最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-3-Reviewing-Literature

研究生英语综合教程作文uni3In recent years, the phenomenon of "work-life balance" has become a topic of much discussion. Many people are realizing the importance of maintaining a healthy balance between their professional and personal lives. Gone are the days when working long hours and sacrificing personal time for career advancement were seen as noble or necessary. Today, a growing number of individuals are prioritizing their personal well-being and happiness.There are several reasons why achieving a work-life balance is crucial. Firstly, a balanced life allows individuals to recharge and rejuvenate, leading to increased productivity and job satisfaction. When people are constantly overwhelmed by work and have no time for themselves, their performance inevitably suffers. On the other hand, taking time off to engage in activities that bring joy and relaxation is essential for mental and physical well-being. By investing time in hobbies, exercise, and spending quality time with loved ones, individuals can effectively manage stress and maintain a positive outlook on life.Secondly, a work-life balance enables individuals to develop and maintain meaningful relationships. It is essential not to neglect personal connections and friendships in the pursuit of professional success. Humans are social beings, and nurturing relationships is a fundamental aspect of a satisfying life. By giving adequate time and attention to family and friends, individuals can strengthen their support systems and create lasting bonds. These connections provide emotional support and a sense of belonging, which are crucial for overall happiness and well-being.Lastly, achieving a work-life balance ensures that individuals can enjoy the different aspects of life beyond their careers. Whether it is traveling, pursuing hobbies, or simply engaging in leisure activities, finding time for personal interests is essential for a well-rounded lifestyle. Life is not solely about work; it is about experiencing joy, fulfillment, and personal growth in a variety of ways. By striking a balance between work and personal life, individuals can make the most out of their limited time and truly live life to the fullest.In conclusion, the concept of work-life balance has gained significant recognition in recent years. It is essential for individuals to prioritize their personal well-being and happiness by finding a healthy equilibrium between their professional and personal lives. By doing so, individuals can enhance productivity, nurture meaningful relationships, and fully enjoy the many facets of life outside of work.。

Unit 1 Understanding Academic English Objectives:- Learn the purpose of this course- Get to understand different voices that people often use in their communication - Understand features of academic English- Build your learning ability via the Internet- Meet your teacher and new classmatesContents- Teacher’s introduction- Reading and discussion: How’s your voice?- Language focus: word choice, and structural complexity- Writing practice: understanding different styles- Rewriting practice: consolidating academic English writing skills- Classroom extension: Internet survey on features of academic English1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskDo you know how to write a paper with an academic voice? Most Chinese students use only the casual voice for their daily life purposes, which does not fit the academic writing style. When you can learn to use an academic voice and a formal writing style, you will gain authority and respect for yourself as a researcher as well as a research writer.Read the following three texts with different kinds of voice and tell what they differ in.1.2 Reading PassageHOW’S YOUR VOICE?Casual VoiceHey, dude, no way you can sit here!Huzzah! We won! We beat ‘em! Ha! Blue Vampires. They think they’re so great. We showed ‘em. Go Aardvarks!Yuck! I hate broccoli with those nasty, stinkin’ mush-rooms. Why do we gotta have these things again, man?!www, we gotta cancel the Consultative VoiceYou’re not allowed to sit inthis area, because it’s asafety concern.I’m so glad for our team, thegreat Fighting Aardvarks,and now together wecelebrate this victory.I’d prefer not to have thisparticular vegetable again, ifit’s possible. Does anyonereally enjoy this combinationof mushrooms and broccoli?It’s possible that our partymight have to be postponedor canceled because of theAcademic VoiceThis area must be keptclear for foot traffic.The Fighting Aardvarksclaimed victory over theBlue Vampires in thefinal round tonight. Bothteams competed well andthe fans are enthusiastic.Very few people enjoythis broccoli andmushroom dish.Therefore, it will not beserved again within thiscalendar year, or theservers will be killed.Due to the inclementweather, the AnnualTattoo Party will notparty ‘cause it’s totally raining like crazy! Sweeeet! I love those Indiana Jones movies! They’re awesome with the whip and the bugs and stuff. Everyone loves those flicks!bad weather that’s threaten-ing our location.Indiana Jones films arereally very popular withyour age group. Critics can’tdecide why such an oldcharacter is so appealing.take place this Thursdayat Finster Park. Theplanning committee willreschedule the event andrelease information assoon as possible.Hollywood is perplexedat the reasons that Indi-ana Jones is so favoredby such youngaudiences. The answerremains a mystery.1.3Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Do you know in which situation these voices are appropriately used? And why?1.3.2 Read the passage carefully again and decide the differences among them.2Language Focus2.1 Word ChoiceAcademic voice can be well expressed by choosing words. Here are some words to acquire:Here are some words to avoid.2.1.1 Can you match the formal and informal words and phrases?2.2 Structural complexity‘Syntax’ is the technical word that is used to describe sentence structure. It is extremely important that well-arranged sentences carry an academic voice, whereas choppy, simple sentences sound oral and colloquial. Sentences that are too short and poorly connected can be irritating to read. Conversely, sentences that are too long and rambling are difficult to follow and are likely to be confusing. Use a sentence length that allows your thoughts to flow clearly. Rewrite the following sentences into a text with well-ordered sentences and structural complexity.A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses. It indicates the relationship between the elements. These elements connect. We often find the following thing. In only one single sentence a conjunction contains one or more ideas. These ideas may be equal or unequal in importance. Ideas are equal, and we call them coordinate ideas. For example, John studies electronics. Helen studies Computing. These two sentences can become a compound sentence. It shows the relationship between the two ideas. We want to maintain the equality of the ideas. We call the clauses in the new sentence coordinate clauses.3.Writing Practice3.1Understanding different stylesRead the following texts and decide where they come from.1At AT & Bell Laboratories infrared lasers are being used to capture live microbes. Working like optical tweezers, the pressure of the laser light traps minute objects in itsfocus point. Researchers are using the device to move around viruses bacteria, and other cells they are study under the microscope. After several hours, however, the focus light will heat up the microbes to a boiling point.____________________________________________________________________ 2All we ask is that you spend two hours of your time attending a Barratt Sales presentation. There, you’ll discover the ben efits of timeshare. At Barratt we call it Holiday Ownership because that’s why it really is. You’ll be under no obligation to purchase, but we think you may be tempted._____________________________________________________________________ 3There were only two Americans stopping at the hotel. They did not know any of the people they passed on the stairs on their way to and from their room. Their room was on the second floor facing the sea. It also faced the public garden and the war monument. There were big palms and green benches in the public garden. In the good weather there was always an artist with his easel. Artists liked the way the palms grew and the bright colors of the hotels facing the gardens and the sea.4Although many studies have already been done, more studies are needed to determine the effects of microcomputer-assisted instruction in various teaching situations.____________________________________________________________________ 5The parents of a seven-year-old Australian boy woke to find a giant python crushing and trying to swallow him. The incident occurred in Cairns, Queensland and the boy’s mother, Mrs. Dryden said: “it was like a horror movie. It was a hot night. He suddenly started screaming. We rushed to the bedroom to find a huge snake trying to strangle him. ” Mrs. Dryden and her husband, Peter, tried to stab the creature with knives, but the python bit the boy several times before escaping.____________________________________________________________________3.2. Choosing appropriate stylesNow you are going to write an essay in class for your teacher’s assignments. Which of the following sentences you would like to use for your writing?1. He couldn’t finish his work in the time given.2. The first set of results were compiled and presented by the other group of students.3. I would like to focus on the following areas of research: …4. They argued that this methodology was unreliable.5. In addition, the data was used to focus on the following hypothesis.6. I enjoyed my English class with you and am having a good experience this semester.7. At about twelve pm on August 21, 1984, she told us, I came out of the kitchen to toss out some water.8. We, at any rate, will continue to keep an open mind.9. Is the menu at that the French restaurant giving you trouble? Then you might need the V oice, a hand-held computer that translates spoken English into French, Spanish, German or Italian.10. There is an emerging consensus that a concerted effort on a national level will be required to capture the glittering prizes that a new technology offers.3.3. Rewriting PracticeRewrite the following passage into an academic one.Why are there so many jams on the roads these days? One thing is that public transportation like trains, buses, etc., is so dear. A long time ago cars cost a lot but now, unfortunately, they’ve got a lot cheaper. Another thing is that driving is a lot nicer than waiting for a bus. The trouble is that if everyone buys a car the roads get packed.4Writing ProjectThe following is a checklist for writing in academic English. It is not complete. Use the Internet, books, textbooks and lecturers' expertise to find out what other conventions could be applied to using academic English. And make a list of these conventions and keep this for future reference.Writing academic English● Use academic voice● Write with structural complexity● Avoid casual style● Distinguish formal and informal words and phrases●…5. Final Checklist。

Unit 3: Writing a Research PaperIn this unit, we will focus on the essential skills and techniques required for writing a research paper in academic English. Writing a research paper is a crucial aspect of graduate study, as it demonstrates the ability to conduct independent research, analyze data, and effectivelymunicate ideas in written form. This unit will cover the following topics:1. Understanding the Structure of a Research Paper2. Developing a Research Question3. Conducting Literature Review4. Organizing Your Thoughts and Ideas5. Writing a Strong Introduction6. Presenting Your Methodology7. Reporting Your Findings8. Constructing a Compelling Conclusion9. Referencing and Citations10. Editing and Proofreading1. Understanding the Structure of a Research PaperA research paper typically follows a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results,discussion, and conclusion. Understanding the purpose of each section and how they relate to the overall research is essential for writing a cohesive and coherent paper.2. Developing a Research QuestionA well-crafted research question is the foundation of a successful research paper. It should be clear, concise, and focused, guiding the direction of the study and facilitating the identification of relevant literature and methodologies.3. Conducting Literature ReviewA literature review is a critical analysis of existing research related to your topic. It provides context for your study, identifies gaps in existing knowledge, and justifies the significance of your research. Learning how to effectively review and synthesize literature is essential for building a strong theoretical framework for your paper.4. Organizing Your Thoughts and IdeasOrganizing your thoughts and ideas is essential for creating a logical and coherent research paper. This can be achieved through outlining, mind mapping, or other organizational techniques. Clear organization will help you m本人nt本人nfocus and ensure that your paper flows logically.5. Writing a Strong IntroductionThe introduction sets the stage for your research paper, providing background information, stating the research problem, and outlining the structure of the paper. A strong introduction should captivate the reader's attention and provide a clear rationale for the study.6. Presenting Your MethodologyThe methodology section det本人ls the research methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data. It should beprehensive, transparent, and replicable, allowing other researchers to understand and evaluate the validity of your study.7. Reporting Your FindingsIn this section, you will present the results of your research in a clear and systematic manner. This may involve the use of tables, figures, and statistical analysis to convey the key findings of your study.8. Constructing a Compelling ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes the key findings of your research, discusses their implications, and makes rmendations for future research or practice. Apelling conclusion should leave a lasting impression on the reader and reinforce the significance of your study.9. Referencing and CitationsAccurate referencing and citation of sources are essential for m 本人nt本人ning academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism. Familiarizing yourself with the specific citation style required by your discipline is crucial for properly acknowledging the work of others.10. Editing and ProofreadingEditing and proofreading are essential steps in the writing process to ensure clarity, coherence, and accuracy. It is important to review your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors, as well as to refine the overall clarity and effectiveness of your writing.In conclusion, writing a research paper in academic English requires abination of critical thinking, analytical skills, and effectivemunication. Mastering the skills and techniquescovered in this unit will not only enhance your academic writing abilities but also contribute to the advancement of knowledge in your field of study. By understanding the structure of a research paper, developing a strong research question, conducting a thorough literature review, organizing your thoughts and ideas, and mastering the art of writing a strong introduction, presenting a clear methodology, reporting your findings, constructing apelling conclusion, referencing and citations, and editing and proofreading, you will be well-equipped to produce high-quality research papers that make a meaningful contribution to your academic discipline.。

研究生英语小作文范文As a graduate student, it is essential to haveexcellent writing skills in English. Writing is anessential part of academic research, and it is often used to communicate ideas, findings, and results. Therefore, it is crucial to master the art of writing in English. In this essay, I will discuss a sample graduate student English writing and provide an analysis of its structure, content, and language use.The sample graduate student English writing is a research paper titled "The Impact of Social Media on Youth: A Case Study of Instagram." The paper aims to explore the impact of Instagram on the youth and how it affects their mental health, self-esteem, and social relationships. The paper is structured in a typical research paper format, with an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.The introduction provides background information on thetopic and highlights the significance of the study. The author begins by defining social media and its prevalence among the youth. The author then proceeds to discuss the impact of social media on the youth and how it has become a growing concern in society. The introduction ends with the research question and the purpose of the study.The literature review provides an overview of the existing research on the impact of social media on the youth. The author reviews various studies and identifies the gaps in the literature. The literature review also highlights the theoretical framework used in the study and how it relates to the research question.The methodology section describes the research design, participants, and data collection procedures. The author explains the sampling method used and the criteria for selecting participants. The author also describes the data collection instruments used, which include a questionnaire and interviews. The methodology section ends with a discussion of the data analysis procedures.The results section presents the findings of the study. The author provides descriptive statistics and presents the results in tables and graphs. The results show that Instagram has a significant impact on the youth's mental health, self-esteem, and social relationships.The discussion section interprets the results and relates them to the research question. The author discusses the implications of the findings and how they contribute to the existing literature. The author also identifies the limitations of the study and suggests areas for future research.The conclusion summarizes the main findings of the study and restates the research question. The author concludes by emphasizing the importance of addressing the impact of social media on the youth and the need forfurther research in this area.Overall, the sample graduate student English writing is well-structured, and the content is well-researched and informative. The author uses appropriate language andterminology, and the writing is clear and concise. Thepaper demonstrates the author's ability to conduct research, analyze data, and communicate findings effectively. As a graduate student, I can learn a lot from this paper and use it as a model for my own research and writing.。

Unit 8 Writing AbstractObjectives- Learn the purpose of writing an academic abstract- Get to understand different types of abstracts and the abstract elements- Understand features of academic English in writing an abstract- Learn how to write an academic abstract- Learn how to write key wordsContents- Teacher’s introduction- Reading and discussion:What is an academic abstract?What are the elements of an abstract?- Language focus: commonly used verbs and tenses; sentence patterns- Rewriting practice: understand different styles of academic abstracts- Rewriting practice: understand the elements of an academic abstract- Writing practice: write an abstract and key words based on the given material1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskAbstract is an important part of academic assignments, most often, reports and research papers. The abstract is the last item that you write, but the first thing people read when they want to have a quick overview of the whole paper. We suggest that you leave abstract writing to the end, because you will have a clearer picture of all your findings and conclusions.Before you learn the detailed steps to write an abstract, please discuss the following questions:What is the purpose of writing an abstract?What are the basic elements for an academic abstract?What language problems may you have in abstract writing? (For example: the wording problem, the tense problem and the voice problem, etc.)1.2Reading PassageSample Abstract 1This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, the writer clarifies the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints when they try to do so. The time period studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. Two major research strategies were used: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.(Kenneth Tait Andrews, “‘Freedom is a constant struggle’: The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984″ Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1997 DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about?1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs and tenses in abstractsRead the following sample abstract and pay attention to the verbs used in it. Sample abstract 2Cybercrime –crime on the Internet –is of growing concern in the business community. Despite UK Government initiatives (such as BS7799) and growing sales in software solutions (e.g. anti-virus software), cyber attacks are on the increase. This dissertation focuses on ways to assess the effectiveness of current preventative measures to cybercrime and to understand why organizations continue to be vulnerable to cybercrime. This dissertation met these twin research aims through an extensive study of relevant literature and the implementation of practical research. The latter was carried out through a Case Study with Company XXX using semi-structured interviews with key I.T. security personnel. This research produced a number of key findings: recent surveys confirm a significant increase in the incidences of cybercrime and their impact on the business community but also the types of cybercrime (viruses, hacking, spam, identity theft, fraud, privacy issues, web vandalism, etc.); organizations lacked the security expertise to deal with cybercrime and so depended too much on readily available technical ways to combat cybercrime (and failing); organizations were not aware of Government recommendations on how to address Internet-based security issues; and Governments and law enforcement agencies tended to localize cybercrime, allocating scant resources to contributing to a global solution. The main conclusions drawn from this research were that current approaches to fighting cybercrime are deficient because they fail to embrace a holistic approach, instead opting for a narrow local software-based focus, and that a lack of communication between major stakeholders at local, national and international level has hindered security development. This research argues for a multi-pronged model to reduce incidences of cybercrime. It takes into account Risk-Assessment models, local management of company policies, implementation issues (including proper resourcing and review policies), the need for global support infrastructures, and a means of fostering communication networks.(/Dissertation_Abstract.htm)2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns2.2 Verb tenses in abstractsRead the abstract above again and check the tenses in the abstract.3Writing Practice3.1 Abstract writing practice3.1.1 Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem is not obviously "interesting", it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. Read the following paragraph and write down the Motivation in the blank.A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques are required to solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment. One such technique is the method that involves the use of permeable treatment walls. These methods use a reactive medium such as iron to remediate contaminated groundwater.3.1.2 What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important. Read the following paragraph and write the problem (aim) in the blank.Several methods of implementing this remediation strategy have been described. These methods include injection and trenching. The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program.3.1.3 How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Read the following paragraph and write the approach in the blank.The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program. The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.1.4 What is the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as "very", "small", or "significant." If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand, you do not have room for all the caveats. Read the following paragraph and write the result in the blank.The results showed that increasing the wall length, gate length and permeability increases the size of the plume captured. An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.1.5 What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a significant "win", be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case? Read the following and write the conclusion in the blank:A sensitivity analysis has been conducted that shows that increasing the size of the capture zone decreases the residence time which will limit the design. The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented so that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.2 The following is a structured abstract from a report examining the network legitimacy in China telecommunication market (Low, Johnston, and Wang 97). Read it and transfer it into an informative abstract.Abstract structurePurpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance and approaches in securing an organization’s legitimacy from the network community of customers, suppliers and manufacturers, including private investors and state-owned institutions when marketing their products.Design/methodology/approach –The paper presents an inductive interpretative approach complemented by action-based research founded on inquiry and testing.Findings –The paper finds that the key to legitimacy success involves using legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment to the interests of constituents, acquiring legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering the central government’s influence on a firm’s legitimacy performance.Research limitations/implications –The multiple interactions proposed in this paper remain untested and might have to be modified pending further empirical testing and analysis.Practical implications –In China’s telecommunication market, a company’s legitimacy emanates first and foremost from the development and commercialization of innovative and creative technological solutions. This requires good, creative management of technological resource and activity links, connecting the company’s technology to network constituents which include local manufacturers, carriers, software developers, investors.Originality/value – This is the first published paper that examines the proposed interactions among legitimacy orientations, alignments, and performances from a “market-as-network” perspective in a dynamic, transitional Chinese telecommunication market.3.3Writing keywordsKeywords often stand alone after the Abstract. In choosing the key words, a wide choice of keywords increases the probability that a paper will be retrieved and read, thereby potentially improving citation counts and journal impacts. To ensure that your paper can be found and cited by as many readers as possible, as suggested by James Hartley, it might be worth considering selecting keywords from a series of categories such as Discipline (e.g. economic, chemistry, biomedical), Methods (e.g. experiment, case study, questionnaire, grounded theory), Data source (e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary students, senior citizens), Location (e.g. country, city, town, institution), Topic (e.g. air pollution, super-virus, earthquake). Such a selection of keywords allows the search engine, such as Google Advanced Scholar, to list your paper in the results no matter which of the above keywords the reader types in.The researchers sometimes have to trade-off between the keywords, particularly when they write for the journals that bound the number of keywords in the limit of 3~5. In this situation, choose the keywords from recent or often-cited titles close to your contribution. If you pick your keywords in this way, the searches that retrieve these articles will also retrieve yours. Consequently, the chances of your paper being read will increase. Read the above sample abstracts and write down the key words:4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstractBefore you write the Abstract section of your research paper, you need to make everything ready for your writing. The following steps may be helpful for your preparation.1) Identify the major objectives and conclusions.2) Identify phrases with keywords in the methods section.3) Identify the major results from the discussion or results section.4) Assemble the above information into a single paragraph.5) State your hypothesis or method used in the first sentence.6) Omit background information, literature review, and detailed description ofmethods.7) Remove extra words and phrases.8) Revise the paragraph so that the abstract conveys only the essential information.9) Check to see if it meets the guidelines of the targeted journal.10) Give the abstract to a colleague (preferably one who is not familiar with yourwork) and ask him/her whether it makes sense.Work in groups and discuss what other preparations you can make for writing an abstract section of your research paper.4.2 Outline an abstractWhen we outline an abstract, there are usually five major aliments to follow. The following sample paper is finished without the abstract and key words. Read the paper, find the statements concerned and fill in the blank after it.Sample paperGLOBAL MEGACITIES AND LOW CARBON: FROM CONCEPT PLANNING TO INTEGRATED MODELLINGPhil Jones, Simon Lannon, Robbert van Nouhuys, Hendrik RosenthalMega citiesIn 1950, 30% of the world’s population lived in cities. In 2000, it was 47%. By 2010 more than half of the world’s population will be living in cities. The total may even reach 60% by 2030 and possibly 85% by the middle of this century. Such rapidly increasing urbanization, particularly in developing countries, creates many opportunities and challenges.We are living in a globalized and changing world whereby increasingly we require wise use of human and natural resources. At the same time, we need to reduce the risk urbanization poses and enhance the quality of life for all those who live in, or are impacted by Megacities. Megacities are more than just large cities with populations of 10 million inhabitants or more. They are critical to national economies. Their scalecreates new dynamics, new complexity and new simultaneity of events and processes –physical, social and economic. They host highly efficient economic activities utilizing intense and complex interactions between different demographic, social, political, economic and ecological processes.Nations undergoing economic progress often generate rapid urbanization linked with considerable opportunities, as well as strong pressures for change accompanied by environmental degradation. In current times in the developing world, Megacities grow faster than ever before and much faster than their infrastructure can support. Traditionally this results in uncontrolled urban sprawl, high traffic volumes and congested transport systems, high concentrations of industrial production, ecological overload, unregulated and disparate land and property markets, insufficient housing development, excessive waste generation, loss of productivity, general economic constipation, degradation and decline.Over the past decades traditional Megacities have been suffering from inadequate representative governance, inhibiting spatial planning, building control, delivery of services (such as water supply, sewage disposal and energy distribution), and the establishment of general order (including security and disaster prevention). Existing administrations and their organizational structures may have been outgrown by the rapidly expanding city and may simply be unable to cope with the huge scale of their new responsibilities. On the other hand, megacities contain a rich mix of coexisting people and support systems when properly planned and managed. Groups with their own distinctive ethnic, community, cultural roots, lifestyles and social surroundings have opportunity to thrive and develop. Differences in economic development, social polarization, quality of infrastructure and governance are recognized and taken into account. The scale and dynamism of Megacities, coupled with complex interacting processes and the sheer concentration of human capital make them incubators of huge growth and innovation. Megacities are the focal points of globalization as well as the driving forces for development; they harbor a wide spectrum of human skill and potential, creativity, social interaction and cultural diversity.For Hanoi to develop within a rapid urbanization scenario it must look far ahead –not 20 years, not 50 years but 100 years –into the 22nd Century. The use of conventional planning and economic development guidelines have proven to be outdated, resulting in the risk of harboring pronounced poverty, social inequality, and aggravating rapid environmental degradation. Population density, if not managed, increases vulnerability to natural and man-made hazards. Thus, Megacities are both victims and producers of risk, if unmanaged and exposed to the global environmental, socio-economic and political changes to which they contribute.Megacities will be essential and efficient drivers of a nation’s gross domestic product, processes and activities. Megacities will be ideal places to drive activities and innovation to solve social, environmental, medical, socio-economic and political issues. For these reasons, Megacities are necessary and have potential to substantially contribute towards global justice and peace – and thereby prosperity.Low Carbon and Energy ModelingAspects of sustainable master planning that impact carbon and energy implications need to be understood to help inform concepts at the earliest stage of the design process. For example, the full benefits of reducing operating energy demand of buildings can only be realized if the energy supply can respond to the reduced demand, which includes the additional benefits of reducing the energy supply infrastructure, which in turn reduces its embodied energy. Likewise, if a low (or zero) carbon energy supply is to be used, for example, renewable energy, this is easier to achieve if first the energy demand is reduced. Also, as the operating energy performance of buildings is improved the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the operation of the building, for heating, cooling, lighting, etc., becomes of the same order as the embodied energy used in construction and fit-out of the building and its infra-structure. So a balanced approach across energy demand and supply infrastructure, operating energy and embodied energy, is needed to achieve optimum performance.This paper describes how the aspects of low carbon planning and design (i.e. operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, and other infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc.) can be assessed using urban scale modeling, namely EEP-Urban, at a whole city and building plot level. In particular, it explores how the reduction in energy supply infrastructure together with reduced energy demand can lead to reductions in carbon dioxide emissions associated with both operating and embodied energy. The concept of the Megacity in the context of Hanoi in 2110 is used to illustrate the model.The Concept of Metabolic Super ClustersHanoi in 2110 will feature super tall skyscrapers, elevated connectors and railways, nodal communication networks, as well as electrical and energy corridors. Vertical neighborhoods, where people live, shop, relax and work, are built on and above this surface. Built structures are not just individual towers standing independent from another but instead are interlinked and inter-dependent to form an urban spatial organization that allows for vertical connectivity.The urban model proposes 1 million people on a 1 square kilometer floor plate, hence called a Super Cluster. Under current suburban density standards a similar population would require in the order of 100 square kilometers. Thus, this vision for Hanoi in 2110 saves 99% of land for other uses, most notably conservation of ecological functions and provides food, leisure, material and energy support systems for the city thereby localizing the ecological footprint of the city.Another distinct aspect of Hanoi in 2110 is that it does not have static building functions. Instead, land use layers, building envelopes and orientations change over time – hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly – to optimize performance efficiencies, therefore becoming a Metabolic Super Cluster. It is envisaged that Hanoi by the end of this century will consist of 30 metabolic super clusters in addition to its traditional urban city centre.Concentrated compact development will enhance the quality of life for urban dwellers because all infrastructures, environmentally damaging and other undesirablesurface activities are located underground or integrated into the vertical structure, thereby significantly improving the quality of living space at the ground, open-air level. Underground space may also provide a safer environment for some public and commercial activities as well as providing shelter from inclement weather conditions. This may prove to be essential for infrastructure in particular, given the predicted impacts associated with climate change. Elevated multi-level connectors between building clusters are converted into common corridors with public amenities, farms and open space.Quality of life depends on individual perceptions, attitudes, aspirations and value systems. These differ with age, ethnicity, culture and religion, as well as lifestyles, education and cultural background. An individual’s priorities and attitudes to life depend heavily upon socio-economic background and cultural environment. Historic places, cultural sites or public spaces may give Megacities a certain unique identity, heritage, and authenticity. As a result, such spatial capital contributes to social cohesion and makes people feel at home.Nevertheless, the general opinion may be that the quality of life for many residents in Megacities would be low – for rich and poor alike. Air, water and soil pollution, water and energy supply shortages, traffic congestion, environmental health problems, limited green spaces, poverty and malnutrition, social security and public safety problems place many burdens and restrictions on people.The Megacity of the future has adapted to greater diversity in socio-cultural circumstances by including and enhancing the often widespread and dynamic informal activities that enrich such communities. Further development of new visions and innovative management tools are now urgently needed in order to enhance quality of life and create cohesive communities.Urban governance and management is one of the key success factors of any global Megacity. As society and aspirations evolve over time, the city has to be designed to adapt to change. Utopian cities built around fixed ideologies have never worked. Megacities need to be versatile in order to adapt.The main challenges for a Megacity in terms of urban governance are: dealing with the speed of change with intelligent urban infrastructure systems; eradicating social exclusion; and introducing proper forms of urban governance.Way ForwardWhether or not 1 million people are appropriate for a 1 km2 super cluster remains to be seen. The optimum density for sustainability, land use and quality of life may be less and will vary with global location. The above approach is essential to inform the design of high rise high density Megacities if they are to realize their full potential for providing sustainable healthy zero carbon cities of the future that can co-exist in a sustainable way with their neighboring rural areas.4.3 According to the above table, draft an abstract and keywords for the sample paper. Abstract:Key words:5.Final Checklistbackground, purpose, findings, conclusions, recommendations and follow strictly the chronology of the report/papers.∙Avoid excessive use of jargon, and exaggerative language∙Keep within the specified word limit. Most institutions will have their own "house rules" as to the length of the abstract. The abstract should stand alone and be able to be understood without reference to citations,∙Ensure the abstract contains all your key words (for the searchable databases). ∙Add no new information but simply summarize the report/papers. Be intelligible to a wide audience。

Unit 3 Cultural PerspectivesIl n’est pas proper? My French sister-in-law's question floated in the air. I pretended not to hear, waiting for my wife to answer. She was asking about our two-and-a-half-year-old son, who had just scampered by her, chasing a ball on the beach in Normandy. I wasn't exactly sure what she was asking. He isn't clean? What could she mean by that? When my wife answered, it became clear. It was about the diaper he was wearing, and the fact that he was not yet toilet trained. wasn't he getting a little old for diapers? This conversation, and the implication that our American toilet training practices were somehow inadequate, bothered me. I knew there were cultural differences in play, but the only explanation I could come up with in the moment was a simplistic notion about informality, or different traditions. Truthfully, I was struck more by how bothered I was. My emotions were triggered, and I couldn't figure out why.Later, I came across a comparison of the differences between French and American child-rearing practices. The French perceive that humankind-all people- contains both good and evil, and that children therefore need the guiding hand of rational adults in order to prepare them to participate properly in society, to bring out the positive in them and to control their innate negative tendencies. Children must follow the rules, so to speak. Americans, in contrast, tend to view humankind as basically good, and are consequently more tolerant of children finding their own way, learning from mistakes, trusting them to do what is right.What helped me most in this comparison was the realization that the fundamental differences in views between my sister-in-law and me could be explained in terms of cultural perspectives, that these were submerged deep within, and that it was not really a matter of right and wrong between the two of us. I question whether I could have come to this understanding by relying on my own experience. I needed others’ views.Perspectives can be presented as a combination of perceptions, values, beliefs, and attitudes. They are the explicit and implicit meanings shared by members of the culture, manifested in products and practices. These meanings reflect members' perceptions of the world, the beliefs and values that they hold, and the norms, expectations, and attitudes that they bring to practices. To name the perspectives that underlie practices is to answer question, why do the people of this culture do things in the way they.Perspectives can be tangible. Perceptions, beliefs, values, and attitudes can be explicitly stated in oral or written form. These explicit perspectives are expressed through sayings, proverbs, creeds, proclamations, myths, mottos, principles, guidelines, mission statements, scholarly studies, cultural studies, or other explicit forms of expression. These overt perspectives, the shared public outlooks, guide our practices.As an example, consider the perspective of “the American Drea m”-a cultural perspective that reflects a belief that anyone can achieve fame and fortune in the United States through hard work, self-reliance, and sacrifice. This belief is based upon values of equality, individualism achievement, competition, and materialism.These values. in turn. Derive from a cultural perception that people possess free will and can control their destinies and the environment, and that the future is more important than the past. Attitudes of competitiveness, ambition, determination, self-centeredness, and resilience follow. Accordingly, . culture has many practices that reflect the pursuit of the American Dream, including establishing certain relationships, developing a career, and acquiring wealth, status, or respect. Products accumulate with such practices: possessions, goods, capital, status, and recognition.Many explicit perspectives are found in the history of a culture and in social and cultural studies and commentaries. The histories of political economic, religious, educational and other formal institutions both reflect and propagate cultural perspectives. For example, the belief that "every man is presumed innocent until proven guilty" pervades the judicial system in the United States, and has its origins in the American Revolution as a conscious response to the political institutions in Europe. Likewise, history books are filled with stories of "self-made men, ""rugged individualists” who “pulled themselves up by their own bootstraps”,“left their pasts behind", and went from "rags to riches" to attain the American Dream, proving", in effect, that "God helps those who help themselves.” (Depending on the Americans you talk to, this perspective may be seen as myth or reality.)Perspectives are thus explicit, but at the same time they can be tacit or outside awareness, Members of a culture carry out practices, but when asked to explain them, they often cannot specify why they engage in these practices; they frequently reply, "that's just the way it is" or " we're always doing it this way. " This is not to say that people are unable to specify perspectives, but rather that people tend not to be aware of them. They take them for granted. The maxim "If you want to know about water, don't ask a fish." often used in intercultural circles. makes this point. Even though most cultural perspectives are tacit, they can be brought to the surface and made explicit, as anthropologists, among others, have demonstrated. It can demand a significant effort to uncover the tacit perspectives that govern practices. While this discovery is possible, it is questionable whether all tacit perspectives can in fact be surfaced. Some (or many, who knows) remain imprinted in the depths of our reptilian and mammalian brains, beyond the reach of language. At the most explicit level, perspectives are expressed most often as feelings that are associated with attitudes, revealed in the words or deeds of practices. For the most part, these feelings are either positive or negative ("This person is not arriving when I expected. I feel OK about this. "or I don't feel OK about this. ") The attitudes enclose values, which can be made explicit. ("I don’t feel OK about this, because it, s not right for someone to do this; a normal person wouldn’t do this. " Values are closely linked to beliefs, what we hold to be true or false, which also can be made explicit, with reflection. ("I believe that time is precious. ") We should base on perceptions, and these are almost always tacit, although they too can be brought to awareness, upon reflection or research. ("I perceive time as a substance, as material: it can be measured, quantified and handled like any othercommodity. "Issues related to time, especially punctuality, illustrate the explicit and tacit nature of perspectives. If I’m waiting for someone to arrive at a prearranged time, I begin to feel vaguely uncomfortable as the expected hour passes. The more time elapses, the more irritated I become. It takes a conscious effort to remind myself that my perception of time and the beliefs and values associated with it are in full force. I tell myself that I need to drop my belief that the person I await possesses deep, irreversible character flaws. To move through the emotions and attitudes to discover values, beliefs, and perceptions takes work, especially if the emotions are strong. Strong emotional reactions generally signal that an important cultural perspective has been touched, called into question, or threatened in some way. One way in which perceptions are commonly described in cultural studies is as "worldview". Literally, worldview is what it suggests: perceptions of all that surrounds one. The assumption underlying the notion of worldview is that of a unified. shared outlook on the world Worldview is used most often to describe the fundamental perceptions shared by members of a culture. Perceptions, in other words, are the organizing element in culture. Beliefs, values, attitudes, practices, and products follow. Perhaps the most obvious illustration of worldviews is religious institutions. Religions propose perspectives on humankind, deity, nature, and the universe. These views engender beliefs, values, and attitudes, which are manifested in the sets of specific practices developed by members of the religion. If they adhere to these practices, members will lead a proper way of life.When discussing perspectives, we need to recognize that there are two kinds: emic and etic. Emic perspectives are those articulated by members of the culture to explain themselves and their culture, while etic perspectives are those of outsiders to the culture, who use their own criteria to explain the others' culture.Etic perspectives include those of visitors to the culture, the criteria they use to describe and explain what they encounter, as well as categories for cross-cultural description and analysis established by anthropologists and other cultural researchers to describe many cultures. Etic perspectives therefore, provide frameworks to describe, analyze, and explain a culture from the outside. Each etic category carries assumptions about the nature of culture, and it is important to bring out these assumptions.Emic explanations are perspectives that members of the culture use to describe or explain their own way of life. These perspectives do not necessarily correspond to etic categories, nor does the terminology that the member use for their explanations. When asked, members may easily express the reasons for cultural products and practices. Or, given that many fundamental cultural perspectives are outside awareness, like the submerged bulk of the cultural iceberg, members may have difficulty finding word to fully explain them, just as I had no explanation on American toilet training practices.A foreign language teacher illustrates the insider/outsider perspectives on the same touching behaviors seen from two different cultures, his native Cameroon and the . students in his French class.In my French I class, we were reviewing greetings. After the usual bonjour, salut, etc., I introduced handshaking. I asked them how often they shake hands with their friends. The answer was rarely to never. I then explained to them how friends in Cameroon would shake hands several times during the same day. Whenever they would meet, they would shake hands. Students said they really be uncomfortable to be touched. We explored the possible reasons why Cameroonians shake hands so much, with the main one being the limited personal space people allow themselves in Cameroon. To make things worse, I told them that friends, brothers sisters walk hand in hand-literally -in Cameroon, without that having any connotation. When they heard this, most students were shocked, except for a Korean -American student. He said that on a trip to South Korea he noticed people holding hands everywhere, and he thought everybody was gay. He saidhe refused to hold hands with his cousins, and they thought he was just a weird American kid. Students admitted they'd try holding hands only if they had to.As a Cameroonian living in this country, I have noticed that people in the United States don't touch each other a lot. The rare occasions that I have observed people touching others are when expressing approval or satisfaction for a job well done;a tap on the shoulder ( usually from a superior/coach, etc. ) when sealing a deal(handshake); for a farewell(hug): friends giving each other a hug to comfort one another. I have also observed that holding hands occurs in the following situations: parents hold younger kids when crossing roads: lovers hold hands as a sign of intimate affection. Although not explicit, when two individuals of the same gender are seen holding hands, people in this country always consider them love partners.In view of the unfortunate and biased negative perception of gay and lesbian life in many American cultural circles, students do not want people to think they are gay or lesbian. The issue of use of personal space also comes into play here. In general, people in United States need a large personal space. Touching infringes that freedom.My goal was to show students the different interpretations the same personal behavior can have according to cultures. One behavior can be marked in one culture and unmarked in another I wanted to stress the fact that people in Cameroon are closer and they tolerate being touched by and touching acquaintances think my students became aware of the difference. I hope that if they ever find themselves in Cameroon or surrounded by a bunch of Cameroonians, they'll remember that shaking hands is OK and even expected, and that holding hands does not mean people are intimate. Lovers in Cameroon seldom hold hands! I don't recall seeing my own parents holding hands, let alone showing any other sign of affection to each other!So hopefully my students will not say “Gross!”or “That's gay!”when they see such behavior in a Cameroonian setting, or even in a Korean one, as we learned from the Korean -American boy.。

Unit 2 Initiating ResearchObjectives- Understand what a research is- Become aware of two language features of academic writing- Initiate your researchContents- Reading and discussion: What is a research?- Language focus: personal pronoun and nominalization- Writing practice: topic selection; focus formulating; a working title; outlining- Research practice: start the research1.Reading ActivityThis unit aims to describe what a research is, bring you an awareness of two language features of academic writing, and finally help you initiate a research of your own.1.1 Pre-reading TaskBefore you learn the detailed steps to initiate a research, please discuss the following questions:What is the purpose of initiating a research?How do you select the topic?What kind of topic can be studied?Do you often encounter first personal pronoun in academic writing? And why or why not?1.2 Reading PassageWhat is a research?A research is a systematic investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering new facts. It is divided into two general categories: (1) basic research is inquiry aimed at increasing scientific knowledge, and (2) applied research is effort aimed at using basic research for solving problems or developing new processes, products, or techniques. You may use "PPP" to describe the whole process of researching, which stands for Purpose (questions), Process (a systemic approach) and Product (answers) in the following figure.Purpose Process Product(Questions) (Systemic approach) (Answers)You can initiate a research in the following steps.Step1: Selecting a TopicSelect a topic that interests you.Selecting a topic is possibly the most difficult part of doing research. Is it too big? Is it too narrow? Will you be able to find enough on it? Start by choosing a topic that you like or are curious about. You are going to be working on it for quite a while, so try and find one that is interesting and that you can reasonably cover in the time and space available.Focus on a broad research topic.If you have a topic in mind, you still have to fine-tune your selection and narrow the focus. For example, by selecting the subject "Medical Care," you will discover reports relating to dozens of more narrow subjects, such as "Managed Care," "Medical Malpractice," and "Medical Mistakes." You will have to limit your topic, so that the research questions can be significant, original and answerable.Step 2: Formulating a thesis statementWrite your topic as a thesis statement, which may be the answer to your research question and/or a way to clearly state the purpose of your research. Your thesis statement will usually be one or two sentences that state precisely what is to be answered, proven, or what you will promise to your audience about the scope, purpose, and direction of your paper. It i s generally located near the end of the introduction; sometimes, in a long paper, the thesis will be expressed in several sentences or in an entire paragraph. And remember, the development of a thesis assumes that there is sufficient evidence to support the thesis statement.A thesis statement is supposed to be specific. Here is an example of a too broad statement:The Catholic Church’s influence on the formation of labor unions in the nineteenth century was extremely significant.Revision:The Catholic Church, by means of the pulpit and the purse, greatly influenced the labor movement in the United States during the final decades of the nineteenth century. Step 3: Writing a titleA good title is defined as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper. All words in the title should be chosen with great care, and their association with one another must be carefully managed.The title of your paper may not be exactly the same as your research question or your thesis statement, but the title should clearly convey the focus, purpose and meaning of your research.In terms of the structure of a title, it is mainly a noun phrase, gerund phrase, or a prepositional phrase. Sometimes, it can be a complete sentence. But for beginners, sentences are not recommended. The followings are some acceptable titles.Juvenile delinquency as the result of televisionDeath penalty – is it beneficial or unfavorable?The TV impact on the modern societyThe controversial character of Napoleon BonaparteFrank Lloyd Wright: Key Principles of Design For the Modern HomeAbnormal muscular tension caused by paspertin: report of 12 casesStep 4: OutliningUsing an outline can help you organize your material and can also help you discover connections between pieces of information.A Working Outline might be only an informal list of topics and subtopics which you are thinking of covering in your paper. Sometimes, however, an instructor might require that a working outline be submitted at the beginning of your work; then your instructor might suggest ways in which the work needs to be further developed or cut back. The working outline can be revised as you discover new material and get new ideas that ought to go into your paper.A Final Outline enhances the organization and coherence of your research paper. The outline organization should suit well to your purposes. Are you attempting to show the chronology of some historical development, cause-and-effect relationship, comparison and contrast between one phenomenon and another, the process by which something is accomplished, or the logic of some position?A final outline can be written as a topic outline, in which you use only short phrases to suggest ideas, or as a sentence outline, in which you use full sentences (even very brief paragraphs) to show the development of ideas more fully. The following is a template outline of research, which may not reflect all of the research you will be including in your final paper, but it should show that you have done enough research that you know the main topics and subtopics that you will be using.∙Title∙Complete the sentence "The Purpose of this Paper is . . ."Introductiono Describe the problemo Why is this analysis appropriate?o Importance of the problemo The scope of the reviewo Gaps in the previous studyo How the results of the review will be applied.o Identify the research questions you hope to answerMethodologyo Identify the method used to identify and locate sources;o Explain the rationale used for selecting the sources to analyze;o Explain the procedures to be used for analyzing the sources;o Identify the criteria for evaluating the information found.Analysis and Discussion (General points to consider)o Evidence and ideas are presented from sourceso Concepts are organized by sub-topicso Sources are grouped by concepts instead of individual entitieso Grouping may be related to research questions.o Validity of sources is stated to support your ultimate answers to yourquestions.o Each of your statements is cited by placing the number(s) identifyingthe reference(s) which support your statement.Conclusions and Recommendationso Identify and synthesize findingso Systematically answer your research questionso Provide recommendations for▪Future research▪Classroom applications▪Educational policies and procedures,▪Program revisions, or▪Other warranted situationsReferenceso L ist each of your references using APA format (or as close to it as youcan get.)o N umber each of your references so you can cite your evidence in theAnalysis and Discussion section1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Summarize the procedure of initiating a research based on the text in a few key words and fill in the following table.1.3.2 Read the following topics and please decide what the theme is and in what way the topic is limited for each proposal based on Step 1.nguage Focus2.1Person PronounsFirst person pronounsYou can usually strengthen your impersonal tone by removing first person pronouns.Second person pronounsWhen considering an audience, you establish credibility by avoiding secondperson pronouns to decrease closeness and informality.2.1.1 Turn the following sentences into academic ones by avoiding first and second personal pronouns.1. I think that doctors should be required to complete communication skill courses.2. When you read Hamlet, you should notice clear foreshadowing of events to transpire.3. I chose this method because it was less complex.4. My reading has shown that there are several reasons why plants are dispersed by ants.5. The one I have found the most agreement for is that ant nests are nutrient enriched sites and therefore it may be advantageous for seeds to germinate from within ant nests .6. I also found that the results of this study concurred with Berg's (1975) hypothesis that seeds are protected from fire through their burial in ants nests.2.1.2 Check for the appropriate person for the following text. First and second person pronouns are sometimes applicable to the consultative voice, but not in the formal one. Be sure that you are consistent with your usage throughout the paper.For our project we decided to check out the impact of two simple actions aimed at getting more female employees to use the stairs at a five floor worksite. The first thing we did was that we put up a health sign that linked stair use to health and fitness. And the second thing was an E-mail which we asked the worksite doctor to send out. We asked him to point out how regular stair use could be really good for general fitness. We did the research by checking things out in four states: a baseline week, the week after the sign, the week after the E-mail and then 3 weeks after that.We were really pleased that stair use went up a lot in the week after the sign, from a baseline of 69% to 77%, and then up again to 89% after the E-mail. Unfortunately, 4 weeks after the E-mail was sent out, stair use had gone down to 67% and we were very disappointed about that, we had expected these simple actions to lead to more stair use but we didn’t think the positive effect would’ve vanished after amonth. So it’s really difficult to make any recommendations based on our evidence. 2.2 NominalizationIn the text, we read:“A Final Outline enhances the organization and coherence of your research paper. The outline organization should suit well to your purposes.”Do you find anything particular about structural features of these two sentences above? If yes, why do we use the structure?Nominalization: The word nominalization defines itself, since it is itself an example of a nominalization. When you turn a verb into a noun, you nominalize it, creating a nominalization. Nominalization types differ according to the level of organization at which the nominalization takes place Three types of nominalizations can be distinguished: nominalizations at the level of word (e.g. reject, rejection), nominalizations which nominalize a structure that lies in between a verb and a full clause (e.g. Sa m’s rejection of the budget) and, finally, nominalizations consisting of full clauses (e.g. Failure could result in rejection of the budget.)2.2.1 Try to write the nominal forms of the following words.Verb NominalizationDiscoverImpairAllowRefuseStudyProposeIndicateRemoveAssumeIntendLiableNegligentExtensiveLegalCarelessProficient2.2.2 The following sentences do not sound academic. Rewrite them with nominalization.1. We walked for charity. We raised money for the Leukemia Foundation.2. Crime was increasing rapidly and the police were becoming concerned.3. Germany invaded Poland in 1939. This was the immediate cause of the Second World War breaking out.4. We need to know which parts of our library are being used most extensively so that we can project what resources are most needed.5. I know English well. I worked for three years in a factory in Shanghai. I think I am good enough for your job.2.2.3 The following text sounds colloquial. Rewrite it into an academic passage with nominalization.Because only a few people have most of the money and power in Australia, I conclude that it is not an equal society. Society has an Upper, Middle and Lower class and I think that most people, when they are born into one class, end up staying in that class for their whole lives. When all three classes are looked at more closely, other things such as the differences between the sexes and people's racial backgrounds also add to the unequal nature of Australian society. Women earn less than men and own less than men. Why is this so?3. Writing Practice3.1 Topic SelectionThe following is a list of topics that you may be interested in. Choose three topics and discuss their possibilities as subjects for research with your teammates. If you find none of the following interesting, you can propose your own.3.2 Focus FormulationPlease formulate focus for the three topics that you are most interested in chosenfrom 3.1 by limiting them to some aspects, e.g., a certain population, theory, or methodology.1.___________________________________________________________________.2.___________________________________________________________________.3.___________________________________________________________________.3.3 Establishing a Working TitleA working title is a title which you initially think of in order to establish a focus for your research and writing. As you read and become more involved in the subject of your project, your viewpoint may change. This isa partof the process of developing your ideas, and thus a part of fine-tuning your research skills. You may decide to go back and change your plan, and your final title may differ somewhat from your working title.The following are James' working title, and the process of refinement.Please write down three acceptable titles for the three topics that you have narrowed down in the previous task 3.2.1._______________________________________________________________2._______________________________________________________________3._______________________________________________________________3.4 OutliningThe following passage is an abstract of a research paper. Please write an outline and a title for this passage.ABSTRACT: Hunger during school may prevent children in developing countries from benefiting from education. Although many countries have implemented school feeding programs, few programs have been rigorously evaluated. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of giving breakfast to undernourished and adequately nourished children. The undernourished group comprised 407 children in grades 2–5 in 16 rural Jamaican schools (weights-for-age 21 SD of the National Center for Health Statistics references) and the adequately nourished group comprised 407 children matched for school and class (weights-for-age >21 SD). Both groups were stratified by class and school, and then randomly assigned to breakfast or control groups. After the initial measurements, breakfast was provided every school day for 1 school year. Children in the control group were given one-quarter of an orange and the same amount of attention as children in the breakfast group. All children had their heights and weights measured and were given the Wide Range Achievement Test before and after the intervention. School attendance was taken from the schools’ registers. Compared with the control group, height, weight, and attendance improved significantly in thebreakfast group. Both groups made poor progress in Wide Range Achievement Test scores. Younger children in the breakfast group improved in arithmetic. There was no effect of the nutritional group on the response to breakfast. In conclusion, the provision of a school breakfast produced small benefits in children’s nutri tional status, school attendance, and achievement. Greater improvements may occur in more undernourished populations; however, the massive problem of poor achievement levels requires integrated programs including health and educational inputs as well as school meals. （Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:873–9.）4. Writing Project4.1 You have decided on a topic for research in this semester. Please write it down.4.2 Please narrow down your topic to one or more research questions.4.3 Please write down your thesis statement and list the key words that best describe your topic.4.4 Please make an outline of your research, and exchange your outlines within your team for peer correction mainly in inner logic and coherence.5. Final ChecklistHere is a checklist for you to initiate a research. Please make sure that your potential project meets the criteria for a good research.。

Unit 4 Describing MethodologyObjectives─ Be clear about t he significance of this section─ Try to understand the importance of pa ssive voice in academic writing─ Learn to be skilled in using sequential markers in writing a pro cess─ Be fam iliar with proof-reading skills─ Learn to design a questionnaireContents─ Brief introduction to this section─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in writing a methodology section?─ Language Focus: Passive voice and sequential markers─ Writing Practice: Understanding the sentence patterns and sent ence order in writing a process─ Writing Project: How to design a questionnaire1.Reading ActivityIn natural sciences the method section is often called Materials and Methods. In social sciences it is common to introduce a section called Theory and Methods. Sometimes it is divided in two sections: Theoretical Framework and Methods.Research methodology is mainly concerned with the answers to the following questions:1) Why is a particular research study undertaken?2) How has one formulated a research problem?3) What types of data have been collected?4) What particular methods have been used?5) Why is a particular technique of analysis of data used?1.1Pre-reading TaskThe following is the method section of a research article in the field of applied linguistics. Think about the following questions before reading the text and then havea discussion with your classmates:1) What is the function of the method section?2) What information elements does a method section include?3) What verb tenses are mainly used in the text? What is the proportion of activevoice verbs to passive voice verbs in this method section?1.2 Reading PassageEnglish for College Students in Taiwan:A Study of perceptions of English Needs in a Medical ContextThe experiment was initiated to investigate perceptions of English needs in a medical context among college students in Taiwan.The subjects were 341 medical students in the Department of Medicine, including 97 freshmen, 74 sophomores, 90 juniors, and 80 seniors, and 20 faculty members in the medical program at Chung Shan Medical College in Taichung, Taiwan, China.Two questionnaires were developed for the survey, based on two earlier survey instruments by Taylor & Hussein (1985) and Guo (1989). The questionnaires were translated into Chinese, piloted, and modified according to the feedback from l0 respondents: six medical students and four faculty members from Chung Shan Medical College. The questionnaire given to the medical students consisted of five sections of 23 questions, the topics of which were the importance of English incollege and professional careers, perceived language skill needs and problems, the activities needed in a freshman language course, and suggestions for development of course content and materials as well as demographic information. The faculty questionnaire consisted of four sections of l6 questions, which were parallel to those in the version given to the students except no demographic information was gathered (see Appendix).One of the authors, a faculty member at Chung Shan Medical College, selected one required class for each group of students (freshmen sophomores, juniors and seniors). Copies of the student questionnaire for administration to the students were then sent to cooperating instructors teaching these courses; copies of the faculty questionnaire were given to 20 teachers who were willing to complete the survey.The data were computer-analyzed using an SPSS program: in the questionnaire, percentages were determined for all questions except 8 and 13 for which means were computed. Chi-square, t-tests, and ANOV A analyses (方差分析) were conducted in order to determine the perceptions of English language needs of medical college students and their faculty and to compare the perceptions held by the various groups.( Pang, 2008)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage.1.3.2 Understand more about the method section of this research. Whatdo you know about the questionnaires used in the survey?2. Language Focus2.1 Passive voiceThe passive voice is usually used in academic writing, because passive structures have less subjective coloring in most cases than active ones. When describing a process or a scientific experiment, it is important to write in a neutral style, as an observer. To do this, you can use passive voice. There are three instances in which the passive voice is recommended: 1) when we do not know or do not care about who has performed the action; 2) when we focus on the receiver instead of the performer of the action; and 3) when we would like to remain in a neutral or objective position in writing. More examples from the methodology section are as follows:1) The study was conducted at the beginning of the semester and the final one was given at the end of the semester. ( procedure )2) In summer, the greenhouse was cooled by pulling in air through water saturated pads on the south end of the building. ( specially designed material )3) The quartz reactors tested for this work are fabricated by the A&B Sales Company of Wheeling, Leeds, UK. ( instrument )4) In order to provide a broad sampling of college students, respondents were recruited from diverse fields of study. ( sampling )5) The final scores were computed into mean averages (X) and standard deviations (SD). ( statistical analysis)2.1.1 Go over the Reading Passage and mark verbs inthe passive voiceand then complete the following table:2.1.2 Rewrite the following text with passive voice.Some people consider a poison ivy infection to be humorous. But it is not funny at all. Contact with the plant causes a rash that has the intensity of a fresh mosquito bite and lasts for several days. Scientists have studied poison ivy infection for centuries, but they have found no preventive pill or inoculation. The poisonous substance in the plant is called urushiol. After urushiol has touched the skin, blisters and weeping sores will soon cover the exposed area.2.2 Sequential markersA process paragraph explains how to do something or how something works. Process paragraphs are usually developed step-by-step in a chronological or logical sequence. The following sequencing expressions are more frequently used to link steps in a description of a process or to divide a process into steps:● Firstly … To begin with … First of all … etc.●Secondly … Next … After that … In addition … etc.● Finally … Lastly …The following sentences describe a process of making paper. Use sequential words and rewrite them into a cohesive paragraph.1) The logs are placed in the shredder.2) They are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid.3) They are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned.4) It is chemically bleached to whiten it.5) It is passed through rollers to flatten it.6). Sheets of wet paper are produced.7) The water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined and the finished paper is produced.3. Writing PracticeA well organized, logically ordered and easily understandable chapter on methodology makes the thesis a really outstanding work. Normally, a method section includes:1) Overview of the experiment: one sentence briefly tells what was done (like a topicsentence);2) Population: state the people/subjects studied, or the things tested;3) Location : where the study took place;4) Restriction/Limiting conditions: precautions taken to make sure that the data are valid;5) Sampling Techniques : describe how the subject are selected for the study;6) Materials : describe the materials used to conduct the study or experiment;7) Procedures : State the steps of the experiment in a chronological order;8) Statistical Treatment: describe how the statistics are examined.Of all the items on this list, the only items that are always included in the method section are the materials and procedures.3.1 Read the following sentences. They are all taken from method sections from different research articles. In each case, determine which information element is represented.(1) A total of 369 participants of European origins (52.7% female) with a mean age of27.2 years were recruited by research assistants in public places in the Montrealregion.(2) The data used for the current analysis consists of 60 texts taken from 20engineering journals.(3) Experimenters approached potential participants by introducing themselves asstudents from the University of Quebec in Montreal and then asked if they would accept to participate in a short study on facial expressions.(4) The study aims to examine the use of SEF as a tool for providing evidence ofteaching effectiveness in tertiary education.(5) The results of the two questionnaires were subjected to statistical tests ofreliability and significance using SPSS.(6) Envelopes containing the survey materials were sent to the local business managerof each union. In the envelopes, there was a cover letter explaining the project, the questionnaire itself, and a pre-paid return envelope. The union business manager was contacted and asked to select workers from his union and to send the envelopes to the chosen workers.(7) The participants were 90 first-year students from the School of Foreign Languagesat a major university in Nanjing. Their average age was 18 years old. They constituted a convenience sample.(8) The investigation was performed in a national laboratory affiliated to a researchcenter for industrial automation in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province.3.2 Completing sentencesThe following words and phrasal verbs are more commonly used in Method SectionComplete the following paragraph by translating Chinese into English.A group of MBA students from a major metropolitan state university were recruited as participants for the investigation. （1）（问卷调查实施）after the topic of the BSC had been discussed in the course. 136 students enrolled in a managerial accounting course ( 2 ) （完成了此次问卷. _( 3 )_（表2给出了这些参与者的背景信息）. As is shown, the majority of participants are male. _( 4 )_（参与者的平均年龄约29岁）, _( 5 )_（平均工作经历约6年）, and the mean number of accounting classes was approximately four.(Liu, 2008)1)_________________________________________________________________2)_________________________________________________________________3)_________________________________________________________________4)_________________________________________________________________5)_________________________________________________________________3.3 Reordering sentencesThe following is the method section of a research article from the field of engineering with sentences in a scrambled order. Please rearrange them in a more conventional order. Write the sequential number in the box on the right side of the table below.3.4 Rewriting sentencesThe following sentences are taken from method sections of different published articles. Rewrite each sentence to make it more acceptable.(1) Table 5 shows the number of students per level and their L1 language backgroundswhich are represented.__________________________________________________________________ (2) Two questionnaires which were administered respectively to the personnel officersand business employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (3) The scores of the two raters were averaged and all the data were entered forstatistical analysis._________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (4) The model which was used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2006Test package, which was originally developed by the Morrison Research Institute._________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (5) Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule. He used scores on theStanford Achievement Test as the measure.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (6) Having explained the directions, the students began to write.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (7) The schedule was in effect only 1 year, with students achieving better results.__________________________________________________________________ (8) The teacher put the assignment on the board, and then she checked the roll andfound that three students were absent.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________(9) School administrators who are interested in making changes that are not tooexpensive or too complex for the most part have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (10) One of the obstacles that deter the installation of solar energy systems that aredesigned to achieve the savings that are important to all people is the reluctance of those same individuals to make large capital investments.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________3.5 Turning notes into a passageYou are required to write the method section of a research paper about the experiment to investigate into students’ preferen ces and attitudes towards sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages. Pay particular attention to the choice of tense and voice.4. Writing Project4.1 Gathering information for a method section.You are required to write the method section of a research paper in the field of English language class attendance with the information elements given below. Gather information for your research.4.2 Designing a questionnaireThe design of a questionnaire will depend on whether the researcher wishes to collect exploratory information (i.e. qualitative information for the purposes of better understanding or the generation of hypotheses on a subject) or quantitative information (to test specific hypotheses that have previously been generated).A good questionnaire is one that: 1) enables collection of accurate data in a timely manner; 2) facilitates the work of data collection, data processing and the tabulation of data; 3) ensures that there is no collection of non-essential information; and 4) permits comprehensive and meaningful analysis as well as purposeful utilization of the data collected to ensure that the technical task of the questionnaire receives the various input that it requires.Types of questionsThere are many different types of questions you can use to get the information that you need. In the main, these fall into open and closed questions. An open question allows the respondents to use their own words to answer, e. g., “What do you think are the main causes of racism?” A closed question gives them pre-defined options, e.g., “Which of the following do you think are the main causes of racis m: a, b, c, d”.The pros and cons of each are given in the following table.Rating design in a questionnaire: Look closely at the following example of a rating design.Please rate the quality of the medical insurance of this company.□Poor □Fair □GoodThere are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:1. Decide the information required;2. Define the target respondents;3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents;4. Decide on question content;5. Develop the question wording;6. Put questions into a meaningful order and format;7. Check the length of the questionnaire;8. Pre-test the questionnaire;9. Develop the final survey form.Now work in groups of four, and design a questionnaire to obtain information about students’ attendance and ca uses for their absence.4.3 Drafting your method sectionBegin your writing now with the information you have just obtained from your survey.5. Final ChecklistRevision gives you an opportunity to take another look at what you have written. Therefore, you have to do some extra work to revise your draft. Here are some general rules for your check.。