多重继承下的virtual table

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1.1.1. 多重继承下的虚成员函数

0001 class Base1

0002 {

0003 public :

0004 Base1();

0005 virtual ~Base1();

0006 virtual void speakClearly();

0007 virtual Base1 *clone() const;

0008 protected :

0009 float data_Base1;

0010 };

0011 class Base2

0012 {

0013 public :

0014 Base2();

0015 virtual ~Base2();

0016 virtual void mumble();

0017 virtual Base2 *clone() const;

0018 protected :

0019 float data_Base2;

0020 };

0021 class Derived : public Base1, public Base2

0022 {

0023 public :

0024 Dervied();

0025 virtual ~Dervied();

0026 virtual Dervied *clone() const;

0027 protected :

0028 float data_Dervied;

0029 };

Dervied支持虚函数(virtual function)的难度在于Base2 Subobject,有三个问题待解决:

1) 析构函数

2) Base2::mumble();

3) 一组clone函数

多重继承下,一个派生类产生n-1个额外的虚函数表,用于表示基类(上一层)的数目,单一继承也可以看作特殊的多重继承。对象模型如下所示:

Base1 object Base1 Virtual Function Table

Base2 object Base2 Virtual Function Table

Derived Virtual Function Table(Shared with Base1) Derived object

Base2_Derived Virtual Function Table

当一个Derived对象指定给一个Base1或Derived指针,被处理的virtual Table为主要表格vtbl_Derived指针,而将一个Derived对象指派给一个Base2指针,被处理的virtual Table是次要表格vtbl_Base2_Derived。

有三种情况后继的Base Class会影响virtual function的支持:

1) 通过后继的Base Class指针调用Derived Class virtual function。也就是前述1) data_Base1

_vptr_Base1 #0 type_info for Base1

#1 Base1::~Base1()

#2 Base1::clone()

#3 Bae1::SpeakClearly()

data_Base2

_vptr_Base2 #0 type_info for Base2

#1 Base2::~Base2()

#2 Base2::mumble()

#3 Base2::clone()

Base1

Object data_Base1

_vptr_Base1

Base2

Object data_Base2

_vptr_Base2

data_Derived #0 type_info for Derived

#1 Derived::~ Derived()

#2 Base1::

SpeakClearly()

#3 Derived::clone()

#4 Base2::mumble()

#0 type_info for Derived

#1 Derived::~ Derived()

#2 Base2::mumble()

#3 Derived::clone() Base2 *pb2 = new Derived;

delete pb2;

//C++伪代码

Derived *tmp = new Derived;

Base2 *pb2 = temp ? temp + sizeof(Base1) : 0;

(*pb2->vptr[1])(pb2 - sizeof(Base1));

2) 通过Dervied class 指针,调用后继的Base class中的继承而来的virtual function。也就是前述2)

Derived *pb = new Derived;

pd->mumble();

//C++伪代码

Derived *pd = new Derived;

(*pd->vptr[2])();

3) 发生在语言扩充性质下,允许一个virtual function 的返回值类型有所变化,可能是Base type也可能是publicly derived type。也就是前述3)

Base2 *pb1 = new Derived;

Base2 *pb2 = pb1->Clone();

//C++伪代码

Derived *tmp = new Derived;

Base2 *pb1 = temp ? temp + sizeof(Base1) : 0;

Derived *temp = (*pb1->vptr[3])();

Base2 *pb2 = temp ? temp + sizeof(Base1) : 0;