Transient photovoltage
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EfficientPhotovoltaicCurrentGenerationatFerroelectricDomainWallsJanSeidel,1,2DeyiFu,3,4Seung-YeulYang,3EstherAlarco´n-Llado´,1,5JunqiaoWu,1,3RamamoorthyRamesh,1,2,3andJoelW.AgerIII1,*1MaterialsSciencesDivision,LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,Berkeley,California,USA2DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,Berkeley,California,USA3DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,Berkeley,California,USA4SchoolofElectronicScienceandEngineering,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing,China5SwissFederalInstituteofTechnology(EPFL),Lausanne,Switzerland(Received18May2011;revisedmanuscriptreceived2July2011;published15September2011)Weelucidatethemechanismofanewlyobservedphotovoltaiceffectwhichoccursinferroelectricswithperiodicdomainstructures.Undersufficientlystrongillumination,domainwallsfunctionasnanoscalegeneratorsofthephotovoltaiccurrent.Thestepsintheelectrostaticpotentialfunctiontoaccumulateelectronsandholesonoppositesidesofthewallswhilelocallyreducingtheconcentrationoftheoppositelychargedcarriers.Asaresult,therecombinationrateadjacenttothewallsisreduced,leadingtoanetdiffusioncurrent.Inopencircuit,photovoltagesforperiodicallyordereddomainwallsareadditiveandvoltagesmuchlargerthanthebandgapcanbegenerated.Theinternalquantumefficiencyforin-dividualdomainwallscanbesurprisinglyhigh,approaching10%foraboveband-gapphotons.AlthoughwehavefoundtheeffectinBiFeO3films,itshouldoccurinanysystemwithasimilarperiodicpotential.DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.126805PACSnumbers:73.50.Pz,77.80.Dj,77.84.Às,85.50.Àn
Load Transient Response
暫態(transient)的定義為:「僅能維持一段短暫時間的事和物」。但隨著微處
理器工作速度和電流需求量的升溫,負載電流發生暫態變化時,穩壓器要在限定範圍內維
持輸出電壓的能力,就成為一個難以擺脫的困擾。典型CPU晶片對電源規範的要求,是
即便負載電流在幾百奈秒(ns)內發生20或30安培的變化,電壓仍然可以保持穩定,
要能夠達成這個性能指標是一件非常了不起的創舉。
暫態響應可能是電子電壓調節裡最難理解的概念之一。筆者在數年前的一個會議中聽
到另一家知名半導體廠商的市場主管提出一個並不正確的陳述--他表示「敝公司新推出的
穩壓器,速度快到可以讓用戶不再需要電容﹗」。
但事實上,當負載瞬間改變時(無論這個穩壓器有多快),電容依然是必要的。
總而言之,用戶必須充分理解暫態響應和它的工作原理,才能掌握從何處投入資金才
能提升系統性能,以及在不犧牲暫態的情況下節省成本。
▲圖1:典型的穩壓器。
■ 電壓調節
幾乎所有的電子電路都需要一個穩定的電壓源,其可維持在限定的誤差範圍內,以
確保正確運作(典型的CPU電路只允許公稱電壓 (nominal voltage) 的最大誤差
不超過±3%)。此固定電壓由某些穩壓器負責供應(圖1)。
透過電阻分壓器自動檢測輸出電壓,誤差放大器不斷調整電流源,以維持輸出電壓在
公稱電壓範圍內保持穩定。穩壓器必須能夠在負載電流需求量從零上升到滿載(大約為20A或更多)時,保持輸出電壓恆定。當負載電流需求量緩慢變化時很容易做到這一點,
但如負載電流〝階躍(step)〞很快的話,穩壓器將無法提供完全穩定的輸出電壓。
瞭解負載瞬間變化的關鍵點︰
1.穩壓器扮演驅動負載的壓控電流源(透過輸出端的電壓回授對電流源進行調節)
的角色。由於穩壓器的電流源永遠不可能在零時間內作出變化,因此可以得出結論-如果
用戶使負載電流的變化速度超過穩壓器的響應速度,輸出電壓將會發生變化。
微电子专业英语词汇
IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】
Abrupt junction 突变结['brpt] 突然的;Accelerated testing 加速实验[k'selreitid]
Acceptor 受主 Acceptor atom 受主原子['
tm] n. 原子
Accumulation [,kju:mju'lein]积累,堆积Accumulating contact(n. 接触,联系)积累接触
Accumulation region['ri:dn]地区 积累区 Accumulation layer['lei]
层 积累层
Active region 有源区['
ktiv] 积极的,有源的 Active component [km'punnt] 元件 有源元
Active device
有源器件 Activation 激活
Activation energy 激活能 Active region 有源(放大)区
Admittance [d'mitns] 导纳 Allowed band [b?nd] 带 允带
Alloy-junction device ['
l] 合金结器件 Aluminum(Aluminium) ['lju:minm] 铝
Aluminum – oxide ['
ksaid] 铝氧化物 Aluminum passivation [psi'vein] 钝化 铝钝化
Ambipolar [,mbi'pul] 双极的 Ambient temperature ['mbint] 环境温度
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