跨文化交际资料整理

跨文化交际复习资料选择\判断题第一部分一、单项选择题（共10 道试题，共70 分。

）1. Xiao Wang meets Peter at the airport and says to him: “Morning, Peter!” In this case, the source of information is ________ .A. Xiao WangB. PeterC. the airportD. “Morning,Peter!”正确答案：A2. There are two kinds of cross-cultural communication: unilateral communication and _________.A. successful communicationB. verbal communicationC. bilateral communicationD. unsuccessful communication正确答案：C3. Utterance meaning in a face-to-face communication refers to _________.A. what the speaker has intended to convey in what is saidB. what what is said normally meansC. what the hearer has understood on the basis of what is saidD. the associative meaning words have正确答案：B4. When we are in a social gathering, we must be aware of the rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed. These rules and procedures are technically called _________.A. anecdotesB. goalsC. gesturesD. schema (schemas)正确答案：D5. Which doesn’t belong to the group in a cross-cultural situation?_________.A. Head movementsB. Social valuesC. Facial expression_rsD. Body contact正确答案：B6. When you are invited for a western meal, you’re offered a second helping but you have already had enough. What would yousay? “_________”A. Oh, thanks. That tastes awful.B. No, I don’t want that.C. No, I don’t like it.D. That was delicious but I’ve already had plenty, thanks.正确答案：D7. Most Americans see themselves as separate _________, not as representatives of a family, community or other group.A. independenceB. individualsC. customersD. cultures正确答案：B8. It is right to ask children or teenagers their age. But it is not normally_________ in English speaking societies to ask an adult their age - and never a woman!A. considerateB. inappropriateC. impoliteD. polite正确答案：D9. The American child is nurtured to be _________, to be able to do whatever he could by himself, ever since he was born.A. independentB. good-lookingC. obedientD. private正确答案：A 满分：7 分10. One way of talking about the different stages in getting used to life in a new country is the distinction of euphoria, depression, _________ and acceptance.A. criticismB. admirationC. adjustmentD. shock正确答案：C二、判断题（共5 道试题，共30 分。

跨⽂化交际英语复习资料英语复习客观题部分Match partCultureThe total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. CommunicationA process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior.Ethnocentrism（民族优越感）The belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is superior.Intercultural communicationThe communication between people from different cultures when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption（使⽤）by a member of another culture.Business communicationThe communication is within business and administration, aiming at a common objective and profits for both the individuals and organizations.Power distanceThe degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.ValuesA learned organization of rules for making choice and for resolving conflicts.Uncertainty avoidanceThe degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity（模棱两可）and uncertainty. Masculinity（男性）The degree to which traditional male values are important to a society.IndividualismThe degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged. Nonverbal communicationThe process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation（解释）of message in a given situation or context.Verbal communicationIt is carried out either in oral or written form with the use of words.Posture（姿势）It refers to our body position as a whole.Euphemisms（委婉语）Certain notions（概念）or things that people try to avoid mentioning directly.Personal spaceEach person has an invisible boundary around their body into which other people may not come. Affect displays（情感展⽰）Facial and body movements that show feelings and emotions.Taboo（禁忌语）Some words and expressions are considered by a society or culture as improper or unacceptable. Illustrators（⾮⾔语解释）Nonverbal behaviors that are directly tied to, or accompany, the verbal message.Culture shockThis term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.Recovery stageA stage of culture shock characterized by（被表现为）gaining some understanding of the new culture. Acculturation（⽂化适应）It is a type of cultural change that results from continuous firsthand contact between two distinct cultural groups.Rejection（拒绝期）A coping mechanism（机制）against culture shock in which we think we don’t need anybody, and we are coping fine alone. Honeymoon stageA stage of culture shock, in which the new arrivals may feel euphoric（欣快）and be pleased by all of the new things encountered.Reverse culture shockIt refers to the “shock” one experiences upon returning to one’s home culture after growing used to a new one.IdentityIt refers to the mental image of oneself and other individuals.Stereotype（刻板的印象）It is a form of generalization（概括）about some group of people.Decide partPart IT As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years.F Intercultural communication as a discipline（学科）first started in Europe (the USA).F Culture is a static (dynamic) entity while communication is a dynamic process.T Culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.T Although cultural stereotype（刻板的印象）has its limitations (over-generalization), it still contributes to a person’s cultural cognition.T In international communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization（共性）.T Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic（语⾔的）mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to seriousmisunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals.F All people of the same nationality will have the same culture. (It’s clear that this is wrong.)T Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same.F One’s actions are totally independent of (greatly influenced by) his or her culture.Part IIT Where power distance is large, the society believes that there should be a well-defined（明确规定的）order of inequality（不平等）in which everyone has a rightful place.F Large (Small) power distance countries such as the United States, Austria, Finland, and Denmark holdthat inequality in society should be minimized.F Where individualism is high (low), the society emphasizes（强调）the role of the group.T Individualists prefer self-sufficiency while collectivists give more recognition to their interdependent roles and obligations（义务）to the group.F Asian, Latin American, and West African nations are societies high (low) in individualism but low (high)in collectivism.T In high masculinity（男性势⼒）societies, sex roles are clearly differentiated and men are dominant （主导的）.T In high masculinity societies, people tend to believe that matters of material comfort, social privilege （特权）, etc. are related to ability.F In feminine societies, men and women are considered socially unequal (equal).T Where uncertainty avoidance is low, the society is comfortable with a low degree od uncertainty and isopen to the unknown.T Where uncertainty avoidance is high, the society is concerned with certainty and security.Part IIIF Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication. (It’s clear that this is wrong.)F “Dragon” means the same (different) to the Westerner as “龙” to the Chinese.F The Chinese phrase “知识分⼦” has the same (different) meaning as “intellectual”.T A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language.F In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally to use “公” or “母” to show whethera creature is male or female. This is the same (different) with the English language.T The following six English words: “vice”, “associate”, “assistant”, “deputy”, “lieutenant” and “under” can all mean “副” in Chinese language.T In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience.F The French and Arabs are generally considered low-touch (high-touch).T The index finger（⾷指）pressed against the lips is a silent suggestion to stop talking.F We put the index finger and mid-finger apart with palm（⼿掌）against (toward) the receiver to mean “victory”, which was first used by Winston Churchill.Part IVT The term, culture shock, was introduced to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment, especially when a person arrives in a new country where he isconfronted（⾯对）with a new cultural environment.F Positive (Negative) stereotypes often lead to prejudice（偏见）, which is generally defined ad negativeattitudes toward other people based on assumptions（臆测）about them.T Ethnocentrism（民族优越感）is the belief that one’s culture is the best and all other cultures are inferior（劣势）.T In TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language), it is traditionally held that the main purpose and criterion（标准）for studying a foreign language is to communicate.F Culture shock can affect people to different degrees, so (but) there is no (are) predictable sequence(s)（顺序）of stages that people undergo.F The easier it is to adjust to a new culture, the easier it is to readjust to home culture. (It’s clear thatthis is wrong.)T Not only does students’ cultural diversity（多样）pose a significant（显著的）challenge for teachers, but the different cultural backgrounds of teachers themselves may also affect the learning style in classrooms dramatically（极⼤地）.T Since education is an important social context in which cultural influences are much in evidence, schools are a primary vehicle for teaching and learning cultural values.F In the UK (the USA), classes of students are divided into 12 academic levels called grades.T If people believe that their culture is the only true culture, they will discriminate（辨别）against people who manifest（表现）cultural norms（规范）that fail to correspond（对应）to their values and behaviors.。

新编跨文化交际期末复习资料1.Iceberg: {Edward. 7. Hall.--<The silence of language>标志着“跨文化交流”学科的开始} Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight (below the water line). Likewise, nine-tenths of culture is outside of conscious awareness. The part of the cultural iceberg that above the water is easy to be noticed. The out-of-awareness part is sometimes called “deep culture”. This part of the cultural iceberg is hidden below the water and is thus below the level of consciousness. People learn this part of culture through imitating models. / Above the water: what to eat, how to dress, how to keep healthy；Below the water: belief, values, worldview and lifeview, moral emotion, attitude personalty2.Stereotype:定型主义a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.3.Ethnocentrism: 民族中心主义Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard.4.Culture: Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.5.Cultural values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity.6.Worldview: A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”.7.Social Organizations: The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institution within that culture. The families who raise you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave within that world.8.Globalization: refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.munication: Communication is any behavior that is perceived by others. So it can be verbaland nonverbal, informative or persuasive, frightening or amusing, clear or unclear, purposeful or accidental, communication is our link to the rest of the humanity. It pervades everything we do. 10.Elements of communication process:交流过程的基本原理（1）.context: The interrelated conditions of communication make up what is known as context. （2）.The participants: in communication play the roles of sender and receiver, sometimes—as in face-to-face communication—of the messages simultaneously.（3）. messages: are far more complex. They include the elements of meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.（4）. A channels: is both the route traveled by the messages and the means of transportation. We may use sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these to carry a message.（5）. noise: is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the sharing of meaning. External noise: sight, sound…Internal noise: thoughts, feeling…Semantic noise: unintended meaning aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. （6）.Feedback: As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. This response, called feedback, tells the sender whether the massage has been heard, seen, or understood.11.Abraham Mslow (亚伯拉罕•马斯洛) –five basic needs五个需求1. physiological needs—food, water, air, rest, clothing, shelter, and all necessary to sustain life2. safety needs—physically safe, psychologically secure3. belongingness needs—accepted by other people and needs to belong to a group or groups.4. esteem needs—recognition, respect, reputation5. self-actualization needs-the highest need of a person12.Culture Dimensions 文化维度China America Individualism CDX: obligation to the group, dependence of the IDX: independence, privacy, self, Uncertainty Low-UAIs: in tolerating people, in taking High UAIs: not tolerate dissent, ensure Power High-PDIs: the actions of authorities, social Low-PDIs: using power only for legitimate Masculinity阳High-MAS: believe in achievement and Low-MAS: believe less in external Long-term 长Long-term: life value social order and Short-term: changing event have a deep13.A High-context: 内向型communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Eg. Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African American, Native American. self-effacement隐匿自我A Low-context:外向型communication is just the opposite, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code, and the context or situation plays a minimal role. Eg. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American, French, English self-enhancement凸显自我Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”. High-context interaction, in comparison, stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus, self-effacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.Eg: In Scene 1 and spell out everything that is on their minds with no restraints. Their interaction exchange is direct, to the point, bluntly contentious, and full of face-threat verbal message. Scene 1 represents one possible low-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.In Scene 2, has not directly expressed her concern over the piano noise with because she wants to preserve face and her relationship with . Rather, only uses indirect hints and nonverbal signals to get her point across. However, correctly “reads between the lines” of verbal message and apologizes appropriately and effectively before a real conflict can bubble to surface. Scene 2 represents one possible high-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict. Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles self-enhancement and self-effacement凸显自我，隐匿自我In the direct verb al style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions and are enunciated in a forthright tone of voice. In the indirect verbal style, verbal statements tend to camouflage the speaker’s actual intentions and are carried out with more nuanced tone of voice.14.Colors: Black: death, evil, mourning, sexy; Blue-cold, sad, sky, masculine; Green-envy, greed, money; Pink: feminine, shy, softness, sweet; Red: anger, hot, love, sex; White: good, innocent, peaceful, pure; Yellow: caution, happy, sunshine, warm15.Functions of Nonverbal Communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating contradicting16.Confucian teaching key principles: 1.Social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people. 2. The family is the prototype for all social relationships. 3. Proper social behavior consist of not treating others as you would not like to be treated yourself. 4. People should be skilled , educated, hardworking, thrifty, modest, patient, and persevering.Four books and five classical: The Analects of Confucian <论语>, Mencius <孟子>，Great Learning <大学>，The Doctrines of Mean <中庸> / Classic of poetry <诗经>，Book of documents <尚书>, Book of kites <礼记>, Classic of changes <周易>, Spring and Autumn Annals <春秋>. 仁义礼智信：merciful, justified, polite, intelligent, honest17.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: language becomes our shaper of ideas rather than simple our tool for reporting ideas, language influenced or even determined the ways in which people thought. The central idea of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speakerInfluence: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has alerted people to the fact language is keyed to the total culture, and that it reveals a people’s view of its total environment. Language directs the perceptions of its speakers to certain things; it gives them ways to analyze and to categorize experience. Such perceptions are unconscious and outside the control of the speaker. The ultimate value of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that it offers hints to cultural differences and similarities among people.18.The way people speakHigh involvement高度卷入: 1. talk more 2. interrupt more 3. expect to be interrupted 4. talk more loudly at times 5. talk more quickly. Eg. Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, AfricanHigh considerateness高度体谅: 1, speak one at a time 2. use polite listening sounds, 3. refrain from interrupting, 4. give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners. Eg. Mainstream American19.文化维度Orientation—Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck Beliefs and BehaviorsHuman nature Basically evil(American)Minture of good &evil.Neither good nor evilBasically good (American)Relationshia of man to nature Man subjugated bynatureMan in harmony withnature (Chinese)Man the master of nature(American)Sense of time Past-oriented Present-oriented Future-oriented(American)Activity Being (stress on whoyou are)Growing (stress onself-developing)Doing (stress on what youdo) (American)Social relationships Authoritarian Group-oriented(Chinese) Individualistic(American)20.Chinese VS English-----Chinese: open, visual, old. English: close, changing, modern21.Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication跨文化交际中的绊脚石(1) Assumption of similarities假定相似(2) Language differences (3) Nonverbal misinterpretations不用言语表达的误解(4) Preconception先入为主的概念的固定形式(5) Tendency to evaluate评价意图(6) High anxiety焦虑(7) Conclusion22. Essentials of Human Communication(1) Communication is a dynamic process. (2) Communication is symbolic. (3) Communication is systemic. (4) Communication involves making inferences. (5) Communication has a consequence 23. How is language related to cultureCulture and language are intertwined and shape each other. In our own environment we aware of the implications of these choices. All languages have social questions and information questions. The point is that words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context the cultural usage. In addition to the environment, language reflects cultural values.24.More words/expression→important role in cultureIn Chinese we have many kinship terms, some of which seem to have no equivalents in English. Compared with Chinese, English has fewer kinship terms. The difference is not just linguistic; it is infundamentally cultural.25.A culture’s conception of time can be examined from three different perspectives:1. informal time; 2. perceptions of past, present, and future; 3. monochromic and polychromic.26.Monochronic(M-time) 单维时间and polychromic(P-time)多维时间Monochronic people:美国人Do one thing at a time. Concentrate on the job. Take time commitments seriously. Are committed to the job. Adhere to plans. Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy. Show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend. Emphasize promptness. Are accustomed to short-term relationships.Polychromic people: 中国人Do many things at once. Are easily distracted and subject to interruptions. Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible. Are committed to people and human relationships. Change plans often and easily. Are more concerned with people close to them(family, friend, close business associates) than with privacy. Borrow and lend things often and easily. Base promptness on the relationship. Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships.27.Adapting to a New Cultureculture shock.: Any number of symptoms征兆can occur during cycles of culture shock. These symptoms can be (1)physiological (2)emotionally (3)communicationPredeparture stage: Stage one: everything is beautiful. Stage two: everything is awful. Stage three: everything is OK.Adaptation and reentry再进入Methods: 1. patience. 2. meet new people. 3. try new things. 4. give yourself periods of rest and thought. 5. work on your self-concept. 6. write. 7. observe body language. 8. learn the verbal language.。

跨文化交际技巧参考答案定义题1、Intercultural communication跨文化交际P3There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication."2、Individualist个人主义Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.3、Collectivist集体主义Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of these collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.4、public behavior /private behaviorPublic behavior is the behavior in public settings, such as in work places, shops and so on. Private behavior is the behavior in private life, such as when you are at home or with your family and so on. Both individualist and collectivist cultures make a distinction between public life and private life. However, individualist Western cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm distinction between the public and private, and generally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other. In other words, Westerners tend to believe that having a personal relationship with someone should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situations.5、Generalizations文化的笼统性P26It‟s a neutral word which is a general conclusion drawing from particular examples or evidence.( In any culture group there will be many different beliefs represented, but most of the members of the group will tend in a certain direction. It is this "preponderance of belief," — not uniform acceptance of a given belief — that gives a culture its nature and is the legitimate subject of generalization. People in the same culture share many things in common, such as shared knowledge, shared values, shared perspectives, shared beliefs, shared behavior.)6、Stereotypes老套思路P26It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow.( A way of thinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, and does not acknowledge exception to its general rules or principles. These stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other, equally important aspects of a person's character or behavior. Stereotypes may have been created by direct experience with only one or two people from a particular group. Others are probably based on the second-hand information and opinion, output from the mass media, and general habits of thinking; they may even have been formed without any direct experience with individuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate representation of all members of a specific group.)7、Hierarchy不同的等级权利P33Different in rank and power----equalityEvery society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position. On the other hand, however, most modern societies also believe that equality is a virtue, at least to some extent. So each culture needs to find its own balance between hierarchy and equality.1) Westerners generally have less respect for seniority — age, position and so forth — than would be the case in a collectivist culture.2) Western societies often try to limit the power of government officials.3) Westerners tend to have a somewhat suspicious and even negative view of power and authority.8、Culture shock文化冲击P36Culture shock is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock — and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries.9、Projected cultural similarity P48Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same". People from different culture assume they understand each other instead of asking each other what they think. Because they each expect the other person to react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would.10、loose culture and tight cultureLoose culture doesn‟t demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior. They also tend to berelatively tolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms. And there is less pressure on individuals within the same culture to behave the same way most other people in the culture do. Tight culture: expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.Here is an example of how people deal with people who are born left-handed. In tight cultures, children who favor their left hand are encouraged or even forced to use their right hand instead, and the percentage of left-handed people in the adult population is much smaller.11、Ethnocentrism 民族优越感P59"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one‟s own culture as being at the center of the world and identify with one‟s in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standards; in other words, to assume that one‟s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act, and tend to view one‟s own cultural values and ways of doing things as more real, or as the …right‟ and natural values and ways of doing things.12、In-groups and out-groups P70In-Groups: “In-groups”are the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation. In-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are concerned, with whom we are willing to cooperate without demanding equitable returns, and separation from whom leads to discomfort or even pain. Out-groups: out groups are those groups of people who we do not identify with---people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Out-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are not concerned, and groups with whom we require an equitable return in order to cooperate.13、war stories P80The term “war stories” originally referred to the kinds of stories soldie rs would tell after experiences in battle. Now “war stories” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners.14 low context/ high context1.Low context: the way westerners communicate tends to be relatively explicit and direct. In other words, Westerners tend to put most of their ideas and feelings into words, and then state their ideas and feelings plainly and openly. It‟s generally considered a good thing to get to the point and say what you mean, and it‟s largely the speaker‟s responsibility to ensure that his/her massage is stated in a way that is clear and easy to understand. --low context, people are expected to pay more attention to the words used in communication than to context in which things are said. They expect others to …take them at their words‟-to believe that what they say is what they mean.2.High context: in collectivist cultures, people tend to communicate in a way that is more indirect and subtle, and listeners are expected to take more responsibility for inerpreting messages correctly. -High context, people are expected to pay much attention to the context in which communication takes place- who the speaker is, where and why the conversation is taking place, body language, and so forth-and when people interpret what others mean, they often give more weight to the context than to the actual words said. People in high context often view direct, explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude.问答题1、Why would intercultural communication be more difficult than the communication between people from the same culture?（Why is it hard to learn a foreign culture?）先定义intercultural communication1)Some stumbling blocks2)Assuming more cultural similarities leads to misunderstanding3)Language difference4)Misinterpreting verbal communication and body language from other country5)Stereotype and preconceptions6)Evaluate before really understanding7)Interact with foreigners stressfully and suffer from culture shock8)Tend to generalize or simplify9)Tend to define groups by a few key characteristic10)Assume everyone is similar2、What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?Are all Westerners individual ? Are all Chinese collectivist?先定义individualist 和collectivist(1) Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups(family, classmates, and so forth), and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups.(2) Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have to right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their benefit for the sake of the group.(3) Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done.(4) A final difference lies in the way people in difference cultures view the idea of “individualism”. Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In English, the word “individualism”has no negative connotation. In fact, its connotation is somewhat positive. In contrast, the Chinese term for “individualism” , often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.3、What are the different virtues Chinese and Americans emphasize most?先要定义一下virtueChinese: formality/ hierarchy/ industriousness/ being filial/ hard work/ modesty/ thrifty Americans: activity-dominant/ equality/ motivation based on achievement/ the world is material rather than spiritual/ optimistic/ individualist/ materialism/ success/ humanitarianism4、How do Western cultures view the relationship between public and private life?先定义public: work, national duty; private: home, family, personal friendshipsWestern cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm distinction between the public and private, and generally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other. In other words, westerners tend to believe that having a personal relationship with someone should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situations. (In fact, some westerners try to avoid mixing work and play completely, and keep their circle of work acquaintances quite separate from their circle of personal friends)Of course, personal relationships do make a difference in how people in the west treat each other, even in public settings. However, the wall between public and private life tends to be somewhat higher in the individualist west than it is in collectivist cultures.5、What are stereotypes? Why are they a problem?It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, or chance that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and it is therefore false and shallow. A way of thinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, exception to its general rules or principles. These stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other equally important aspects of a person‟s character or behavior. Stereotypes may have been created by direct experience with only one or two people from a particular group. Others are probably based on the second hand information and opinion outputfrom the mass media, and general habits of thinking; they may even have been formed without any direct experience with individuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate representation of all members of a specific group.6、Try to think of several more generalization that can be made about important characteristics of Chinese culture.Collectivism: emphasis on the doctrine of the meanLarge power distance--hierarchyIntergroup harmony and avoidance of over conflict in interpersonal relationsBelief in the naturalness, necessity and inevitability of hierarchyInequality based on achievement, especially academic, moral and finance achievementBelief that “the judgment of wise people” is a better way to regulate life than rigid artificial laws. People exist “in and through relationship with others”Academic emphasis on memory, attention to details, and lengthy homeworkBrain washThe golden meanHypocriticalThe judgment of wise people/law8、What are the similarity and difference between Projected Cultural similarity and Ethnocentrism? P48两个定义Projected Cultural similarity and EthnocentrismThe similarity: both of them can not be avoided or overcame in intercultural communication. These two phenomena show that every country or nation considers their own culture as the center.The difference: E is taking one‟s own culture norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures. PCS is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way you do. PCS: People have the tendency to assume that other people from other cultural background basically think and feel more or less the same way as they do.E: People have the tendency to think their culture has the superiority to others‟ and assume that their own culture‟s way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal and correct than the way people from other cultures‟ thinking and act.9、Comment on “Do unto others what you would have them do unto you. “P49先定义Projected cultural similarityThe sentence means that it‟s better not to do things to others what you don‟t want others do to you. This behavior shows the phenomena” projected cultural similarity”. In our cultural system, if you don‟t like thing done to you, you just don‟t impose on others. It‟s a kind of virtue. But from the aspect of PCS, people just assume people from other cultures view things the same way we do. What we think is right, we consider others will think it‟s right, too. However, it just doesn‟t work out like that. Because of different cultural background, we have different interpretations of everything happened. We can not expect others o think or act the same as we do.10、Why would people project cultural similarity? P49定义Projected cultural similarityIt is hard for people to imagine a perspective different from their own. It is effected by human nature, people are accustomed to self-centered. When they communicate with foreigners, they usually assume that foreigners are similar to us. As we grow up and learn what is right and wrong, truth and false, normal and abnormal, and so forth, we naturally learn to view the world as our culture view it. The only way to solve PCS is communication.11、comment on conformity in western cultures p56定义Loose cultures do not demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior.Tight cultures, in contrast, expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.Chinese culture is tight culture, and western cultures are loose culture. So conformity in western cultures is less in Chinese culture.Weak conformity12、What factors lead to looseness or tightness in culture? P54定义(1)The degree of change in the population--- the more people move, the looser and more individualist a society tends to be.(2)The density of the population.: small dense societies tend to be collectivist, hence tighter. Large dense society tend to be more complex, hence not quite so tight---melting pot.(3)The number of choices available in society--- the more choices available, the more room there is for individualism.(4)strict registration/registered permanent residence13、why does ethnocentrism cause difficulty in intercultural communication? P59定义ethnocentrismBecause we naturally feel that the ways and ideas of our culture are more natural and correct than those of other cultures. So we tend to use the norms of our own culture---such as the idea of what is good/bad, right/wrong, normal/abnormal—as standards when we judge the behavior of people from other cultures. So when we encounter foreigners who behave or think in ways that differ from our cultural norms, we too quickly tend to judge these other ways as strange, wrong or bad.14、Why are in/out-groups a problem in intercultural communication?P70定义We generally have more positive feelings toward members or our in-groups than we do toward outsiders. We trust insiders more. We tend to have a stronger sense of obligation to insiders. We feel it‟s right to help insider more than we help outsiders. We tend to judge in-groups and out-groups by different standards. To insiders, more generous but to outsiders, more critical, suspicious, more harsh judgments.So the tie of goodwill and trust between in-groups and out-groups are often relatively weak, and they break easily when there is conflict or misunderstanding.15、How do Chinese people treat in-group and out-group in line with culture back? P77定义There is a difference between the inside and the outside. Chinese generally have a high sense of loyalty and obligation to their in-groups, and will often go to great lengths to help people they consider members of their in-groups; however, they feel less obligation to outsiders.Chinese often view outsiders who come to china as guests., and give them much special treatment. In part, this is because Chinese view guests as a kind of in-group, and tend to treat in-group members very well.16、Never a borrower or a lender be. P79定义individualismAs it is firstly a famous American saying.This sentence means that ii is best to not lend money to other people and not to borrow from other people. When we lend or borrow something, we risk losing both things and the friendship with that person. To begin with, t is because westerners are in individualist cultures. In such kind culture, individualists tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals. Individualists feel less obligation to others, whether they are in-groups or out-groups. Secondly, because of their characteristics, their individualism, western people tend to be very independent and self-reliant. They will always solve their problems by themselves. So they don‟t want others to rely on them. either.17、Characteristics of war stories P82The term “war stories”originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now, “war stories”refers more generally to any stories. People tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners.War stories about intercultural communication tend to share several characteristics:(1)One reason we tell war stories is to get reassurance that our interpretation of the encountermakes sense.(2)In war stories, we generally portray ourselves as the hero or victim, and we often paint theforeigner as the “bad guy”.(3)We generally tell war stories to people who are likely to sympathize with us, usually peoplefrom our own culture rather than outsiders.(4)As we tell war stories, we often generalize from one specific experience to groups offoreigners as a whole.。

1、文化：cultureIt is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.The Characteristics of Culture:Learned、transmitted、Subject to change、unconscious、integrated、symbolic、adaptive.2、跨文化交际：intercultural communicationIntercultural communication means the communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.3、高语境文化：High-Context Cultures①Infer information from message context, rather than from content.②Prefer indirectness, politeness and ambiguity.③Convey little information explicitly.④Rely heavily on nonverbal signs.4、价值观：ValuesA standard by which members of culture define what is desirable or undesirable、good or bad、beautiful or ugly、acceptable or unacceptable. V alues are standards set by the members of a society.V alues are often highly contexted. V alues can change significantly over time. V alues can differ within one society and around the world.5、言语交际：verbal communication:It refers to any form of communication that is directly dependent on the use of language.非言语交际：Nonverbal communicationIt will be defined as the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.6、本地化：LocalizationThe process of adapting a product or service to a particular language, culture, and desired local “look-and-feel.”Aspects to be considered in localization: Language、Time zones、Money、National holidays、Local color sensitivities、Product or service names、Gender roles、Geographic examples 、Advertisements7、刻板印象：StereotypesA fixed general image, characteristic, etc. that a lot of people believe to represent a particular type of person or thing.Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. It is found in nearly every intercultural situation. The reason forthe pervasive nature of stereotypes is that human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.8、文化休克：Cultural shockIt is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.9、符号：SymbolA person，an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or situation.1、猫头鹰的故事：①This is because Chinese and English native speakers assign different associative meanings to the same bird—owl.②Owl in China is the sign of bad luck. The mere sight of an owl or the sound of the creature’s hooting is enough to cause people to draw back in fear.But in English it is associated with wisdom. In children’s books and cartoons, whenever there is a dispute among birds or beasts, it is the owl that acts as judge.③The term dog elicits different feelings in these two cultures. In China gou(dog) often has derogative meanings, such as 狼心狗肺. But in West is considered the best friend of man, which is well established in their cultures. So the feel disgusted at eating dog meat.④Long(龙) is a symbol of the emperor in ancient China. It has been almighty to us Chinese. Today long is often identified with China or Chinese. But to the English—speaking people, the Chinese long has been rendered in English as “dragon”. Dragon is a fire—spitting monster, cruel and fierce that destroys and therefore must be destroyed.⑤In Chinese ,松、柏、鹤、桃stand for longevity. In English, they are just plants.2、气泡空间：①This is because each person has a “bubble” of space (territory). Studies show that people from South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries have a smaller personal territory than do North Americans, British and Germans. In Mexican and Arab cultures, physical distance between people when engaged in conversation is very close. In order to feel comfortable while talking, what the Mexican does is to move closer, while what the North American does is to step back a little.②In Western counties, personal territory is highly valued. Each one has his/her own space at home or in office which should not be invaded. In public places, they have “temporary territory”, not be intruded upon either.③As is in the case of human behavior, the use of space is directly linked to the value system of different cultures. The Americans whose culture stresses individualism generally demand more space than do people from collectivistic cultures and tend to take an active, aggressive stance when their space is violated.3、家庭第一：①One of the reason that Annie could not understand Rosa is this:：in American culture, the nuclear family is much more important to the individual than the extended family. Most Americans feel little responsibility toward their second cousins, and may never even have met them. Therefore, Annie was confused because Rosa put so much effort into helping “just” a second cousin.②But in Rosa’s culture there is not such a big difference between nuclear and extended family responsibilities. In some countries, the extended family is the main financial and emotional support for people in times of crisis. However, this is not so far most Americans, who rely more on friends, institutions, and professionals.③Another reason is their possession of different cultural values. Rosa felt that “family comes first”, which means that her own needs come second. Annie had a hard time understanding that point of view because in her culture the individual usually comes first. In the United States the person who can “make it on his own”without help from family is respected, although of course many people do get help from their families.④Because of these differences, it is sometimes difficult for people to understand and accept the way family members in other cultures seem to treat each other. It is important, however, to remember that families show their love in different ways. These differences sometimes make it hard to see the reality of family love in every culture in the world.4、男女之间的约会：①Blanca thought that Kevin was going to pay for her because he had invited her to go out, this was the American custom. But things are changing. One reason is that many more American women work today. Therefore, many men and women think it is unfair for men to always pay for everything when they go out.②Another reason is that some women say that if a man pays for them, they feel like they own him something. And some American women prefer to pay because they like to feel like an equal partner on a date. They don’t feel equal if they are taken places and paid for.③Blanca’s understanding that Kevin was going to pay for her is an example of a cultural assumption. Our cultural assumptions are so much a part of us that many times we cannot believe that the whole world does not see things as we do. Trying to understand cultural assumptions that other people make can help to explain their way of thinking and acting.④Most Hispanic parents assume the worst will happen if they let their daughters go out alone with a man. And the Hispanic assumption about women is that they will not be able to stop a man.。

跨文化交际整理版跨文化交际技巧参考答案定义题1、In tercultural comm uni cati on 跨文化交际P3 There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to comm uni cate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign Ianguage, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English Ianguage and Western culture is not eno ugh. You should also lear n someth ing about what happens when people from different cultures try to comm uni cate with each other —— in other words, "i ntercultural comm uni cati on."2、Individualist 个人主义In dividualist culture is one in which people tend to viewthemselves as in dividuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be in dividualist. They view themselves as in depe ndent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own prefere nces, n eeds, rights, and the con tacts they haveestablished with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.3> Collectivist 集体主义Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals* Most Asian cultures, including ChinaS, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms o 齐and duties imposed by those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of these collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures*4、public behavior /private behaviorPublic behavior is the behavior in public settings,such as in work places, shops and so on. Private behavior is the behavior in private life, such as whe n you are at home or with your family and so on. Both individualist andcollectivist culturesmake a distinction between public life and private life. However, in dividualist Wester ncultures tend to make an especially clear and firm disti ncti on betwee n the public and private, and gen erally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other. In other words, Westerners tend to believe that hav ing a pers onal relati on ship shouldnot affect how you treat public, work-related situati ons. 5、Generalizations 文化的笼统性 P26It ' a neutral word which is a general conclusion draw ing from particular examples or evide nce.( In any culture group there will be many differe nt beliefs represe nted, but most of the members of the group will tend in a certaindirecti on .It is this "prep on dera nee of belief," —not uni form aeeepta nee of a give n belief — that gives a culture its nature and is the legitimate subject of genwith some one that person ineralizati on. People in the same culture share many thi ngs in comm on, such as shared kno wledge, shared values, shared perspectives, shared beliefs, shared behavior.) 6、Stereotypes 老套思路P26It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or sta ndardized in a conven ti onal form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow.( A way of thinking that does not ack no wledgeinternal differe nee withi n a group, and does not ack no wledge excepti on to its gen eral rules or prin ciples. These stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes bli nd us to other, equally importa nt aspects of a pers on's character or behavior. Stereotypes may have been created by direct experienee with only one or two people from a particular group. Othersare probably based on the sec on d-ha nd in formati on and opinion, output from the mass media, and gen eral habits of thinking; they may eve n have bee n formed without any direct experie nce with in dividuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate represe ntati on of all members of a specific group.)7、Hierarchy不同的等级权利P33Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power tha n others, perhaps because they are older, stron ger, wealthier, or have some kind of official positi on. On the other hand, however, most moder n societies also believe that equality is a virtue, at least to some exte nt. So each culture needs to find its own balance betwee n hierarchy and equality.1)Westerners gen erally have less respect for seniority —age, position and so forth —than would be the case in a collectivist culture.2)Western societies often try to limit the power of gover nment officials.3)Wester ners tend to have a somewhat suspicious and eve n n egative view of power and authority.& Culture shock 文化冲击P36Culture shock is a feeli ng of being con fused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experie nee culture shock ofte n feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them.Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock ——and so do Chinese who go to live in other coun tries.9、Projected cultural similarity P48Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically thi nk and feel more the same way we do. I n other words, we sometimes assume that while foreig ners may look differe nt, dress differe ntly,and speak differe nt Ian guages, "in side we are all more or less the same". People from differe nt culture assume they un dersta nd each other in stead of ask ing each other what they think. Because they each expect the other pers on to react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would.10、loose culture and tight cultureLoose culture doesn 'demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior. They also tend to be relatively tolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms. And there is less pressure on individuals within the same culture to behave the same way most other people in the culture do.Tight culture: expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and isnot acceptable behavior and there is more pressure on people to conform to the n orms of the culture.Here is an example of how people deal with people who are born left-handed. In tight cultures, children who favor their left hand are encouraged or even forced to use their right hand in stead, and the perce ntage of left-ha nded people in the adult population is much smaller.11、Ethnocentrism 民族优越感P59"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one' own culture as being at the center of the world and identify with one' in -group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standards; in other words, to assume that one ' s own culture's way of thinking and act ing is more n atural, no rmal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act, and tend to view one' own cultur al values and ways of doing things as more real, or as the ‘ right and natural values and ways of doing thi ngs.12、In-groups and out-groups P70In-Groups: In-groups ” are the people we havethe most in comm on with and ide ntify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region,religious group, eth nic group, or n ati on.In-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are concerned, with whom we are willi ng to cooperate without dema nding equitable returns, and separation from whom leads to discomfort or eve n pain.Out-groups: out groups are those groups of people who we donot identify with---people from other families, regions,ethnic groups, or n ati ons. Out-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are not concern ed, and groups with whom we require an equitable return in order to cooperate. 13、war stories P80The term “ war stories ” origi nally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experie nces in battle. Now “ warstories ”fers more gen erally to any stories people tell after stra nge or stressful experie nces, in cludi ng stories about unu sual encoun ters with foreig ners.问答题1、Why would in tercultural comm uni cati on be moredifficult tha n the comm uni cati on betwee n people from the same culture?(Why is it hard to learn a foreign culture? ) 先定义intercultural comm uni cati on1)Six stumbling blocks2)Assum ing more cultural similarities leads to misun derstanding3)Language differenee4)Misin terpret ing verbal comm uni cati on andbody Ian guage from other country5)Stereotype and preconceptions6)Evaluate before really understanding7)In teract with foreig ners stressfully and suffer fromculture shock8)Tend to gen eralize or simplify9)Te nd to defi ne groups by a few key characteristic10)Assume every one is similar2、What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?Are all Westerners in dividual ? Are all Chin ese collectivist?先定义individualist 和collectivist(1)Westerners tend to believe that people should rely onthemselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. In con trast, people in collectivist cultures gen erally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups(family, classmates, and so forth), and they also tend to feel they have an obligati on to help other members of their groups.(2)Westerners gen erally feel that the rights ofindividuals should not be subordinated to the needs of alarger group, or at least that individuals should have toright to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their ben efit for the sake of the group.(3)Westerners tend to believe that in dividuals should make decisions for themselves and that in dividuals should take credit and resp on sibility for what they have pers on ally done.(4)A final differe nee lies in the way people in differe nee cultures view the idea ofindividualism ”. Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In English, the word individualism ” has no negative conno tati on. In fact, its conno tati on is somewhat positive. In contrast, the Chinese term for individualism ” , often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimesused as asynonym for selfish ness”.3、What are the different virtues Chinese and America ns emphasize most?先要定义一下virtueChinese: formality/ hierarchy/ industriousness/being filial/ hard work/ modesty/ thriftyAmerica ns: activity-domi nant/ equality/motivation based on achievement/ huma nitaria nism 4、 How do Western cultures view the relati on ship betwee n public and private life?先定义Western cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm distinction between the public and private, and gen erally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other. In other words, westerners tend to believe that hav ing a pers onal relati on ship with some one should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situations. (In fact, some westerners try to avoid mixi ng work and play completely, and keep their circle of workacquaintances quite separate from their circle of pers onal frie nds)Of course, pers onal relati on ships do make a differenee in how people in the west treat each other, eve n in public sett in gs. However, the wall between public and private life the world ismaterial rather in dividualist/than spiritual/ materialism/optimistic/success/tends to be somewhat higher in the in dividualist west tha nit is in collectivist cultures.5、What are stereotypes? Why are they a problem?It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, or chanee that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and it is therefore false and shallow.A way of thinking that does not ack no wledge internal differenee within a group, exception toits gen eral rules or prin ciples. These stereotypes are ofte n based on accurate in formati on but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other equally importa nt aspects of a pers on' character or behavior.Stereotypes may have been created by direct experienee with only one or two people from a particular group. Others are probably based on the sec ond hand in formati on and opinion output from the mass media, and general habits of thinking; they may even have been formed without any direct experience with individuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate representation of all members of a specific group.6、What are some ways in which Western societies differ in how they view the issue of equality?7、Try to think of several more generalization that can be made about importa nt characteristics of Chin ese culture.Collectivism: emphasis on the doctrine of the mea n Large power dista neeIn tergroup harm ony and avoida nee of over con flict in in terpers onal relati onsBelief in the n atura In ess, n ecessity andin evitability of hierarchyIn equality based on achieveme nt, especially academic, moral and finance achieveme ntBelief that the judgment of wise people” is a better way to regulate life than rigid artificial laws.People exist in and through relati on ship withothers ”Academic emphasis on memory, attention to details, and len gthy homeworkBrain wash8、What are the similarity and differenee betwee n Projected Cultural similarity and Eth nocen trism? P48 两个定义Projected Cultural similarity and Eth nocentrismThe similarity: both of them can not be avoided or overcame in in tercultural comm uni cati on. These two phenomena show that every country or nation considers their own culture as the cen ter.The differe neePCS: People have the tendency to assume that other people from other cultural background basically think and feel more or less the same way as they do.E: People have the tendency to think their culture has the superiority to others' and assume that their own culture s way of thinking and act ing is more n atural, no rmal and correct than the way people from other cultures' thinking and act. 9、Comment on Do unto others what you would have them do unto you. P49 先定义Projected cultural similarityThe sentence means that it' better not to do things to others what you don 'wa nt others doto you. This behavior shows the phenomena” projected cultural similarity ” In our cultural system, if you don 'like thing done to you, you just don 'impose onothers. It 'a kind of virtue. But from the aspect of PCS, people just assume people from other cultures view thi ngs the same way we do. What we think is right, we consider others will think it ' right, too. However, it just does n'work out like that. Because of differe nt cultural backgro und, we have differe nt in terpretati ons of everythi ng happe ned. We can not expect others o think or act the same as we do.10、Why would people project cultural similarity?P49定义Projected cultural similarityIt is hard for people to imagine a perspective differe nt from their own .It is effected by huma n nature, people are accustomed to self-centered. Whe n they comm uni cate with foreig ners, they usually assume that foreig ners are similar to us. As we grow up and learn what is right and wrong, truth and false, normal and abnormal, and so forth, we naturally learn to view the world as our culture view it. The only way to solve PCS is comm uni cati on.11、comme nt on con formity in western cultures p56 定义Loose cultures do not dema nd a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is con sidered no rmal behavior.Tight cultures, in contrast, expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.Chinese culture is tight culture, and western cultures are loose culture. So conformity in wester n cultures is less in Chin ese culture.12、What factors lead to looseness or tightness in culture? P54定义(1)The degree of cha nge in the population--- the more people move, the looser and more in dividualist a society tends to be.(2)The density of the population.: small densesocieties tend to be collectivist, hence tighter.Large dense society tend to be more complex, hence not quite so tight---melt ing pot.(3)The n umber of choices available in society--- the more choices available, the more room there is for in dividualism. 13、why does ethnocentrism cause difficulty in in tercultural comm uni cati on? P59定义ethnocentrismBecause we naturally feel that the ways and ideas of our culture are more natural and correct tha n those ofother cultures. So we tend to use the norms of our own culture---such as the idea of what is good/bad,right/wrong, no rmal/ab no rmal —as sta ndards whe n we judge the behavior of people from other cultures. So when we encounter foreigners who behave or think in ways that differ from our cultural n orms, we too quickly tend to judge these other ways as stra nge, wrong or bad.14、Why are in/out-groups a problem in in tercultural comm uni cati on ?P70定义We gen erally have more positive feeli ngs toward members or our in-groups than we do toward outsiders. We trust insiders more. We tend to have a stron ger sense of obligati on to in siders. We feel it' right to help insider more than we help outsiders. We tend to judgein-groups and out-groups by different standards. To insiders, more generous but to outsiders, more critical, suspicious, more harsh judgme nts.So the tie of goodwill and trust between in-groups and out-groups are often relatively weak, and they break easily when there is con flict or mis un dersta nding.15、How do Chinese people treat in-group and out-group in line with culture back? P77定义There is a differe nee betwee n the in side and the outside. Chin ese gen erally have a high sense ofloyalty and obligati on to their in-groups, and will often go to great lengths to help people they consider members of their in-groups; however, they feel less obligati on to outsiders.Chin ese ofte n view outsiders who come to chi na as guests., and give them much special treatme nt. In part, this is because Chin ese view guests as a kind of in-group, and tend to treat in-group members very well.16、Never a borrower or a lender be. P79As it is firstly a famous America n say in g.This sentence means that ii is best to not lend money to other people and not to borrow from other people. Whe n we lend or borrow somethi ng, we risk losing both things and the friendship with that person. To begin with, t is because wester ners are in in dividualist cultures. In such kind culture, in dividualists tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals. Individualists feel less obligati on to others, whether they are in-groupsor out-groups. Sec on dly, because of theircharacteristics, their in dividualism, western people tend to be very independent and self-relia nt. They will always solve their problems by themselves. So they don' want others to rely on them. either.17、Characteristics of war stories P82 The term war stories ” originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now, war stories” refers more gen erally to any stories. People tell after stra nge or stressful experie nces, in cludi ng stories about unu sual encoun ters with foreig ners.War stories about in tercultural comm uni cati on tend to share severacharacteristics:(1)One reason we tell war stories is to getreassuranee that our interpretation of theencoun ter makes sen se.(2)In war stories, we gen erally portray ourselves as the hero or victim, and we ofte n paint the foreig ner as the bad guy ”.(3)We gen erally tell war stories to people who arelikely to sympathize with us, usually people from our own culture rather than outsiders.(4)As we tell war stories, we often generalize from onespecific experienee to groups of foreig ners as awhole.。

Final examPart 1 prehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习APart 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习CPart 4 Term-matching（10*1）Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。

Terms/questions:1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Barber system–Farming munities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space pression–All the different parts of the world form one munity linked together by electronic munications, especially the Internet.4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.6. Intercultural munication: refer to munication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their munication event. Perception7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. munication: mean to share with or to make mon, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. ponents of munication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to municate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your munication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to municate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face munication.Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the munication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context场景The final ponent of munication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the munication takes place and which helps define the munication.13. Pragmatics语用学:the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal munication .23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative munication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference: language, thought patterns…Non-verbal munication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6 An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentricCulture is shared. All munications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of munication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual munication is dynamic.munication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you municate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. munication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.munication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the munication process because they represent the shared meanings that are municated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be municated to another person.munication is systematicmunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.munication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that municators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation. munication is contextual. (P8)All munication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24 In Chinese the surname es first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality)Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, profession: A nother mon Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series ofsubdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M: Do one thing at a timeTake time mitments seriouslyAre mitted to the jobAdhere religiously to plans Emphasize promptnessAre accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at onceConsider time mitments an objective to be achieved, if possibleAre mitted to people and human relationshipsChange plans often and easilyBase promptness on the relationship Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationshipsM-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and Christianity? Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?P What is the character of innate human nature?What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life?What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships?11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-orienteda non-developmental model of society/ petitive12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-being is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121 Family municationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.（语境案例分析）P192~193 Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidanceHigh-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in munication.Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective munication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.谚语：Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁More haste, less speed. 欲速不达To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛dumb bell 笨蛋to fish in the air 水底捞月to drink like a fish 牛饮as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽landscape engineer 园林工人tonsorial artist 理发师sanitation engineer 清洁工shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠soft in the head 发疯的reckless disregard for truth 撒谎to take things without permission 偷窃industrial climate 劳资关系紧张justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手golden saying 金玉良言fat office 肥缺You will cross the bridge when you get to it船到桥头自然直better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰。