从离子液体溶液制备木素纤维素气凝胶
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:1.26 MB
- 文档页数:5
ThepreparationoflignocellulosicaerogelsfromionicliquidsolutionsOlliAaltonen*,OlliJauhiainenVTTProcessChemistry,P.O.Box1000,02044VTT,Finland
articleinfoArticlehistory:Received5May2008Receivedinrevisedform2July2008Accepted3July2008Availableonline10July2008
Keywords:AerogelsCelluloseLignocelluloseLigninXylanCriticalpointdryingSupercriticalCarbondioxideIonicliquids
abstractNanofibrillaraerogelswerepreparedfromcellulose,sprucewoodandfrommixturesofcellulose,ligninandxylan.Thelignocellulosicpolymerswerefirstdissolvedinanionicliquidandcoagulatedfromsolu-tionbyaddingaqueousethanol.Theobtainedgelwaswashedwithethanolandliquidcarbondioxideandfinallydriedbyreleasingthecarbondioxidefromtheporousstructureatsupercriticaltemperaturetoobtaintheaerogel.Thebulkdensitiesofthebiopolymeraerogelsrangedfrom25to114g/landtheinter-nalsurfaceareas(BET)from108to539m2/gdependingonthebiopolymermixandonthepolymercon-centrationintheionicliquidsolution.Allaerogelswerecompressibleandconsistedofnanofibrillarbiomaterialnetworkwithopen-porestructure.Ó2008ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
1.IntroductionInteresttowardsultralightweightcelluloseaerogelshasarisenduetotheirgreenstatus,biodegradabilityandtheirpotentialuseasnanostructured,bio-basedmaterialsforthermalinsulators,sup-ercapacitors,storingmediaforgasesinfuelcells,filtermaterialsforextremelyfineparticles,drugdeliverysystems,drugcoatingpur-poses,etc(Hoepfner,Ratke,&Milow,2008;Jin,Nishiyama,Wada,&Kuga,2004;Rosenau,2007;Tan,Fung,Newman,&Vu,2001).Aerogelscanbeproducedfromasolutionofabiopolymerwhichformsagelnetworkbyentrappingtheoriginalsolvent.Thesolventwithinthegelnetworkisthenreplacedbyairwithoutcollapsingthebiopolymernetwork.Cellulosicaerogelswerefirstpreparedfromcelluloseandnitro-cellulose‘‘jellies”inordinaryorganicsolvents.Kistler(1931)andco-workersdescribedthesolventexchangeofsuchjelliesfollowedbydryinginsupercriticalpropanewithoutcollapsingtheaerogelstructure.Nanofibrillarcelluloseaerogelshavealsobeenpreparedbythedissolutionofcelluloseinhot,aqueouscalciumthiocyanatefol-lowedbyregenerationandacarefullycontrolleddryingprocedure(Hoepfneretal.,2008;Jinetal.,2004).Duringcoolingthehotcal-ciumthiocyanate/cellulose-solutionundergoesasol-to-geltransi-tionat80°C.Thecelluloseaerogelshaddensitiesfrom10to100g/landsurfaceareasfrom70to220m2/gdependingontheconcentrationofcelluloseinthethiocyanatesolutionandonthedryingmethod.Anotherwaytoproducecelluloseaerogelsistofirstprepareacellulosesolutionwithaone-component,non-aqueousandnon-derivatizingcellulosesolvent.Thesolutionisthentransformedintoagelbyaddingapolarnon-solvent.Thecellulosesolutionneednotbecompleteinthatitmaystillcontainundissolvedcellu-losefragments.Thecellulosesolventmustbecapableofdisruptingtheintermolecularhydrogenbondswhilesimultaneouslypreserv-ingthepolymerbackboneofcelluloseinessentiallyanundegradedstate.SuchcellulosesolventsincludeN-methylmorpholineN-oxide(NMMO)whichisusedasacellulosesolventinthecommercialLyocell-fiberprocess.Innerlohinger,Weber,andKraft(2006)andRosenau,Liebner,Potthast,Haimer,andWendland(2007)haveproducedaerogelsfromdissolvingpulpusingLyocelldopes.Thespecificdensitiesofthecelluloseaerogelsrangedfrom20to260g/ldependingonthecellulosecontentoftheLyocelldopesandontheregenerationprocedure.Substitutedpyridiniumandimidazoliumsaltsareknown,non-aqueousandnon-derivatizingcellulosesolvents.Theybelongtoagroupknownasionicliquidswhichhaverecentlyreceivedim-menseresearchinterestaslowvaporpressurereactionmediaandascatalystsinorganicchemistry.ThestoryoforganicsaltsorionicliquidsincellulosedissolutionstartedwithGraenacher’sworkasearlyas1934.Hefoundthat
0144-8617/$-seefrontmatterÓ2008ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.07.008
*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+358405020181.E-mailaddress:olli.aaltonen@vtt.fi(O.Aaltonen).
CarbohydratePolymers75(2009)125–129ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectCarbohydratePolymers
journalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/carbpolN-ethylpyridiniumchloridedissolvescellulose.Themeltingpointoftheethylpyridiniumsaltisapproximately118°Candthecellu-losesolutionstendtobecometooviscousforpracticaluse.There-foreanorganicsolvent,eitherdimethylformamideordimethylsulfoxidehasbeenaddedtothesolution(Husemann&Siefert,1969)tolowerthemeltingpointofthesolvent,tofacilitatecellu-losedissolution,toreducecellulosedegradation,andtomakeitpossibletospinfilamentsofprecipitatedcellulosefromthesolu-tion.Althoughspinningistechnicallypossible(Aaltonen,Karvinen,Komppa,Pohjola,&Pohjola,1977),thetwo-componentsolventsystemwasconsideredtoocomplexandfurtherresearchtodevel-opanalternativetotheviscoseprocesswasdroppedatthattime.Itwasnotuntil2002thatinterestinnon-aqueous,organicsaltsincellulosedissolutionrevivedwiththediscoverythatalkyl-substi-tutedimidazoliumchloridesalsodissolvecellulose(Swatloski,Spear,Holbrey,&Rogers,2002).Thebenefitofimidazoliumsaltsoverpyridiniumchlorideisthatupto10%cellulose-containingsolutionscanbeobtainedataround100°C.Kilpeläinen,Xie,King,Granström,andHeikkinen(2007)haveshownthatnotonlypurecellulosebutalsowoodandthermomechanicalpulpcanbedis-solvedinanumberofsubstitutedimidazoliumchloridesandinimidazoliumdicyanamide.Wehavenotfoundpublicationsaboutproducingaerogelsfromcelluloseorlignocellulosebiopolymersdissolvedinionicliquids.Theonlyreferencefoundthatisinthatareaisarecentreportthatgelformationoccurswhencellulose,dissolvedin1-butyl-3-meth-ylimidazoliumchloride,iskeptatroomtemperaturefor7days(Kadokawa,Murakami,&Kaneko,2007).Combiningtheknowledgethat(a)celluloseandwoodcanbedissolvedinanionicliquid(Kilpeläinenetal.,2007;Swatloskietal.,2002),(b)anionicliquidsolutionofcelluloseformsagelwhenabsorbingwater(Kadokawaetal.,2007),and(c)thatthecol-lapseofaerogelstructuresduringliquidremovalcanbeavoidedbyextractingtheliquidwithasupercriticalsolvent(Kistler,1931),weinitiatedastudyintothepossibilityofproducingaerogelsoraerogel-likenanostructuresfromwoodandfrommixturesoflignocellulosepolymers.Thisisareportofourresearchintheproductionofultralightweightaerogelsfromcellulose,cellulose–lignin,cellulose–lignin–xylanemixturesandfromsprucewoodusing1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumchlorideasthesolventforthebiopolymermaterial.Topreparethebiopolymeraerogelsfromionicliquidsolutionsthebiopolymersolutionwasfirstcoagu-latedinaqueousethanol.Whileotherantisolventswouldalsodo,onereasonforchoosingethanolwasthatitsconcentrationinwatercanbeselectedfreely.Thisgivesthepossibilitytoad-justthehydrophilityofthecoagulationbathoverarange.Asolventexchangewasthenmadebyreplacingtheionicliquidandwaterwithanhydrousethanol.Thenethanolwasreplacedwithliquidcarbondioxide.Theotherreasonforchoosingetha-nolforthisphasewasthatitiscompletelymisciblewithcar-bondioxideundersufficientpressure.Thereforeitcanbeeasilywashedfromthehydrogelwithliquidcarbondioxide.Fi-nallythegelsweredriedbyreleasingcarbondioxidefromthebiomaterialatabovethecriticaltemperatureofpurecarbondioxide.Thepolymericmaterialsforthisstudywereselectedsothattheyrepresentthemaincomponentsofthelignocellulosicmaterialswhichmaybesolubleinionicliquids:cellulose,ligninandhemicel-lulose.Additionally,softwoodwaschosenaspresumablyrepresent-ingthemostdemandingrawmaterial.Bleachedsoftwoodpulpwaschosentorepresentrelativelypurecelluloseinfiberform.Forthelig-ninmodelcompoundweusedsodalignin.Sodaligninissulfur-freeandobtainedcommerciallyfromthecookingofnon-woodplantswithcausticsoda.Sodaligninisrecoveredfromthecookingblackliquor.Xylanwaschosenasthemodelcompoundtorepresent