英诗的语法特点英文诗的选词造句，即所谓的诗歌语言（Poetic diction）和散文里的有所不同。
虽然诗的语法特点(Poetic License)严格讲起来并不包括在诗的格律范围之内，但和格律有着密不可分的联系，有些还是专门为了适应格律的要求，所以这里有加以简单介绍的必要，而且这对理解诗意也会有所帮助。
英诗的语法特点概括起来有几个方面值得介绍一下：§l 使用废字和不常见字前人用过的有些英文字早已为时代所淘汰，成为废字和不常见词（archaic or less common words）在日常生活和散文里，已经没有人再用或很少使用，而在诗里却屡见不鲜。
这可能是由于这些词古色古香，能触发诗人的情思，发思古之幽情，也许是诗歌中用些古词显得高雅，吸引读者注意，主要还是诗歌多注重言外之意，对于口语文字的时代变化不太注意。
举例说明如下：（一）名词：诗歌里常用swine代替pigs, swain 代替农民。
Spouse 代替wife. Steed 代替horse, main代替sea. damsel代替girl.(二) 代词：诗歌里常用thou和thee, 分别代替you的主格和宾格。
Ye和you代替复数主格。
Thy或thine(首字母为元音的名词前)代替your的单数, thine代替yours; mine 代替my.(三) 形容词：诗里常用lowly代替humble (卑贱的)；ingrate代替ungrateful (忘恩负义的)， mute代替silent.(沉默的)；fond代替foolish(愚蠢的)；reckless代督careless，代替careless(轻率的)；do1eful代替sorrowful(苦恼的)；artless代替innocent(天真的)；hapless 代替unluckly(不幸的)。
等等。
(四) 副词：诗里常用hapty代替perhaps(或许)；oft代替often(时常)；erst代替formerly(从前)；anon代替at once(立即)；full代替very(很)。
Richard Brinsley Sheridan谢立丹(1751-1816),born in Ireland and he was a playwright(剧作家).作品:The Rivals 竞争者, The School for Scandal造谣学校•Sheridan vivified the English Drama of his day, for which he has been praised the great English playwright of the 18th century.•The Rivals and The School for Scandal are two of three best comedies in 18th century.•In fact, his two plays serve as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Show, as true classics in English comedy. Sheridan’s dramatic career was short but amazing brilliant. It occurred at the time when English drama stagnated at its lowest ebb and called for reinvigoration. He injected fresh energy into English drama and helped keep it as a viable link in the continuity of the nation’s dramatic tradition.谢立丹代表作《造谣学校》The School for ScandalThe school of Scandal refers to the living room of Lady Sneer well. Here two plotlines（双线索）run parallel: Lady Teazle’s loss of innocence and growth and Sir Oliver Surface’s selection of an heir.Main charactersCharles: seems to be a reckless prodigal (鲁莽的浪子)from all outward appearances, but he is frank, honest and good-hearted.Joseph: seems to be pious(虔诚的), always declaring noble feelings, uttering moral speeches and appearing to be a man of honor. But behind the mask, he is hypocrite, a backbiter and a seducer.Lady Sneer well: She often laughs at people, esp, underdogs.Mrs. Candour: Candour means justice, but here it’s an irony. She is a scandal monger.Sir Backbite: Backbite means bite people from behind. He is a two-blade manPlotlines:Lady Teazle’s loss of innocence and growth and Sir Oliver Surface’s selection of an heirSubject MattersThe vices of English upper-class life and its influence on life and people in general. Self-serving and the human inclination to suspicion is the major root causes of all evil: hypocrisy, depravity, and corruption.The parasitic existence of the upper class was the breeding ground of all evil.作品特点：1.Allegorical Naming of Characters2.He fleshes out his main characters well with cogent details so that they are nomere skeletons for moral abstractions.3.Sheridan shows his consummate craftsman in leaving loose threads here and therebut never failing to pull them together in some climatic scene.4.Sheridan’s language is lucid and humorous and presents little or no paradoxes.18世纪末19世纪初浪漫主义运动的特点：The Romantic MovementBeginning with the publication of Lyrical ballads .Ending with the death of Walter Scott, and the passage of the First Reform Bill in the ParliamentA movement that flourish in literature, philosophy, music and art in western culture during the first half of the 19th century, beginning as a revolt against classicism.-It emphasizes(注重) imagination, emotion and freedom over reason and intellect.-It expresses an extreme assertion of the self and the value of individual experience. -Nature is often personified and symbolic methods are frequently used in Romantic writing.Literary features of Romanticism文学特点•An emphasis of feeling, imagination, intuition and in all, in subjectivity.• A love of nature• A belief in individualism and freedom•The glorification of the commonplace•An interest in the past, the unusual, the unfamiliar and the bizarre•Feeling of lonelinessKey terms in Romanticism•Imagination VS. “reason”–Imagination was elevated to a position as the supreme faculty of the mind, the primary faculty for creating all art.•Nature–Nature is a healing power, a source of subject and image, and a refuge from the artificial constructs of the civilization.•Individualism–Man is the center of all concern.–Romanticists valued the exploration and evaluation of the inner self, emphasized the dignify of man and the importance of the present life.•The Everyday subjects–The Everyday materials, “the language of common people”Summary•Romanticism was provoked by two revolutions: The French Revolution and American Revolution, which aroused great sympathy and enthusiasm inEngland.•Also during this period, England was experiencing profound economic and social changes because of Industrial Revolution.-Gradually, the capitalist class grasped the political power and came to thecruel exploitation of workersWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850)华兹华斯Two periods of his literary career• A revolutionist with liberal political ideas• A conservative, coming to believe that man’s wild spirit is needed taming by the Church.Major Works•Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集“The Tintern Abbey丁灯寺旁”, “I wandered lonely as a cloud”, “the Daffodils”•Poems in Two Volumes 诗二卷•The Prelude序曲（自传体）•523 sonnets称号：In 1843 he became the poet laureate(桂冠诗人)“the Lakers”湖畔诗人: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, RobertSouthey *( radical youth, conservative old age; long life)Wordsworth’s theory of poetry诗歌理论•“The Principal object, then, which I proposed to myself in these poem are to choose incidents and situations from common life and to relate or describethem, throughout, as far as was possible, in a selection of language really used by men; and, at the same time, to throw over them a certain coloring ofimagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in anusual way; and above all, to make these incidents and situations interesting by tracing in them, truly though not ostentatiously (夸耀的), the primary laws of our nature: chiefly as far as regards the manner in which we associate ideas ina state of excitement. ”• Language of poetry–“in a selection of language really used by men”–Against the use of “poetic diction”: Not be contrived or deliberately artful•Sources of poetry–“chiefly as far as regards the manner in which we associate ideas in a state of excitement”–Poem should deal with feelings, attitudes, emotions: “the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion”• Subject of poetry–“choose incidents and situations from common life”, usually “low and rustic life”–“ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an usual way”, “to throw over them a certain coloring of imagination”•The status of poet–Understanding the world better than other people, and presenting the world in a new light to common people.Literary position•The most influential leader of Romanticism Movement•With Samuel Taylor Coleridge ushered in the English Romantic movement.•Poet Laureate桂冠诗人Samuel Taylor Coleridge科洛律治（1772-1834）He denies Wordsworth’s opinion. He think that’ not to judge, but to appreciate and interpret’文学观点（赏析，了解文章的内容）作品及作品分类Demonic poems魔力诗：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏 Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗 Christabel克里斯特贝尔Conversational poems对话诗：Frost at Morning子夜寒霜Dejection：An Ode悲戚颂Essay: Biographia Literaria文学传记撒旦派诗人：George Gordon Byron 拜伦Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱John Keats 济慈George Gordon Byron拜伦(1788-1824)Major works• 1. Hours of Idleness 《闲暇时光》–Dealing with childish recollections and early friendship, showing the influence of 18th century tradition.• 2. The English Bards and Scott Reviewers 《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家》– A bitter refutation of the poets and critics …• 3. Childe Harold Pilgrimage 《恰尔德哈罗尔德游记》成名作–About a gloomy, passionate young wanderer who escaped from the society he disliked and traveled around the continent, questing forfreedom.• 4. The Giaour 《异教徒》；The Corsair 《海盗》；Lara 《莱拉》–Long narrative poems （Oriental Tales 东方叙事诗）describing rebellious characters• 5. Manfred 《曼弗雷德》；Cain 《该隐》–Verse dramas exploring the misery of life and lauding the struggle against overwhelming odds.• 6. Don Juan 《唐璜》代表作–Byron’s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century. It isa poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover andseducer of women.•7. The Vision of Judgment 《审判的幻景》– A political satire against the George III and Southey•8. The Age of Bronze 《青铜世纪》– A satire against the “Holy Alliance”Don Juan• 1. Don Juan is Byron’s masterpiece, a gr eat comic epic of the 19th century.• 2. not finished; 16 cantos, 16,000 lines.• 3. Stanza form: Ottava rima(八行体)–每行10或11个音节，前六行交替押韵，后两行成一组同脚韵。
