南京大学 2008年伦理学原理 考研真题及答案

-1-2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis大1家tosayitanyway.Heisthat大2家bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently大3家anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot大4家thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.大5家he,however,mighttrembleatthe大6家ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly大7家thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin大8家areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,大9家12-15pointsabovethe大10家valueof100,andhavecontributed大11家totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe大12家oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,大13家.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,大14家,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen大15家tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof大16家education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)大17家ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately大18家.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas大19家themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis大20家stateofaffairs.

2008年考研英语真题和答案

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and

mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one

of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is to say

it anyway. He is that bird, a scientist who works independently any institution.

He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial

cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first

suggested.

he, however, might tremble at the of what he is about to do. Together with another

two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only that one group of humanity

is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought

名师解析2008年考研英语试题翻译真题

In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with

extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in

expressing himself clearly and concisely, but 46 he believes that this very

difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and

intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning

and in his own observations, He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness

of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. 47 He asserts, also, that his

power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for

which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.

His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it

2008年考研心理学（发展与教育心理学）真题试卷 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. 单选题 2. 多选题 3. 简答题 4. 综合题

单项选择题

1． 霍尔(G．S．Hall)提出的解释儿童心理发展的理论是( )

A．白板说

B．复演说

C．进化说

D．成熟势力说

正确答案：B

解析：本题提醒考生对发展理论要全面把握它们的提出者以及相应的观点，属于记忆性质的题目，不涉及题干分析。白板说是英国哲学家洛克的哲学理论，它认为人出生时不具备任何知识，就像一张白纸，人的理性与知识来自后天的经验。复演说由霍尔提出，他认为应该把个体发展看作是一系列或多或少复演种系进化历史的过程。成熟势力说是美国心理学家盖赛尔提出的心理发展理论，他认为支配儿童心理发展的因素有两个：一是成熟，二是学习。成熟是由遗传决定的，学习是后天经验的获得和行为的变化，对成熟只起促进作用。儿童心理发展是儿童行为或心理状态在环境影响下按一定顺序出现的过程。故本题选B。

2． 根据弗洛伊德的发展理论，“恋母情结”出现的阶段是( )

A．口唇期

B．肛门期

C．潜伏期

D．性器期

正确答案：D

解析：本题属于记忆性质的题目，不涉及题干分析。弗洛伊德提出了著名的心理性欲发展阶段理论，并把心理发展分为五个阶段：口唇期(0～1岁)，肛门期(1～3岁)，性器期(3～6岁)，潜伏期(6～11岁)，青春期(11岁或13岁开始)。其中，在性器期，儿童变得依恋于父母中的异性一方，这种现象被称为恋母情结或恋父情结。故本题选D。

3． 胎儿在发育过程中，细胞和组织分化非常迅速，并对环境极为敏感的时期是( )

A．第1～2周

B．第2～8周

C．第9～15周

D．第21～30周

正确答案：B

解析：对胎儿发展阶段的划分包括胚种期、胚胎期和胎儿期三个阶段。其中，胚胎阶段(3～8周)是一个关键时期，此时细胞发育极为迅速，胚胎中的某些细胞开始形成神经系统，另一些细胞开始形成心脏。到胚胎阶段末，胚胎开始变得有点“人样”了。如果有害物质此时进入胚胎，会产生永久的、不可逆转的损伤。故本题选B。