3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Beidou positioningPrefaceNavigation satellite systems can provide all time, all weather and high accuracy positioning, navigation and timing services to users on the earth surface or in the near-earth space. It is an important space inf rastructure, which extends people’s range of activities and promotes social development. Satellite navigation is bringing up revolutionary changes to the world politics, economy, military, technology and culture.With a long history and a splendid culture, China is one of the important cradles of early human civilization. In ancient times, Chinese people used the Big Dipper (Beidou) for identifying directions, and invented the world’s first navigation device, the ancient compass (Sinan), which was a great contribution to the development of world civilization. In modern society, the Chinese-built BeiDou（COMPASS） system will become another contribution to the mankind.In early 1980s, China began to actively study the navigation satellite systems in line with C hina’s conditions. In 2000, BeiDou Navigation Demonstration System is basically established, which made China the third nation in possession of an independent navigation satellite system following the United States and Russia. At present, China is steadily accelerating the construction of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, and has already successfully launched 10 satellites so far.The BeiDou system will meet the demands of China’s national security, economic development, technological advances and social progress, safeguard national interests and enhance the comprehensive national strength. The BeiDou system will commit to providing stable, reliable and quality satellite navigation services for global users. Along with other GNSS providers, the BeiDou system will jointly promote the development of satellitenavigation industry, make contributions to human civilization and social development, serve the world and benefit the mankind.I. System DescriptionThe BeiDou system is comprised of three major components: space constellation, ground control segment and user terminals. The space constellation consists of five GEO satellites and 30 non-GEO satellites. The GEO satellites are positioned at 58.75°E, 80°E, 110.5°E, 140°E and 160°E respectively. The non-GEO satellites include 27 MEO satellites and three IGSO satellites. The MEO satellites are operating in an orbit with an altitudeof 21,500 km and an inclination of 55°, which are evenly distributed in three orbital planes. The IGSO satellites are operating in an orbit with an altitude of 36,000 km and an inclination of 55°, which are evenly distributed in three inclined geo-synchronous orbital planes. The subsatellite track for the three IGSO satellites are coincided while the longitude of the intersection point is at 118°E, with a phase difference of 120°.Ground control segment consists of several Master Control Stations (MCS), Upload Stations (US) and a network of globally distributed Monitor Stations (MS). The main tasks of MCS are to collect observing data from each MS, to process data, to generate satellite navigation messages, wide area differential data and integrity information, to perform mission planning and scheduling, and to conduct system operation and control. The main tasks of Upload Stations include completing the upload of satellite navigation messages, wide area differential data and integrity information, controlling and managing the payload. The tasks of Monitor Stations include continuous tracking and monitoring of navigation satellites, receiving navigation signals, sending observational data to the Master Control Station for the satellites orbit determination and time synchronization.The user terminals include various BeiDou user terminals, and terminals compatible with other navigation satellite systems, to meet different application requirements from different fields and industries.The time reference for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System uses BeiDou Time (BDT). BDT’s length of second is a SI second. BDT was zero at 0:00:00 on Janu ary 1, 2006 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). BDT is a continuous system, traceable to the UTC time maintained by the National Time Service Center (NTSC) of ChineseAcademy ofSciences, which is referred to as UTC (NTSC). The leap seconds with UTC information is broadcasted in the navigation messages. The difference between BDT and UTC maintains within 100ns.The coordinate framework of BeiDou system adopts China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 (CGCS2000).Upon the full system completion, the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System can provide positioning, navigation and timing services to worldwide users. It can also provide wide area differential services with the accuracy of 1m and short messages services with the capacity of 120 Chinese characters each time.·Main functions: positioning, velocity measurement, one-way and two-way timing, short messages·Service area: global·Positioning accuracy: better than 10m·Velocity accuracy: better than 0.2m/s·Timing accuracy: 20nsII. System DevelopmentThe BeiDou system has followed the development concept of starting with regional services first and expanding to global services later. A three-step development strategy has been taken, with specifics as follows:Phase I: BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System. In 1994, Chinastarted the construction of BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System. In 2000, two BeiDou navigation experiment satellites were launched, and the BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System was basically established. In 2003, the third BeiDou navigation experiment satellite was launched, further enhancing the performance of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System.BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System consists of three major components: space constellation, ground control segment and user terminals. The space constellation includes three geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites, positioned at longitude of 80 degrees East, 110.5 degrees East and 140 degrees East respectively above the equator. Ground control segment consists of the ground control center and a number of calibrationstations. The ground control center is to complete satellite orbit determination, ionospheric correction, user location determination and user short message information exchange and processing. The calibration ground control stations are mainly to provide the distance measurement and correction parameters to the ground control center.The user terminals include the hand-held type, vehicle type, command type and other types of terminals, capable of position service application, location coordinates information receiving and other functions.The main functions and performance specifications of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System are as follows:·Main functions: positioning, one-way and two-way timing, short message communications;·Service Area: China and the surrounding areas;·Positioning Accuracy: better than 20 meters;·Timing Accuracy: 100 ns one-way, two-way 20 ns;·Short message communications: 120 Chinese characters per time.Phase II: BeiDou Navigation Satellite (regional) System. In 2004, Chinastarted construction of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. In 2007, the first satellite, a round medium earth orbit satellite (COMPASS-M1) was launched. By 2012, the BeiDou system will consist of 14 satellites, including five GEO satellites, five IGSO satellites (two in-orbit spares), and four MEO satellites.The functions and performance parameters of BeiDou Navigation Satellite (regional) System are as follows:·Main functions: positioning, velocity measurement, one-way and two-way timing, short message communications;·Service Area: China and part of Asia- Pacific region ;·Positioning Accuracy: better than 10 meters;·Velocity Accuracy: better than 0.2 m/s;·Timing Accuracy: 50 ns;·Short message communications: 120 Chinese characters per message.Phase III: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System will completely be established by 2020.III. System ApplicationsSince it was officially brought into service in 2003, the BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System has been widely used in transportation, marine fisheries, hydrological monitoring, weather forecasting, forest fire prevention, timing for communication systems, power distribution, disaster mitigation, national security, and many other fields, which has been resulting in significant social and economic benefits. Particularly, the system has played an important role in the South China frozen disaster, earthquake relief in Wenchuan, SichuanProvince and Yushu, Qinghai Province, the Beijing Olympic Games, and the Shanghai World Expo.—In the field of transportation, built on the Beidou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System, applications such as Xinjiang Satellite Navigation Monitoring System of Public Transport, the Highway Infrastructure Safety Monitoring System, and the Port Scheduling High-precision Real-time Position Monitoring System, have promoted the BeiDou system and achieved a good demonstration effect.—In marine fisheries, built on the BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System, the marine fisheries integrated information service platform has provided vessel position monitoring, emergency rescue, information distribution, fishing boats in and out of port management and other services to the fishery administration departments.—The hydrological monitoring system, based on the BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System, has realized the real-time transmission of hydrological forecast information in mountainous regions, which has improved the accuracy o f the disaster forecasting and has helped the planning and scheduling programs for the flood and drought control.—In the field of weather forecasting, a series of BeiDou terminal equipment have been developed for weather forecast, and various practical and feasible system solutions have been worked out to address the automatic data transmission issues for the China Meteorological Administration and a number of local weather centers and stations.—In the field of forest fire prevention, the BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System has been successfully used in forest fire prevention system. Its positioning and short message communication services have achieved good results.—In the field of time synchronization for communication systems, the successful implementation of BeiDou two-way timing demonstration program has achieved breakthroughs in some key technical areas such as long distant fiber technology, and an integrated satellite-based timing system has been developed.—In the field of power distribution, built on the BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System, the successful implementation of power system time synchronization demonstration program has created basis for the high precision applications such as the electric accident analysis, the electricity early warning and protection systems.—In the field of disaster mitigation, the navigation, positioning, short message communications and position reporting capabilities of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System have provided services for the nationwide real-time disaster relief commanding and dispatching, emergency communications, rapid reporting and sharing of disaster information, which has significantly improved the rapid response of the disaster emergency relief and decision-making capability.Upon the full completion, the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System will provide more high-performance positioning, navigation, timing and short-message communication services for civil aviation, shipping, railways, finance, postal and other industries.IV. International Exchange and CooperationThe international exchange and cooperation for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System will be carried out in an active and pragmatic way, which is in line withChina’s foreign policies, focusing on China's basic tasks and strategic objectives for the construction of navigation satellite systems, using the domestic and international markets and resources in a coordinated way. The international exchange and cooperation will be proceeded in a phased, focus-centered, non-discriminatory and selective approach in accordance with the overall development plan of China's navigation satellite system. It will be built upon the basis of equality, mutual benefit, mutual complementarity, peaceful utilization and mutual development and the generally accepted principles of the international laws.The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System adheres to the open and friendly attitude, and has already carried out extensive exchanges and consultation with the countries that have navigation satellite systems, to promote navigation satellite system compatibility and interoperability globally. Through the exchange and cooperation with countries that do not have a navigation satellite system, we also support their use of the existing resources globally and share the benefits of the satellite navigation development.China's international exchange and cooperation in the field of satellite navigation started in the 1990s. In nearly 20 years, various forms of activities have been carried out with extensive results.In 1994, under the framework of International Telecommunication Union(ITU),China started the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System frequency coordination activities. Satellite network information was submitted in accordance with the BeiDou system construction plan and progress. International frequency coordination has been carried out in a phased, step by step, focus-centered approach. China has actively participated bilateral frequency coordination activities with Europe, the UnitedStates and Russia, and has actively taken part in the World Radiocommunication Conference and the meetings of ITU study groups and working groups.China, as an important member of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG), has participated in every ICG General Assembly Meeting and the ICG Providers Forum. In 2007, China became one of the four core providers designated by the organization. Focusing on compatibility and interoperability, China has carried out the extensive exchange and cooperation with the other navigation satellite systems in the world. The Technical Working Group (TWG) on compatibility and interoperability between BeiDou and Galileo was established. Until now, seven TWG meetings have been held.China actively participates, organizes and hosts international academic exchanges on satellite navigation, which include the American Institute of Navigation (ION) Conferences, the International Symposium on GPS/GNSS (ISGNSS), Munich Satellite Navigation Summit and other international conferences and forums. The China academic conferenceon satellite navigation is held annually, together with many other forums and seminars.China encourages and supports domestic research institutions, industrial enterprises, universities and social organizations, under the guidance of the government policy, to carry out international exchanges, coordination and cooperation activities with other countries and international organizations in the fields of the compatibility and interoperability, satellite navigation standards, coordinates frame, time reference, application development and scientific research. China has been actively engaged in international activities in terms of monitoring and assessment of open service for GNSS to promote the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System better serving the global users, and to promote the development of satellite navigation technology.ConclusionThe rapid development of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System is attributedto China's reform and opening-up policy as well as the sustainable development of economy. As always, China will continue to promote the Global Navigation Satellite System construction and industrial development, to encourage the use of new satellite navigation technologies to provide new services, meeting the growing diversified needs of the people. By actively propelling international exchanges and cooperation, China will realize the compatibility and interoperability between the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and other navigation satellite systems in the world. China will provide global customers with high performance and highly reliable positioning, navigation and timing services.The Launch Record of BeiDouNavigation Satellites·October 31, 2000, launch of 1st BeiDou navigation experiment satellite.·December 21, 2000, launch of 2nd BeiDou navigation experiment satellite.·May 25, 2003, launch of the 3rd BeiDou navigation experiment satellite.·February 3, 2007, launch of the 4th BeiDou navigation experiment satellite.·April 14, 2007, launch of the 1st BeiDou navigation satellite.·April 15, 2009, launch of the 2nd Beidou navigation satellite.·January 17, 2010, launch of the 3rd BeiDou navigation satellite.·June 2, 2010, launch of the 4th BeiDou navigation satellite.·August 1, 2010, launch of the 5th BeiDou navigation satellite.·November 1, 2010, launch of the 6th BeiDou navigation satellite. ·December 18, 2010, launch of the 7th BeiDou navigation satellite. ·April 10, 2011, launch of the 8th BeiDou navigation satellite. ·July 27, 2011, launch of the 9th BeiDou navigation satellite. ·December 2, 2011, launch of the 10th BeiDou navigation satellite.译文北斗定位前言卫星导航系统可以提供所有的时间，所有天气情况下用户在地球表面或近地空间的高精度定位、导航和授时服务。

外文文献翻译格式范例本科毕业设计（外文翻译）外文参考文献译文及原文学院信息工程学院专业信息工程（电子信息工程方向）年级班别 2006级（4）班学号 3206003186学生姓名柯思怡指导教师 ______ 田妮莉 _ __2010年6月目录熟悉微软SQL Server (1)1Section A 引言 (1)2Section B 再谈数据库可伸缩性 (4)3Section C 数据库开发的特点 (7)Get Your Arms around Microsoft SQL Server (9)1Section A Introduction to SQL Server 2005 (9)2Section B Database Scalability Revisited (13)3Section C Features for Database Development (17)熟悉微软SQL Server1 Section A 引言SQL Server 2005 是微软SQL生产线上最值得期待的产品。

在经过了上百万个邮件，成百上千的规范说明，以及数十次修订后。

微软承诺SQL Server 2005 是最新的基于Windows数据库应用的数据库开发平台。

这节的内容将指出SQL Server 2005产品的一些的重要特征。

SQL Server 2005几乎覆盖OLTP及OLAP技术的所又内容。

微软公司的这个旗舰数据库产品几乎能覆盖所有的东西。

这个软件在经过五年多的制作后，成为一个与它任何一个前辈产品都完全不同的产品。

本节将介绍整个产品的大部分功能。

当人们去寻求其想要的一些功能和技术时，可以从中提取出重要的和最感新区的内容，包括SQL Server Engine 的一些蜕变的历史，以及各种各样的SQL Server 2005的版本，可伸缩性，有效性，大型数据库的维护以及商业智能等如下：●数据库引擎增强技术。

SQL Server 2005 对数据库引擎进行了许多改进，并引入了新的功能。

化学专业外文文献初稿和译文稿引言该文档旨在提供化学专业的外文文献初稿和译文稿。

以下是一个初步概述，其中包含选定的文献和简要讨论。

文献1：《化学反应动力学研究》- 作者：John Smith- 出版年份：2020年- 摘要：本文研究了化学反应的动力学，并通过实验数据对反应速率进行了建模和计算。

作者使用了不同的方法来确定反应活化能和动力学常数，并通过分析反应机理来解释实验结果。

文献2：《化学反应的溶剂效应》- 作者：Emily Johnson- 出版年份：2018年- 摘要：本文研究了不同溶剂对化学反应速率和选择性的影响。

通过在不同溶剂中进行反应实验，并分析实验结果，作者确定了溶剂对反应速率和选择性的重要性，并提出了一种新的溶剂选择指南。

译文稿请注意，以下是对上述两篇文献的简要翻译稿，仅供参考。

文献1翻译稿《化学反应动力学研究》是John Smith于2020年发表的一篇关于化学反应动力学的研究论文。

该文研究了化学反应的动力学，并通过实验数据对反应速率进行了建模和计算。

作者使用了不同的方法来确定反应活化能和动力学常数，并通过分析反应机理来解释实验结果。

文献2翻译稿《化学反应的溶剂效应》是Emily Johnson于2018年发表的一篇关于溶剂对化学反应速率和选择性的影响的研究论文。

该文通过在不同溶剂中进行反应实验并分析实验结果，确定了溶剂对反应速率和选择性的重要性，并提出了一种新的溶剂选择指南。

结论该文档提供了两篇化学专业的外文文献初稿和译文稿的简要介绍。

这些文献涵盖了化学反应动力学和化学反应的溶剂效应两个重要研究领域。

通过阅读这些文献，读者可以了解到关于化学反应动力学和溶剂选择的最新研究成果，并为进一步的研究提供了参考依据。

智能交通系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Traffic Assignment Forecast Model Research in ITS IntroductionThe intelligent transportation system (ITS) develops rapidly along with the city sustainable development, the digital city construction and the development of transportation. One of the main functions of the ITS is to improve transportation environment and alleviate the transportation jam, the most effective method to gain the aim is to forecast the traffic volume of the local network and the important nodes exactly with GIS function of path analysis and correlation mathematic methods, and this will lead a better planning of the traffic network. Traffic assignment forecast is an important phase of traffic volume forecast. It will assign the forecasted traffic to every way in the traffic sector. If the traffic volume of certain road is too big, which would bring on traffic jam, planners must consider the adoption of new roads or improving existing roads to alleviate the traffic congestion situation. This study attempts to present an improved traffic assignment forecast model, MPCC, based on analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of classic traffic assignment forecast models, and test the validity of the improved model in practice.1 Analysis of classic models1.1 Shortcut traffic assignmentShortcut traffic assignment is a static traffic assignment method. In this method, the traffic load impact in the vehicles’ travel is not considered, and the traffic impedance (travel time) is a constant. The traffic volume of every origination-destination couple will be assigned to the shortcut between the origination and destination, while the traffic volume of other roads in this sector is null. This assignment method has the advantage of simple calculation; however, uneven distribution of the traffic volume is its obvious shortcoming. Using this assignment method, the assignment traffic volume will be concentrated on the shortcut, which isobviously not realistic. However, shortcut traffic assignment is the basis of all theother traffic assignment methods.1.2 Multi-ways probability assignmentIn reality, travelers always want to choose the shortcut to the destination, whichis called the shortcut factor; however, as the complexity of the traffic network, thepath chosen may not necessarily be the shortcut, which is called the random factor.Although every traveler hopes to follow the shortcut, there are some whose choice isnot the shortcut in fact. The shorter the path is, the greater the probability of beingchosen is; the longer the path is, the smaller the probability of being chosen is.Therefore, the multi-ways probability assignment model is guided by the LOGIT model:∑---=n j ii i F F p 1)exp()exp(θθ (1)Where i p is the probability of the path section i; i F is the travel time of thepath section i; θ is the transport decision parameter, which is calculated by the followprinciple: firstly, calculate the i p with different θ (from 0 to 1), then find the θwhich makes i p the most proximate to the actual i p .The shortcut factor and the random factor is considered in multi-ways probabilityassignment, therefore, the assignment result is more reasonable, but the relationshipbetween traffic impedance and traffic load and road capacity is not considered in thismethod, which leads to the assignment result is imprecise in more crowded trafficnetwork. We attempt to improve the accuracy through integrating the several elements above in one model-MPCC.2 Multi-ways probability and capacity constraint model2.1 Rational path aggregateIn order to make the improved model more reasonable in the application, theconcept of rational path aggregate has been proposed. The rational path aggregate,which is the foundation of MPCC model, constrains the calculation scope. Rationalpath aggregate refers to the aggregate of paths between starts and ends of the trafficsector, defined by inner nodes ascertained by the following rules: the distancebetween the next inner node and the start can not be shorter than the distance betweenthe current one and the start; at the same time, the distance between the next innernode and the end can not be longer than the distance between the current one and theend. The multi-ways probability assignment model will be only used in the rationalpath aggregate to assign the forecast traffic volume, and this will greatly enhance theapplicability of this model.2.2 Model assumption1) Traffic impedance is not a constant. It is decided by the vehicle characteristicand the current traffic situation.2) The traffic impedance which travelers estimate is random and imprecise.3) Every traveler chooses the path from respective rational path aggregate.Based on the assumptions above, we can use the MPCC model to assign thetraffic volume in the sector of origination-destination couples.2.3 Calculation of path traffic impedanceActually, travelers have different understanding to path traffic impedance, butgenerally, the travel cost, which is mainly made up of forecast travel time, travellength and forecast travel outlay, is considered the traffic impedance. Eq. (2) displaysthis relationship. a a a a F L T C γβα++= (2)Where a C is the traffic impedance of the path section a; a T is the forecast traveltime of the path section a; a L is the travel length of the path section a; a F is theforecast travel outlay of the path section a; α, β, γ are the weight value of that threeelements which impact the traffic impedance. For a certain path section, there aredifferent α, β and γ value for different vehicles. We can get the weighted average of α,β and γ of each path section from the statistic percent of each type of vehicle in thepath section.2.4 Chosen probability in MPCCActually, travelers always want to follow the best path (broad sense shortcut), butbecause of the impact of random factor, travelers just can choose the path which is ofthe smallest traffic impedance they estimate by themselves. It is the key point ofMPCC. According to the random utility theory of economics, if traffic impedance is considered as the negativeutility, the chosen probability rs p of origination-destinationpoints couple (r, s) should follow LOGIT model:∑---=n j jrs rs bC bC p 1)exp()exp( (3) where rs p is the chosen probability of the pathsection (r, s);rs C is the traffic impedance of the path sect-ion (r, s); j C is the trafficimpedance of each path section in the forecast traffic sector; b reflects the travelers’cognition to the traffic impedance of paths in the traffic sector, which has reverseratio to its deviation. If b → ∞ , the deviation of understanding extent of trafficimpedance approaches to 0. In this case, all the travelers will follow the path whichis of the smallest traffic impedance, which equals to the assignment results withShortcut Traffic Assignment. Contrarily, if b → 0, travelers ’ understanding error approaches infinity. In this case, the paths travelers choose are scattered. There is anobjection that b is of dimension in Eq.(3). Because the deviation of b should beknown before, it is difficult to determine the value of b. Therefore, Eq.(3) is improvedas follows:∑---=n j OD j OD rsrs C bC C bC p 1)exp()exp(，∑-=n j j OD C n C 11（4） Where OD C is the average of the traffic impedance of all the as-signed paths; bwhich is of no dimension, just has relationship to the rational path aggregate, ratherthan the traffic impedance. According to actual observation, the range of b which is anexperience value is generally between 3.00 to 4.00. For the more crowded cityinternal roads, b is normally between 3.00 and 3.50.2.5 Flow of MPCCMPCC model combines the idea of multi-ways probability assignment anditerative capacity constraint traffic assignment.Firstly, we can get the geometric information of the road network and OD trafficvolume from related data. Then we determine the rational path aggregate with themethod which is explained in Section 2.1.Secondly, we can calculate the traffic impedance of each path section with Eq.(2),Fig.1 Flowchart of MPCC which is expatiated in Section 2.3.Thirdly, on the foundation of the traffic impedance of each path section, we cancalculate the respective forecast traffic volume of every path section with improvedLOGIT model (Eq.(4)) in Section 2.4, which is the key point of MPCC.Fourthly, through the calculation processabove, we can get the chosen probability andforecast traffic volume of each path section, but itis not the end. We must recalculate the trafficimpedance again in the new traffic volumesituation. As is shown in Fig.1, because of theconsideration of the relationship between trafficimpedance and traffic load, the traffic impedanceand forecast assignment traffic volume of everypath will be continually amended. Using therelationship model between average speed andtraffic volume, we can calculate the travel timeand the traffic impedance of certain path sect-ionunder different traffic volume situation. For theroads with different technical levels, therelationship models between average speeds totraffic volume are as follows: 1) Highway: 1082.049.179AN V = (5) 2) Level 1 Roads: 11433.084.155AN V = (6) 3) Level 2 Roads: 66.091.057.112AN V = (7) 4) Level 3 Roads: 3.132.01.99AN V = (8) 5) Level 4 Roads: 0988.05.70A N V =(9) Where V is the average speed of the path section; A N is the traffic volume of thepath section.At the end, we can repeat assigning traffic volume of path sections with themethod in previous step, which is the idea of iterative capacity constraint assignment,until the traffic volume of every path section is stable.译文智能交通交通量分配预测模型介绍随着城市的可持续化发展、数字化城市的建设以及交通运输业的发展，智能交通系统（ITS）的发展越来越快。

外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Y Miyazaki. A Brief Description of Interior Decoration [J]. Building & Environment, 2005, 40(10):41-45.英文原文A Brief Description of Interior DecorationY Miyazaki一、An interior design element1 Spatial elementsThe rationalization of space and giving people a sense of beauty is the basic task of design. We must dare to explore the new image of the times and technologies that are endowed with space. We should not stick to the spatial image formed in the past.2 color requirementsIn addition to affecting the visual environment, indoor colors also directly affect people's emotions and psychology. Scientific use of color is good for work and helps health. The proper color processing can meet the functional requirements and achieve the beauty effect. In addition to observing the general laws of color, interior colors also vary with the aesthetics of the times.3 light requirementsHumans love the beauty of nature and often direct sunlight into theinterior to eliminate the sense of darkness and closure in the interior, especially the top light and the soft diffuse light, making the interior space more intimate and natural. The transformation of light and shadow makes the interior richer and more colorful, giving people a variety of feelings.4 decorative elementsThe indispensable building components such as columns, walls, and the like in the entire indoor space are combined with the function and need to be decorated to jointly create a perfect indoor environment. By making full use of the texture characteristics of different decorative materials, you can achieve a variety of interior art effects with different styles, while also reflecting the historical and cultural characteristics of the region.5 furnishingsIndoor furniture, carpets, curtains, etc., are all necessities of life. Their shapes are often furnished and most of them play a decorative role. Practicality and decoration should be coordinated with each other, and the functions and forms of seeking are unified and changed so that the interior space is comfortable and full of personality.6 green elementsGreening in interior design is an important means to improve the indoor environment. Indoor flowering trees are planted, and the use ofgreenery and small items to play a role in diffusing indoor and outdoor environments, expanding the sense of interior space, and beautifying spaces all play an active role.二、The basic principles of interior design1 interior decoration design to meet the functional requirementsThe interior design is based on the purpose of creating a good indoor space environment, so as to rationalize, comfort, and scientize the indoor environment. It is necessary to take into account the laws of people's activities to handle spatial relationships, spatial dimensions, and spatial proportions; to rationally configure furnishings and furniture, and to properly resolve indoor environments. V entilation, lighting and lighting, pay attention to the overall effect of indoor tone.2 interior design to meet the spiritual requirementsThe spirit of interior design is to influence people's emotions and even influence people's will and actions. Therefore, we must study the characteristics and laws of people's understanding; study the emotions and will of people; and study the interaction between people and the environment. Designers must use various theories and methods to impact people's emotions and sublimate them to achieve the desired design effect. If the indoor environment can highlight a certain concept and artistic conception, then it will have a strong artistic appeal and better play its role in spiritual function.3 Interior design to meet modern technical requirementsThe innovation of architectural space is closely related to the innovation of structural modeling. The two should be harmonized and unified, fully considering the image of the structural Sino-U.S. and integrating art and technology. This requires that interior designers must possess the necessary knowledge of the type of structure and be familiar with and master the performance and characteristics of the structural system. Modern interior design is in the category of modern science and technology. To make interior design better meet the requirements of spiritual function, we must maximize the use of the latest achievements in modern science and technology.4 Interior design must meet the regional characteristics and national style requirementsDue to differences in the regions where people live, geographical and climatic conditions, the living habits of different ethnic groups are not the same as cultural traditions, and there are indeed great differences in architectural styles. China is a multi-ethnic country. The differences in the regional characteristics, national character, customs, and cultural literacy of various ethnic groups make indoor decoration design different. Different styles and features are required in the design. We must embody national and regional characteristics to evoke people’s national self-respect and self-confidence.三、Points of interior designThe interior space is defined by the enclosure of the floor, wall, and top surface, thus determining the size and shape of the interior space. The purpose of interior decoration is to create a suitable and beautiful indoor environment. The floor and walls of the interior space are the backdrop for people and furnishings and furnishings, while the differences on the top surface make the interior space more varied.1 Base decoration ----- Floor decorationThe basic surface ----- is very important in people's sights. The ground floor is in contact with people, and the line of sight is near, and it is in a dynamic change. It is one of the important factors of interior decoration. Meet the following principles:2 The base should be coordinated with the overall environment to complement each other and set off the atmosphereFrom the point of view of the overall environmental effect of space, the base should be coordinated with the ceiling and wall decoration. At the same time, it should play a role in setting off the interior furniture and furnishings.3 Pay attention to the division, color and texture of the ground patternGround pattern design can be roughly divided into three situations: The first is to emphasize the independent integrity of the pattern itself,such as meeting rooms, using cohesive patterns to show the importance of the meeting. The color should be coordinated with the meeting space to achieve a quiet, focused effect; the second is to emphasize the pattern of continuity and rhythm, with a certain degree of guidance and regularity, and more for the hall, aisle and common space; third It emphasizes the abstractness of the pattern, freedom, and freedom, and is often used in irregular or layout-free spaces.4 Meeting the needs of the ground structure, construction and physical properties of the buildingWhen decorating the base, attention should be paid to the structure of the ground floor. In the premise of ensuring safety, it is convenient for construction and construction. It cannot be a one-sided pursuit of pattern effects, and physical properties such as moisture-proof, waterproof, thermal insulation, and thermal insulation should be considered. need. The bases are available in a wide variety of types, such as: wooden floors, block floors, terrazzo floors, plastic floors, concrete floors, etc., with a wide variety of patterns and rich colors. The design must be consistent with the entire space environment. Complementary to achieve good results.四、wall decorationIn the scope of indoor vision, the vertical line of sight between the wall and the person is in the most obvious position. At the same time, thewall is the part that people often contact. Therefore, the decoration of the wall is very important for the interior design. The following design principles must be met: 1 IntegrityWhen decorating a wall, it is necessary to fully consider the unity with other parts of the room, and to make the wall and the entire space a unified whole.2 PhysicalThe wall surface has a larger area in the interior space, and the status is more important and the requirements are higher. The requirements for sound insulation, warmth protection, fire prevention, etc. in the interior space vary depending on the nature of the space used, such as the guest room, high requirements. Some, while the average unit canteen, requiresa lower number.3 ArtistryIn the interior space, the decorative effect of the wall plays an important role in rendering and beautifying the indoor environment. The shape of the wall, the partition pattern, the texture and the interior atmosphere are closely related to each other. In order to create the artistic effect of the interior space, the wall The artistry of the surface itself cannot be ignored.The selection of wall decoration styles is determined according to the above principles. The forms are roughly the following: plasteringdecoration, veneering decoration, brushing decoration, coil decoration. Focusing on the coil decoration here, with the development of industry, there are more and more coils that can be used to decorate walls, such as: plastic wallpaper, wall cloth, fiberglass cloth, artificial leather, and leather. These materials are characterized by the use of It is widely used, flexible and free, with a wide variety of colors, good texture, convenient construction, moderate prices, and rich decorative effects. It is a material that is widely used in interior design.五、Ceiling decorationThe ceiling is an important part of the interior decoration, and it is also the most varied and attractive interface in the interior space decoration. It has a strong sense of perspective. Through different treatments, the styling of lamps and lanterns can enhance the space appeal and make the top surface rich in shape. Colorful, novel and beautiful.1 Design principlesPay attention to the overall environmental effects.The ceiling, wall surface and base surface together make up the interior space and jointly create the effects of the indoor environment. The design should pay attention to the harmonization of the three, and each has its own characteristics on a unified basis.The top decoration should meet the applicable aesthetic requirements.In general, the effect of indoor space should be lighter and lighter. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the simple decoration of the top decoration, highlight the key points, and at the same time, have a sense of lightness and art.The top decoration should ensure the rationality and safety of the top structure. Cannot simply pursue styling and ignore safety2 top design(1) Flat roofThe roof is simple in construction, simple in appearance, and convenient in decoration. It is suitable for classrooms, offices, exhibition halls, etc. Its artistic appeal comes from the top shape, texture, patterns, and the organic configuration of the lamps.(2) Convex ceilingThis kind of roof is beautiful and colorful, with a strong sense of three-dimensionality. It is suitable for ballrooms, restaurants, foyers, etc. It is necessary to pay attention to the relationship between the primary and secondary relationships and the height difference of various concavo-convex layers. It is not appropriate to change too much and emphasize the rhythm of rhythm and the artistry of the overall space. .(3) Suspended ceilingV arious flaps, flat plates or other types of ceilings are hung under the roof load-bearing structures. These ceilings are often used to meetacoustic or lighting requirements or to pursue certain decorative effects. They are often used in stadiums, cinemas, and so on. In recent years, this type of roof has also been commonly used in restaurants, cafes, shops, and other buildings to create special aesthetics and interests.(4) Well format ceilingIt is in the form of a combined structural beam, in which the main and secondary beams are staggered and the relationship between the wells and beams, together with a ceiling of lamps and gypsum floral designs, is simple and generous, with a strong sense of rhythm.(5) Glass ceilingThe halls and middle halls of modern large-scale public buildings are commonly used in this form, mainly addressing the needs of large-scale lighting and indoor greening, making the indoor environment richer in natural appeal, and adding vitality to large spaces. It is generally in the form of a dome, a cone, and a zigzag. In short, interior decoration design is a comprehensive discipline, involving many disciplines such as sociology, psychology, and environmental science, and there are many things that we need to explore and study. This article mainly elaborated the basic principles and design methods of interior decoration design. No matter what style belongs to the interior design door, this article gives everyone a more in-depth understanding and comprehension of interior design. If there are inadequacies, let the criticism correct me.中文译文室内装饰简述Y Miyazaki一室内装饰设计要素1 空间要素空间的合理化并给人们以美的感受是设计基本的任务。

中英文资料外文翻译文献译文标题：传统意大利榛子的体外繁殖用于当地遗传资源库的稳定和保存译文：关键词：欧洲榛，榛属，传统种质，体外繁殖摘要：在地中海盆地，榛子（欧洲榛）是非常重要的一种作物。

体外繁殖能够有效的稳定当地遗传资源库。

为了提高榛子微组织繁殖实验记录的精确性，各种不同的研究已经在进行。

这些研究通常以重要的品种为材料，然而，微组织繁殖实验记录应用在这些幼小品种上比起传统方法通常会产生相反的结果，这种技术在幼小品种上很少取得成功。

本实验的目的是为重要品种微组织繁殖的操作积累相关的知识和信息。

实验过程中需要设计不同成分的培养基，灭菌时间和培养时间都要进行详细的讨论。

传统意大利品种植株茎芽中的N6-异戊烯腺嘌呤的作用是改善这种状态。

生根阶段是榛属微组织繁殖应用于大型商业生产的关键步骤。

欧洲榛在欧洲特别是生物地理分布区地中海盆地代表一种重要的经济类林木。

榛子主要产于土耳其，意大利，美国和西班牙（分别是每年55,000, 110,000, 25,000, 18,000+吨），其次是法国，希腊，葡萄牙。

大约90%的产品被去皮并且以树芯的形式卖出，然而剩余的10%则作为树苗消费。

极好的营养成分和营养制品的特性也使该物种产生很高的利润。

此外，在一些特有的栽培地区，传统和文化身份严重受榛子产量的影响，文化身份常常会促进贫瘠土地的回收和利用。

即使这样，在一些地区，这种林业作物仍然不是重要的农业资源，然而，就当地足够维持的生产式系统和作为宝贵的食物的传统而言，它却是一种有趣的收入来源。

世界第二大生产商意大利说一些传统的品种主要种植在Campania ,Latium, Piedmont,在西西里岛有大量的属典型种。

近几年，一些主要品种由于质量和传统特性获得了欧洲质量印模。

此外，这些品种还被引进其他国家特定的果园中以增大他们的生长范围。

没有经过检验的物质可能会传播疾病，也可能会导致原因不明的物质的出现。

微组织繁殖法等生物技术的应用会促进健康的合乎本性的物质的产生(Nas et al.,2004)，并且提高这种林木的经济价值。

数控加工中心技术开展趋势与对策原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju(C Machining Processand equipment,2002,China)一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备开展趋势与对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术与装备是开展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业〔如信息技术与其产业、生物技术与其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业〕的使能技术和最根本的装备。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：基于局部二值模式多分辨率的灰度和旋转不变性的纹理分类摘要：本文描述了理论上非常简单但非常有效的，基于局部二值模式的、样图的非参数识别和原型分类的，多分辨率的灰度和旋转不变性的纹理分类方法。

此方法是基于结合某种均衡局部二值模式，是局部图像纹理的基本特性，并且已经证明生成的直方图是非常有效的纹理特征。

我们获得一个一般灰度和旋转不变的算子，可表达检测有角空间和空间结构的任意量子化的均衡模式，并提出了结合多种算子的多分辨率分析方法。

根据定义，该算子在图像灰度发生单一变化时具有不变性，所以所提出的方法在灰度发生变化时是非常强健的。

另一个优点是计算简单，算子在小邻域内或同一查找表内只要几个操作就可实现。

在旋转不变性的实际问题中得到了良好的实验结果,与来自其他的旋转角度的样品一起以一个特别的旋转角度试验而且测试得到分类, 证明了基于简单旋转的发生统计学的不变性二值模式的分辨是可以达成。

这些算子表示局部图像纹理的空间结构的又一特色是，由结合所表示的局部图像纹理的差别的旋转不变量不一致方法，其性能可得到进一步的改良。

这些直角的措施共同证明了这是旋转不变性纹理分析的非常有力的工具。

关键词：非参数的，纹理分析，Outex ，Brodatz ，分类，直方图，对比度2 灰度和旋转不变性的局部二值模式我们通过定义单色纹理图像的一个局部邻域的纹理T ，如 P （P>1）个象素点的灰度级联合分布，来描述灰度和旋转不变性算子：01(,,)c P T t g g g -= （1）其中，g c 为局部邻域中心像素点的灰度值，g p （p=0，1…P-1）为半径R(R>0)的圆形邻域内对称的空间象素点集的灰度值。

图1如果g c 的坐标是（0,0），那么g p 的坐标为(cos sin(2/),(2/))R R p P p P ππ-。

图1举例说明了圆形对称邻域集内各种不同的（P,R ）。

外文文献翻译原文及译文（节选重点翻译）组织学习与企业创新产出外文文献翻译中英文文献出处：International Journal of Innovation Studies，Volume 4, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 16-26译文字数：6000 多字英文Influence of organization learning on innovation output in manufacturingfirms in KenyaIsaac Gachanja, Stephen Nga’nga’, Lucy Kiganane AbstractKnowledge entrepreneurship is increasingly becoming important in driving innovation for high levels of competitiveness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Organization Learning (OL) and Innovation Output (IO) for improved performance in manufacturing firms in Kenya. The theoretical underpinnings on this study are the Schumpeter’s (1934) innovation theory of and the Gleick (1987) complexity theory. The methodology used was mixed method research because it provides a more holistic understanding of a thematic area. The research design that was used is cross-sectional design because it allows for making observations on different characteristics that exist within a group at a particular time. The target population was manufacturing firms across the country. Multi-stage sampling strategy was used to sample 303 respondents from 101 firms. Primary and secondary data were used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The questionnaire, interview schedule and a checklist of key informants were used to collect data. Content validity was used to ascertain the credibility of the research procedure and internal consistency techniquewas used to test for reliability. Correlation and linear regression were used to determine the relationship between OL and IO. Work disruptions were avoided by making prior arrangements and appointments. The findings indicate that OL has a significant influence on IO. It is recommended that lifelong learning, management support and risk tolerance should be encouraged to improve creativity. High creativity is important in raising the capacity to integrate internal and external knowledge for greater levels of IO. Further research should be carried out to find how customers and suppliers information can be utilized to enriched OL.Keywords: Organization learning, Innovation output, Competitiveness, Lifelong learning, Risk tolerance1. IntroductionInnovation utilizes knowledge which is important in raising creativity and capacity development for enterprise prosperity. Many countries have developed their National Innovation Systems (NIS) and have a comprehensive innovation policy framework, but most firms have not leveraged on these opportunities to raise their Innovation Output (IO). This has been contributed by the disjointed relationship between research institutions and industry. The situation has been brought about by multiplicity of new institutions that have become a barrier to knowledge sharing and thus firms are shying away from intense collaboration withresearch institutions and universities which has led to declining knowledge absorption, creation and diffusion which are key components of innovation performance (Cornell University, INSEAD & WIPO, 2015). The situation can be addressed by rallying firms to develop their knowledge capacities by focusing on Organization Learning (OL) for greater IO.Previous researchers have not managed to unravel the puzzle of how to transform knowledge into innovation output that improves competitiveness in the manufacturing sector. This has been partly attributed to by the failure of incorporating local knowledge in the innovation process (Sambuli & Whitt, 2017). The complexity of blending internal and external knowledge and reconfiguring new insight for greater innovation has also not been adequately addressed in Kenya. Furthermore, the linkages within the innovation system are weak and the manufacturing sector has the highest abandoned innovation activities at about 40% (Ongwae, Mukulu, & Odhiambo, 2013). The quagmire of striking a balance between sharing knowledge, guarding against knowledge leakages, diffusion of tension and mistrust that emanates from the competition while interacting with the NIS to improve IO has not been resolved. The study will attempt to address these gaps by investigating the influence of OL on IO.The objective of the study is therefore to examine the influence ofOL on IO in manufacturing firms in Kenya. The null hypothesis is that OL has no significant influence on IO in manufacturing firms in Kenya while the alternative hypothesis is that OL has a significant influence on IO. The hypothesis will be subjected for a test. The study will contribute to the value of OL on the firms’ competitiveness. It will provide insights on how firms can blend internal and external knowledge in the process of OL to improve IO which contributes to their competitive advantage.2. Literature reviewThis section begins with review of previous empirical work on OL and IO. Theoretical underpinnings are then discussed leading to a development of conceptual framework.2.1. Innovation outputInnovation output is the end product of an innovation activity. The end products of innovation are; new products, new process, new enterprise and new markets. Andreeva and Kianto (2011) believe that IO is the degree to which enterprises develop novelty in terms of processes, management and marketing. Innovation output can therefore be defined as the increase in novel products, creative processes, and development of new ventures and discovery of new markets.Innovation output depicts the result of an innovation effort. It can be measured as the summation of increased new products as a result of innovation, patents acquired, new innovation process and uniqueenterprises created to cater for innovation activities. Innovation output can be enhanced by improving the innovation capacity of a firm.Innovation capacity is paramount in realizing and identifying the need for change, thus leading to new ideas. It provides the capability of seizing up opportunities (Teece, 2009) leading into a new business configuration which helps in attaining and maintaining high competitive levels (Saenz & Perez-Bouvier, 2014). Innovation capacity can be optimized through OL which leads to continuous improvement in firm performance particularly in the manufacturing sector. Manufacturing firms are faced with myriad of challenges such as; the ever-changing taste and preferences of customers, rapid change in technology, increasing competitions, dynamic operating environment and changing global trends. This calls for OL for firms to adequately navigate in the turbulence.2.2. Organization LearningOrganization Learning is one of the key aspects of knowledge entrepreneurship which is crucial in determining innovation output. Desai (2010) defined OL as the process of acquiring, absorbing, sharing, modifying and transferring knowledge within an entity. The context in which OL is used in this study is a mechanism for discovering new ways of improving operations through knowledge acquisition, absorption, sharing and transfer for improved performance. The salient feature that distinguishes OL from learning organization is its diversity andextensiveness. This forms the bases of generating internal knowledge that is peculiar to an Organization.The capacities developed in OL provide an opportunity for the integration of internal and external knowledge. This requires collective input and knowledge sharing (Granerud & Rocha, 2011). Organization learning therefore involves development of internal knowledge capacities that integrates external knowledge from other organizations within and without the sector. This is beneficial to the firm because it allows continuous improvement, adaptability and value addition Granerud and Rocha (2011) argues that OL is the foundation from which the base of improved practices is laid.Organization Learning can be measured in different ways. Jain and Moreno (2015) posited that the factors attributing to OL are; collaboration, teamwork, performance management, autonomy and freedom, reward, recognition and achievement orientation. The Global Innovation Index utilizes Knowledge absorption, creation, impact and diffusion which can be measured by the level of royalties, patents, number of new firms, royalties and license fees receipts or web presence respectively in measuring OL (Cornell University, INSEAD & WIPO, 2016). Tohidi and Jabbari (2012) believe that the strategic elements of OL are experimentation, knowledge transfer, developing learning capacity, teamwork and problem-solving. Chiva and Alegre (2007) are ofthe opinion that development of learning capacity can be enhanced by empowerment to generate new ideas, managerial commitment to support creativity, continued learning, openness and interaction with external environment and risk tolerance.The study thus adopted and improved on the measures of OL used by Chiva and Alegre (2007) and Tohidi and Jabbari (2012) because the parameters are more comprehensive in measuring OL. This was done by incorporating openness and knowledge integration on OL. The measures that were used to measure OL in this study are therefore; liberty of experiment, empowerment to generate new ideas, managerial commitment to support creativity, knowledge transfer and integration, openness and interaction with external environment, continued learning and risk tolerance.Nevertheless, absorptive capacity is important in OL because it improves the ability of the human resource within the firm to acquire and assimilate new and external knowledge for improved performance. Supportive Learning Environment (SLE) increases the absorptive capacity of the firm thus enhancing OL while a turbulent learning environment lowers the OL (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990). The SLE therefore moderates the influence of OL on IO. The SLE provides a conducive atmosphere for employee to engage each other and with the management freely and constructively which may lead to review of firmsoperations and processes (Garvin, Edmondson, & Gino, 2008).The appropriate SLE promotes OL and enhances the innovative ability of a firm. The parameters for measuring SLE are availability of accelerators and incubators, trade organization support and business services (Majava, Leviakangas, Kinnumen, Kess, & Foit, 2016). These parameters facilitates dynamic networking within an economy and accelerates technological spill over which is important in boastering innovation.2.3. Relationship between organization leaning and innovation outputThere have been several attempts to highlight the relationship between OL and IO. To begin with, Hung, Lien, Yang, Wu, and Kuo (2011) found that an analysis of OL and IO model showed the goodness of fit and a significantly positive relationship, thus promoting a culture of sharing and trust which is necessary for enterprise success. However, there is a gap in linking learning process and IO in empirical studies (Lau & Lo, 2015). The study addressed this gap by demonstrating the aspects of OL that influences IO and which do not. Calisir, Gumussoy, and Guzelsov (2013) found that open-mindedness in OL has a positive association with innovation output. Open-mindedness is one of the measures of OL which is incorporated in this study as openness. Zhou, Hu, and Shi (2015) found that OL significantly influences innovationoutput. Furthermore, Ghasemzadeh, Nazari, Farzaneh, and Mehralian (2019) found a significant influence of OL on IO. This study replicated those studies in manufacturing firms in Kenya. The study was anchored on two theories.2.4. Theoretical underpinningsThe first theory that is relevant in this study is Schumpeter’s (1934) theory of innovation. The theory is of the view that the transformation of the economy comes through innovations which bring about creative destructions which lead to improved performance. The dimensions of this theory are the creation of novelties which includes new products, new process, new enterprises, new raw materials and new markets. However, the theory failed to address the required organizational capacity to innovate. This necessitated the adoption of a theory that has a more holistic approach and takes cognizant of the OL as an input in the innovation process. This can be addressed by interrogation of complexity theory.The second theory that is related to this study is Gleick (1987) complexity theory. The theory recognizes the intricacies involved in developing innovation capacity. It advocates for an emergent learning that transcends from the industrial era to the knowledge era that produces ideas that provide complex interplay of different interactions. The complex interactions of internal and external knowledge bring about OLwhich is crucial in enhancing IO. This led to the development of a conceptual framework.3. MethodologyCross-sectional design was used because it helps in making observations on characteristics that exist within a group. The target population was 828 manufacturing firms. The sampling frame was the listed companies in Kenya Association of Manufacturer as of 2018.The multi-stage sampling strategy was used. Purposive sampling was used select the major industrial counties in Kenya. Random sampling was then applied to sample 101 firms from the major industrial counties according to their proportionate representation in terms of location and sub-sector. Purposive sampling was later used to select 3 respondents who were from the sampled 101 firms. The respondents comprised of section heads from operations, marketing and innovation. The total sample size of the respondent was therefore 303. Primary and secondary data were used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The questionnaire with Likert scale items o OL and IO, interview schedule and a checklist of key informants were used to collect data.The items which could have had a VIF of more than 10 could be deleted since that is the recommended upper limit (Creswell, 2014), but in this case no item was deleted since the VIF were less than 10. This test was important in authenticating the findings.Validity of the data collected was tested through content validity method. This is where the criteria used to access quality regarding the procedure and results to enhance credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability was addressed by constructing the measuring scale in line with the literature and pre-testing the research instruments during piloting. The questionnaire was designed in line with the constructs and parameters of OL and IO as brought out in literature review.4. Results and discussionsThis implies more new products were manufactured as opposed to other forms of novelty. This means that the general form of innovation in manufacturing firms in Kenya is the creation of new products relative to other forms of innovations such as new processes and enterprises. However, the maximum number of new product was 13 while those that were patented were only 5. It means that majority of new products were not patented. Manufacturing firms should therefore strive to register their patent rights to avoid escalation of counterfeits.The notable new products brought about by innovation were; nitrocellulose paints, hydro-pool, computerized painting machines, nova legs, sodium hypo-chloride, Clorox bleach, adjustable pallet racking and castellated beam for constructing cranes. New products had also a higher standard deviation as compared to other forms of novelty. This implies that there was a widespread of new products created within themanufacturing firms hence a low level of uniformity in new products created and thus a low degree of homogeneity across the firms.This implies that there were innovation activities that generated innovation output. It means that the outcome of innovation activities was observable and can be quantified. The standard deviation of 6.2 implies that there was a widespread within the manufacturing firms. This means that there was a low level of uniformity in innovation output across manufacturing firms and thus a low degree of homogeneity in the sample.This implies that there were more novelties created in the plastics and rubber sub-sector than any other. It means that on average, there were more new products, patents, new process and new enterprises created in the textile and apparels sub-sector. The highest standard deviation of 7.250 was recorded in vehicle assemblers and accessories sub-sector. This implies that the spread of novelties was widest in vehicle assemblers and accessories than other sub-sectors. This means that there was a high variety of IO produced and thus a low level of uniformity in novelties in vehicle assemblers and accessories sub-sector and thus low degree of homogeneity.The highest innovation output in the plastics and rubber sub-sector implies that the sector has more innovation activities as compared to other sub-sector, but innovation efforts were concentrated more on new products. The highest innovation intensity in the food and beverages sub-sector means that there were concerted innovation efforts that were spread across the four novelties and thus diversified IO. This is important because diversified innovation mitigates the risk of over reliance on single or few innovations that may that can be rendered absolute with emergence of other superior innovations.The study has thus established that OL has a significant influence on IO in manufacturing firms in Kenya. Manufacturing firms should, therefore, inculcate a culture of OL for grater IO for improved competitiveness. The findings are consistent with those of Hung et al. (2011) who found that OL have a significant influence on IO. Manufacturing firms should, therefore, embrace OL for utilization of scarce resources to provide value and provide society solutions sustainably. The findings are also in tandem with those Of Calisir et al. (2013) who found that firms with an Organizational practice that promote OL have higher value and IO levels. Higher IO is an indicator that a firm is generating novelties according to the changing needs of the market and hence the likelihood of being competitive leading to improved performance. The findings also concur with those of Hofstetter and Harpez (2015) who found that OL has an immense influence on firm’s IO. Increased IO can lead to improved competitiveness of a firm within the industry, in the economy, the region and the global market. The findings are also in line with Cassiman and Veugelers (2006); Chen,Vanhaverbeke, and Du (2016); Radicic and Balavac (2019); Antonelli & Fassio, 2016 who found that internal and external learning has a positive influence on IO. It is therefore imperative that OL is promoted in the manufacturing sector in Kenya for greater outcomes in IO for enhanced competitiveness locally and internationally.5. Conclusions and recommendationsIt is concluded that the various aspects of OL which include; liberty of experimentation, empowerment to generate new ideas, managerial commitment to support creativity, risk tolerance, knowledge transfer and integration, openness and interaction with the external environment and continuous learning contributes to development of new products, patents acquired, new process and new enterprises. It is also observed that SLE has a significant moderating effect between OL and IO.Management in manufacturing sector should, therefore, nurture and encourage OL for greater IO. Leaders in manufacturing firms should provide freedom to their employees to come up with new ideas and support them to try them out while at the same time be patient to accommodate failures that come with trials. They should also be receptive to divergent viewpoints, encourage problem solving and knowledge transfer. Leaders in manufacturing firms should also set up a robust Research and Development (R&D) by developing the policies that will enhance assimilation of external with internal knowledge for highercapacity to innovate. Policy makers and other relevant stakeholders such as government agencies, research institutions and investor lobby groups and associations should work jointly to address the bottlenecks in SLE.The study enriches the theoretical understanding of how OL influences IO by contributing to new knowledge on how manufacturing firms can improve their competitiveness in Kenya and other parts of sub Saharan Africa.It is recommended that lifelong learning should be encouraged because it improves creativity and develops the capacity to integrate internal and external knowledge which increases the level of IO. Management should also create an enabling culture for promoting creativity and risk tolerance to enhance IO. Manufacturing firms in Kenya should also set clear policies on R&D to enhance OL for increased innovation activities and thus higher IO.Further research should be carried to determine ways in which customers and suppliers information can be utilized to enrich OL. Customers and suppliers are major stakeholders in manufacturing firms. Their input in OL is essential in improving the IO. Further study should also be carried out to examine how networking influences IO. The challenges of mitigating the risks that comes with experimentation and failure tolerance is also a futile ground for further study.组织学习对肯尼亚制造业公司创新产出的影响艾萨克·加尚嘉，史蒂芬·纳加，露西·基加纳摘要知识企业家精神对于推动创新以提高竞争力具有越来越重要的作用。

数据采集外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Txomin Nieva. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS [J]. Computers in Industry, 2013, 4(2):215-237.英文原文DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMSTxomin NievaData acquisition systems, as the name implies, are products and/or processes used to collect information to document or analyze some phenomenon. In the simplest form, a technician logging the temperature of an oven on a piece of paper is performing data acquisition. As technology has progressed, this type of process has been simplified and made more accurate, versatile, and reliable through electronic equipment. Equipment ranges from simple recorders to sophisticated computer systems. Data acquisition products serve as a focal point in a system, tying together a wide variety of products, such as sensors that indicate temperature, flow, level, or pressure. Some common data acquisition terms are shown below.Data collection technology has made great progress in the past 30 to 40 years. For example, 40 years ago, in a well-known college laboratory, the device used to track temperature rises in bronze made of helium was composed of thermocouples, relays, interrogators, a bundle of papers, anda pencil.Today's university students are likely to automatically process and analyze data on PCs. There are many ways you can choose to collect data. The choice of which method to use depends on many factors, including the complexity of the task, the speed and accuracy you need, the evidence you want, and more. Whether simple or complex, the data acquisition system can operate and play its role.The old way of using pencils and papers is still feasible for some situations, and it is cheap, easy to obtain, quick and easy to start. All you need is to capture multiple channels of digital information (DMM) and start recording data by hand.Unfortunately, this method is prone to errors, slower acquisition of data, and requires too much human analysis. In addition, it can only collect data in a single channel; but when you use a multi-channel DMM, the system will soon become very bulky and clumsy. Accuracy depends on the level of the writer, and you may need to scale it yourself. For example, if the DMM is not equipped with a sensor that handles temperature, the old one needs to start looking for a proportion. Given these limitations, it is an acceptable method only if you need to implement a rapid experiment.Modern versions of the strip chart recorder allow you to retrieve data from multiple inputs. They provide long-term paper records of databecause the data is in graphic format and they are easy to collect data on site. Once a bar chart recorder has been set up, most recorders have enough internal intelligence to operate without an operator or computer. The disadvantages are the lack of flexibility and the relative low precision, often limited to a percentage point. You can clearly feel that there is only a small change with the pen. In the long-term monitoring of the multi-channel, the recorders can play a very good role, in addition, their value is limited. For example, they cannot interact with other devices. Other concerns are the maintenance of pens and paper, the supply of paper and the storage of data. The most important is the abuse and waste of paper. However, recorders are fairly easy to set up and operate, providing a permanent record of data for quick and easy analysis.Some benchtop DMMs offer selectable scanning capabilities. The back of the instrument has a slot to receive a scanner card that can be multiplexed for more inputs, typically 8 to 10 channels of mux. This is inherently limited in the front panel of the instrument. Its flexibility is also limited because it cannot exceed the number of available channels. External PCs usually handle data acquisition and analysis.The PC plug-in card is a single-board measurement system that uses the ISA or PCI bus to expand the slot in the PC. They often have a reading rate of up to 1000 per second. 8 to 16 channels are common, and the collected data is stored directly in the computer and then analyzed.Because the card is essentially a part of the computer, it is easy to establish the test. PC-cards are also relatively inexpensive, partly because they have since been hosted by PCs to provide energy, mechanical accessories, and user interfaces. Data collection optionsOn the downside, the PC plug-in cards often have a 12-word capacity, so you can't detect small changes in the input signal. In addition, the electronic environment within the PC is often susceptible to noise, high clock rates, and bus noise. The electronic contacts limit the accuracy of the PC card. These plug-in cards also measure a range of voltages. To measure other input signals, such as voltage, temperature, and resistance, you may need some external signal monitoring devices. Other considerations include complex calibrations and overall system costs, especially if you need to purchase additional signal monitoring devices or adapt the PC card to the card. Take this into account. If your needs change within the capabilities and limitations of the card, the PC plug-in card provides an attractive method for data collection.Data electronic recorders are typical stand-alone instruments that, once equipped with them, enable the measurement, recording, and display of data without the involvement of an operator or computer. They can handle multiple signal inputs, sometimes up to 120 channels. Accuracy rivals unrivalled desktop DMMs because it operates within a 22 word, 0.004 percent accuracy range. Some data electronic automatic recordershave the ability to measure proportionally, the inspection result is not limited by the user's definition, and the output is a control signal.One of the advantages of using data electronic loggers is their internal monitoring signals. Most can directly measure several different input signals without the need for additional signal monitoring devices. One channel can monitor thermocouples, RTDs, and voltages.Thermocouples provide valuable compensation for accurate temperature measurements. They are typically equipped with multi-channel cards. Built-in intelligent electronic data recorder helps you set the measurement period and specify the parameters for each channel. Once you set it all up, the data electronic recorder will behave like an unbeatable device. The data they store is distributed in memory and can hold 500,000 or more readings.Connecting to a PC makes it easy to transfer data to a computer for further analysis. Most data electronic recorders can be designed to be flexible and simple to configure and operate, and most provide remote location operation options via battery packs or other methods. Thanks to the A/D conversion technology, certain data electronic recorders have a lower reading rate, especially when compared with PC plug-in cards. However, a reading rate of 250 per second is relatively rare. Keep in mind that many of the phenomena that are being measured are physical in nature, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, and there are generallyfewer changes. In addition, because of the monitoring accuracy of the data electron loggers, a large amount of average reading is not necessary, just as they are often stuck on PC plug-in cards.Front-end data acquisition is often done as a module and is typically connected to a PC or controller. They are used in automated tests to collect data, control and cycle detection signals for other test equipment. Send signal test equipment spare parts. The efficiency of the front-end operation is very high, and can match the speed and accuracy with the best stand-alone instrument. Front-end data acquisition works in many models, including VXI versions such as the Agilent E1419A multi-function measurement and VXI control model, as well as a proprietary card elevator. Although the cost of front-end units has been reduced, these systems can be very expensive unless you need to provide high levels of operation, and finding their prices is prohibited. On the other hand, they do provide considerable flexibility and measurement capabilities.Good, low-cost electronic data loggers have the right number of channels (20-60 channels) and scan rates are relatively low but are common enough for most engineers. Some of the key applications include:•product features•Hot die cutting of electronic products•Test of the environmentEnvironmental monitoring•Composition characteristics•Battery testBuilding and computer capacity monitoringA new system designThe conceptual model of a universal system can be applied to the analysis phase of a specific system to better understand the problem and to specify the best solution more easily based on the specific requirements of a particular system. The conceptual model of a universal system can also be used as a starting point for designing a specific system. Therefore, using a general-purpose conceptual model will save time and reduce the cost of specific system development. To test this hypothesis, we developed DAS for railway equipment based on our generic DAS concept model. In this section, we summarize the main results and conclusions of this DAS development.We analyzed the device model package. The result of this analysis is a partial conceptual model of a system consisting of a three-tier device model. We analyzed the equipment project package in the equipment environment. Based on this analysis, we have listed a three-level item hierarchy in the conceptual model of the system. Equipment projects are specialized for individual equipment projects.We analyzed the equipment model monitoring standard package in the equipment context. One of the requirements of this system is the ability to use a predefined set of data to record specific status monitoring reports. We analyzed the equipment project monitoring standard package in the equipment environment. The requirements of the system are: (i) the ability to record condition monitoring reports and event monitoring reports corresponding to the items, which can be triggered by time triggering conditions or event triggering conditions; (ii) the definition of private and public monitoring standards; (iii) Ability to define custom and predefined train data sets. Therefore, we have introduced the "monitoring standards for equipment projects", "public standards", "special standards", "equipment monitoring standards", "equipment condition monitoring standards", "equipment project status monitoring standards and equipment project event monitoring standards, respectively Training item triggering conditions, training item time triggering conditions and training item event triggering conditions are device equipment trigger conditions, equipment item time trigger conditions and device project event trigger condition specialization; and training item data sets, training custom data Sets and trains predefined data sets, which are device project data sets, custom data sets, and specialized sets of predefined data sets.Finally, we analyzed the observations and monitoring reports in the equipment environment. The system's requirement is to recordmeasurements and category observations. In addition, status and incident monitoring reports can be recorded. Therefore, we introduce the concept of observation, measurement, classification observation and monitoring report into the conceptual model of the system.Our generic DAS concept model plays an important role in the design of DAS equipment. We use this model to better organize the data that will be used by system components. Conceptual models also make it easier to design certain components in the system. Therefore, we have an implementation in which a large number of design classes represent the concepts specified in our generic DAS conceptual model. Through an industrial example, the development of this particular DAS demonstrates the usefulness of a generic system conceptual model for developing a particular system.中文译文数据采集系统Txomin Nieva数据采集系统, 正如名字所暗示的, 是一种用来采集信息成文件或分析一些现象的产品或过程。