why does the woman come to the man?A.To send an apology.B.To make a complaint.3.What does the man plan to do?A.Get a degree.B.Find a job.4.What does the woman mean?A.She would like to come along.B. The weather is quite pleasant.C.She knows the harbor well5.How much should the man pay?A. £130.B. £152.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.S分C.£9.15.C.Earn some money.C.To seek some advice.C.Leave the company.C.幻96.听下面5段对话或独白。

Viscosity Index of Base and Lube Oils with SVM™ 4001Refineries, lube oil blenders, lubricant R&D, bulk consumers (manufacturers of land-, water- and aircrafts,engines and machinery for incoming QC)Base oils are the main ingredient of formulated lube oils. Lubricating oils are used in various industries and must fulfill different requirements. Kinematic viscosity and the Viscosity Index are the most important parameters for both base and lube oils. The Anton Paar SVM™ 4001 is aperfect solution for viscosity measurement at two temperatures and VI calculation.Figure 1: Formulated lube oil1Why measure viscosity and determine the VI?Kinematic viscosity at 40 and 100 °C is the input parameter for calculation of the Viscosity Index (VI) according to ASTM D2270.The VI shows the influence of temperature on an oil‘s viscosity and is an important parameter for the oil’s lubrication properties.Low VI means the viscosity changes considerably at different temperatures. Such oil is highly viscous at low temperatures and rather liquid at hightemperatures. A high VI means the opposite: the viscosity changes only slightly at different temperatures over a wide temperature range. This report describes how to measure base oils and lube oils at 40 and 100 °C simultaneously from one syringe. The Viscosity Index is automatically calculated from these results. 2Which instrument is used?For these tests, SVM™ 4001 is the best solution. SVM™ 4001 features two integrated viscosity anddensity measuring cells which are filled in one go. The lower cell is set to 40 °C, the upper one to 100 °C. Besides the measurement at these two temperatures, viscosity measurement can also be performed at other temperatures within the measuring range (e.g. at50 °C and 80 °C) if required. The instrument software calculates the required viscosity values at 40 and 100 °C from the obtained results according to ASTM D341 and Viscosity Index is automatically calculated.Due to the integrated density oscillators of the SVM™ 4001, the density measurement according to ASTM D4052 or ISO 12185 is carried outsimultaneously with the viscosity measurement.Moreover, API calculations of density overtemperature are integrated in the instrument software and are freely selectable on the 10.4” touch-screen. Users can choose from four different precision classes depending on the sample and the precisionrequirement, which also impacts the duration of the measurement. 3Which samples are tested?Five base oils from ASTM PTP and three ready-to-use commercially available formulated lube oils are tested.Table 1: Tested samplesBase oils Formulated lube oils BO1412 BO1408 BO1404 BO1312 BO1212Engine oil 10 W40 Gear oil 75W140Automatic Transmission Fluid4 Measuring the samples4.1 Instrument settingsMeasurements according to ASTM D7042.▪Method: SVM 4001 VI▪Measurement mode: Repeated▪Precision class: Precise▪RDV: 0.10 %▪RDD: 0.0002 g/cm³▪Automatic prewetting: yes4.2 CalibrationUse only a calibrated instrument. The calibration shall be performed periodically using certified reference standards. According to ASTM D7042, the reference standards shall be certified by a laboratory, which meets the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 or a corresponding national standard. Viscosity standards should be traceable to master viscometer procedures. The uncertainty for density standards must not exceed 0.0001 g/cm³. For each certified value the uncertainty should be stated (k = 2; 95 % confidence level). Use one or more standard(s) in the viscosity range of your oil sample(s). If required, apply a calibration correction to improve the reproducibility. To perform the calibration, refer to the SVM™ x001 Manual.4.3 Sample preparationIf the sample is not freshly drawn from a production line or elsewhere, homogenizing the test specimen might improve the measurement repeatability. Proceed as follows: Fill approx. 100 mL of sample into a glass beaker, cover it with a laboratory film to avoid contamination and stir the sample on a magnetic stirrer at low speed for approx. 5 min.4.4 FillingSingle-use syringes with a volume of 10 mL are recommended to have enough sample for refills. Never use syringes with a rubber sealing, as the rubber is chemically not resistant and also these syringes tend to draw bubbles.Ensure that the measuring cells are leak tight, clean and dry.Fill approx. 2.5 mL as first filling. After prewetting refill at least 1 mL or until the sample in the waste hose is free of bubbles. The typical sample is 6 – 8 mL (including prewetting and refills), where the volume can vary depending on the sample. 4.5 Cleaning4.5.1 SolventsPetroleum benzine 100/140 (aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent, blend of mainly C7, C8, C9 n-alkanes with a boiling range of 100 °C to 140 °C respectively 212 °F to 284 °F) is a universal solvent for cleaning over a wide temperature range. Ensure that the solvent starts boiling at a temperature higher than the measuring temperature. Otherwise a lack of cleaning in the hot upper cell may impact the measuring results.The typically required solvent volume is 9 – 12 mL per sample.In any case, the used solvent needs to dry up completely at the measuring temperature. If using a single solvent, the solvent quality shall be "chemically pure“ or "for synthesis“. If using two solvents, only the second solvent needs to meet this quality.Some oil samples require an aromatic solvent like toluene or xylene, as they are not (completely) soluble in petroleum benzine. In this case use the aromatic solvent first, the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent as the second one.Avoid using acetone or ethanol, as these solvents start boiling below the temperature of the upper cell.4.5.2 Cleaning Procedure▪Tap the cleaning button to open the cleaning screen. Observe it during the cleaning procedure. ▪Remove the sample from the cells (push through using an air-filled syringe).▪Fill approx. 3 mL of solvent using a syringe and leave the syringe connected.▪Tap the motor speed button to improve the cleaning performance in the viscosity cell. Thecleaning screen shows the mixing of solvent andsample residue by change of viscosity. Thedensity value indicates whether the cell is filledproperly with solvent. Stop the motor again.▪Move the plunger of the syringe back and forth (motor at filling speed) to improve the cleaningperformance both in the density oscillator and inthe viscosity cell.▪Blow air for some seconds through the cells to remove the sample-solvent-mixture.▪Repeat the procedure until the liquid has reached approx. the solvent’s viscosity while the motor isturning on high speed.▪Perform a final flush with a drying solvent to remove any residues.Observe the cleaning screen. Dry the measuring cells until the cleaning value turns green andstays steadily green for both cells.For details please refer to the SVM™ x001 Manual.5 ResultsFor all tested samples, repeat measurements were performed according to ASTM D7042. Based on the valid results (n = 11), the mean value and standard deviation is calculated and displayed in the tables below. Looking at the standard deviation, all samples showed a good repeatability.5.1 Base oilsThe results were compared to the robust mean of the ASTM PTP (Proficiency Testing Program) results obtained by ASTM D445.The absolute deviation between the SVM™ 3001 results and the ASTM PTP results were within the measurement uncertainty of SVM™ of ±0.35 %.40 °C:BO1412 20.814 20.84 -0.124 0.043 BO1408 38.240 38.26 0.053 0.025 BO1404 99.857 99.81 0.047 0.021 BO1312 21.253 21.30 -0.221 0.016 BO1212 28.215 28.23 -0.053 0.022 Table 2: Kinematic viscosity of base oils at 40 °C100 °C:BO1412 4.1420 4.152 -0.237 0.044 BO1408 6.0974 6.110 -0.206 0.038 BO1404 11.344 11.364 -0.178 0.031 BO1312 4.5138 4.512 0.040 0.012 BO1212 5.1573 5.169 0.033 0.008 Table 3: Kinematic viscosity of base oils at 100 °CViscosity Index (ASTM D2270):Sample Viscosity Index (determined)BO1412 98.57BO1408 104.23BO1404 99.59BO1312 127.84BO1212 113.36Table 4: Viscosity Index of base oils Generally, most base oils have a rather low VI compared to formulated end products. The higher the temperature related change of viscosity, the lower the VI is. Depending on the group of base oils an oil belongs to, there are also differences.For example, BO1412 and BO1312 have a similar kinematic viscosity at 40 °C.At 100 °C, the kinematic viscosity of BO1312 is approx. 9 % higher than the viscosity of BO1412. The oils show a similar temperature dependent behavior. But the VI of BO1312 is approx. 30 % higher than the VI of BO1412. Considering the VI, BO1412 can be a group I or II base oil (VI 80 to 120), while BO1312 can be a group III or IV base oil (VI > 120).Figure 2: Kinematic viscosity and VI of base oils5.2 Formulated lube oilsThe results are compared to the data given on the product data sheets of the oils. These are typical values stated by the oil blending company and can vary slightly depending on the oil batch. Usually, the PDS values are obtained by ASTM D445 measurements.40 °C:Sample ASTM D7042Kin.vis [mm²/s](measured)TypicalKin.vis [mm²/s(data sheet)]Dev. to Typical%Std. dev.r (2 σ)% Eng.Oil10W4096.09 99 -2.940.012 ATF 38.80 38 2.100.023 GearOil75W140174.00 175 -0.570.035 Table 5: Kinematic viscosity of formulated lube oils at 40 °C100 °C:Sample ASTM D7042Kin.vis [mm²/s](measured)TypicalKin.vis [mm²/s](data sheet)Dev. to Typical%Std. dev.r (2 σ)% Eng.Oil10W4013.979 14.2 -1.550.059 ATF 7.6349 7.5 1.80 0.047GearOil75W14024.513 24.7 -0.760.114 Table 6: Kinematic viscosity of formulated lube oils at 100 °CViscosity Index (ASTM D2270):Eng.Oil 10W40 148.46 148 0.31ATF 169.84 170 -0.10GearOil 75W140 172.79 174 -0.69Table 7: Kinematic viscosity of formulated lube oils at 40 °CFigure 3: Kinematic viscosity and VI of formulated oilsReady to use formulated lube oils contain various additives to trim the oil's properties perfectly for its later application. VI improver (these are mainly polymers with different temperature depending properties) are a main ingredient of formulated oils. They keep the temperature related viscosity change as low as required and shift therefore the Viscosity Index, as shown in Fig. 4.Figure 4: Comparison VI of base oils vs. formulated oilsSpecifications according to SAE:Automotive engine oils measured according toASTM D7042 are within the specifications ofSAE J300, gear oils those of SAE J306. For automatic transmission fluids, SAE J311 specifies several parameters, but ATFs must mainly fulfill manufacturer (OEMs) specifications.SAE specifications at 100 °C:ASTM D7042Kin.vis [mm²/s](measured)SAE J300 Kin.Vis.(specified)SAE J306 Kin.Vis.(specified)FulfilledEng.Oil 10W40 13.979 12.5 to 16.3 n.a. yes GearOil 75W140 24.513 n.a. 24 to 32.5 yes Table 8: Kinematic viscosity of formulated oils compared to SAE specifictions6 ConclusionSVM™ 4001 is perfectly suited for determining the kinematic viscosity and calculating the Viscosity Index. Please ensure that equipment and settings are in accordance with this report (see section 4,”Measuring the samples”). Viscosity results are obtained according to ASTM D7042. They show excellent repeatability and are within the specification limits for ASTM D445 results.Figure 5: SVM™ 4001 – Best solution for VI measurementContact Anton Paar GmbH****************************。