跨境电子商务与物流模式创新外文文献翻译字数5231字

电子商务物流配送外文文献译文及原文Increased competitiveness in all industrial sectors sharpened by globalization and fall of global supply is forcing companies towards optimization of their business processes and new ways of mergers or partnerships with direct results in decreased business costs. With these strategic alliances new management strategies are formed as Clusters, Supply Chain Management (SCM), E-logistics, etc. Some authors are making references that logistic are “worth” 10% to 12% of GDP (Sahay, 2003). According to AMR research (Challenger, 2001), E-logistics has apotential of lowering costs by 10 %. On basics of these two references we can conclude that E-logistics can save our money for as much as 1.2% of GDP. Therefore it is not surprised that in last few years in high effective companies as Hewlett-Packard, Compaq, Digital Equipment Corporation, Xerox, Dell and Benetton Group top management is favorable to Supply Chain and therefore E-logistics (Romano, 2003).There is collection of literature indicating the importance ofclusters and networks not only between firms, but along the value chain and across industries. The networks inherent in these clusters are integral for knowledge generation and diffusion, for technology transfer, for sharing risk and costs, for allowing firms to access new markets and opportunities and, finally, for building comparative advantage in the global market.Porter (Porter, 1990) defines clusters as geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions. He proposed a model that provides conditions that have to be met for a firm to be internationally competitive and successful. This model focuses on four primary conditions which he arranged in a diamond-shaped diagram: factor conditions, demand conditions, structures of firms and rivalry and related and supporting industries. The "Related and Supporting Industries" feature of the diamond denotes the importance of clustering in developing international competitive advantage incorporating two features of a healthy cluster: the presence of vertical support through internationally competitive supplier industries which ensure cost-effective and speedy deliveries; and the presence of horizontal support in internationally competitive related industries to co-ordinate and share activities with and to stimulate local competition.In the article informatization of STLC will be presented through the project Modeling, Analyzing and Renovation, Standardization and Informatization of business processes of the Slovenian Transport Logistics Cluster which is performed by Business Informatics Institutein Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. With informatization have logistic compani es’ not just better connectivity with their customers and suppliers but also better performance andfaster responds. To achieve appropriate level of informatization STLC must invest in modern information technologies. One of possiblesolutions is use of internet with his costless policy and in last years high security as the most appropriate communication channel.For all logistic companies it is assumed to control global logistic chain of their customers and therefore are dependent on successful implementation of informatization technologies which leads to decrease of inventory costs, better customer retention, asset management, etc.增加对全球化和全球供应下降削尖所有工业部门的竞争力，迫使他们对优化业务流程和兼并或在降低经营成本的直接成果的伙伴关系的新途径公司。

跨境电子商务物流模式创新与发展趋势探究跨境电子商务物流是指针对国际电子商务交易进行的物流活动。

随着电子商务的迅猛发展和全球化的进程，跨境电子商务物流模式也在不断创新与发展。

本文将探讨跨境电子商务物流模式的创新与发展趋势。

1.合作物流模式创新：跨境电子商务物流的关键是国际物流网络的建设。

为了更好地满足消费者需求，厂商和电商平台展开合作，共同建设国际物流网络。

通过与国际物流公司合作，实现集中运输和集中配送，提高物流效率，降低运输成本。

跨境电商与物流公司还可以进行深度合作，共享信息和资源，提供更好的跨境物流服务。

2.物流服务创新：跨境电子商务物流应注重提供个性化和定制化的物流服务。

为了满足消费者的要求，物流公司应加大产品研发和技术创新力度，提供新型物流服务。

引入智能物流设备和技术，提高仓储和运输效率；建立物流信息平台，实现物流信息的实时追踪和查询；探索冷链物流服务，保证商品质量等。

3.跨境物流技术创新：跨境电子商务物流需要运用先进的技术手段来提高物流效率和可靠性。

利用物联网技术实现物流信息的实时监控和管理；运用大数据分析技术，提高物流运作效率和准确性；利用人工智能技术进行智能物流规划和调度等。

1.智能化：跨境电子商务物流将趋向智能化。

通过物联网、大数据和人工智能等技术的应用，实现物流全程的可视化、智能化和自动化。

物流信息、货物流向等一切数据都能实时监控和分析，提高物流速度和准确性。

2.绿色化：随着全球环保意识的提高，跨境电子商务物流也将更加注重环保和可持续发展。

在物流运输中采用节能减排的交通工具和设备，减少对环境的污染。

推广绿色包装和循环利用的物流包装材料，降低环境负荷。

发展绿色物流网络，减少空运和过长的运输距离，降低物流碳足迹。

3.多元化：随着跨境电子商务的发展，消费者对物流服务的要求也越来越多样化。

物流公司和电商平台需要提供多样化的物流服务，如快递、航空运输、海运等，以满足不同消费者的需求。

还可以提供物流增值服务，如包装、验货等，为用户提供更加便利的物流服务。

电子商务物流中英文对照外文翻译文献电子商务物流中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Introducing Commodity Flow to an Agent-Based ModelE-commerce SystemAbstractIn our model agent-based e-commerce system [2] we have assumed that a certain number of items of a given product is available for sale. In this note we introduce a model logistics subsystem and discuss how it will be integrated with the system. Keywords: e-commerce;logistics system;agent1.IntroductionCurrently, we are developing and implementing a model agent-based e-commerce system (see [2] and references collected there). In this system multiple buyer agents attempt at making purchase by participating in price negotiations in e-stores and selecting the best offer, while e-stores attempt at maximizing profit resulting from product sales.Thus far our attention was focused on buyer-seller interactions. By assuming that products are in the warehouse we have omitted the question where do they come from. The aim of this work is to describe how our system can be extended to include product restocking processes.Before proceeding let us make a few observations. First, the proposed logistics subsystem is not ―stand alone‖(e.g. similar to that considered in [3, 1, 6]). Instead, it has been created within the context of our e-commerce system, which has directly influenced its design. Second, while somewhat similar, processes involved in e-store restocking a warehouse differ from client making a purchase in an e-store (e.g. in product demand prediction, interactions with wholesalers, methods of price negotiations that involve more ―cond itions,‖ offer selection criteria, etc.) Therefore we have created a separate logistics subsystem (instead of reusing already modeled functions; e.g. price negotiations). Third, this note is devoted to the agent structure and agent interactions and, due to the space limitations, we omit important topics like:forecasts derivation, offer evaluation etc.However, these functions can be encapsulated into modules that can become a part of an appropriate agent. Therefore readers should envision that, for instance, when we write that ―rece ived offers are evaluated,‖then their favorite method of offer evaluationhas been utilized.To proceed, first, we briefly describe our e-commerce system.We follow with assumptions that underline the logistics subsystem and description of new agents that were introduced. Finally, we present the sequence diagram of restocking and use it to discuss in detail how this process will take place in our system.2. System DescriptionOur system is a distributed marketplace in which software agents perform e-commerce functions (see [2] for details, the Use Case diagram in particular). User-Client is represented by the Client Agent (CA). The CA is autonomous and when a purchase order is communicated by the User-Client, it works until either it is completed, or purchase is abandoned. The CA communicates with the Client Information Center (CIC), which facilitates information which e-stores sell which products (yellow-page matchmaking).For each store that sells the requested product, the CA delegates a Buyer Agent (BA) to participate in price negotiations and if successful, possibly attempt at making a pur- chase (successful price negotiations result in a product reservation for a specific time; after which products that have not been purchased are available for sale again).Since multiple BAs representing the same CA can win price negotiations the CA makes the decision if either of available offers is good enough to make a purchase. Buyer Agents can participate in negotiations only if the Gatekeeper Agent (GA) admits them (if they are trusted; e.g. BAs that win price negotiations but do not make a purchase may be barred from subsequent negotiations). The GA represents a given e-store and is created by the Shop Agent (SA). The SA is the central manager and facilitating the selling process it utilizes the GA, and a set of Seller Agents (SeA) that negotiate price with incoming BAs, as well as a Warehouse Agent (WA) that is responsible for inventory and reservation management. Thus far, the WA was responsible for managing product reservations and the inventory. Specifically, (1) before a new price negotiation the WA ―re served‖ a given product—so that if negotiation ended successfully there was an item that could be sold; (2) when a reservation ended in purchase, it adjusted product counters; and (3) when a reservation expired it also adjusted products counters. However, the WA was always envisioned as the ―gat eway‖between the store and suppliers, which is one of the foci of this note.3. Assumptions behind the logistics systemLet us now specify assumptions that underline design of the logistics subsystem:1.Nowadays, except of largest store-chains (e.g. TESCO, WalMart), companiesoutsource transportation activities (considered non-core business activities) to specialists (e.g. UPS, Mayflower). However, we assume here that suppliers are still re sponsible for facilitating transportation. Therefore, we omit transportation related processes and focus only in interactions between e-stores and suppliers2. As a result of (1), transportation costs are assumed to be paid by the supplier and included directly in product price (e.g. discount on delivery costs, will manifest itself in the total price).3. While in the original system auction-based price negotiations were used, here we opted for the simplicity of the FIPA Contract Net Protocol [4]. Therefore, in the logistics subsystem, a single round of negotiations consisting of a call for proposals and evaluation of responses, is used.4. New functions and agentsIn order to perform logistics-related tasks, several new roles were introduced; some of them have been delegated to agents existing in the system, while others warranted adding new agents. Specifically:•demand estimation—to draw information from sales data and/or external premises to predict future sales of products,•warehouse monitoring—to observe supply levels and react in case of a risk ofdropping below values considered sufficient to satisfy estimated demand,•order management—to coordinate issuing orders for goods, to assist inevaluating received offers,•ordering goods—to contact suppliers for their of- fers and to select the best offer,•selling goods—in the system suppliers were also modeled; while goods are acquired without extensive price negotiations, ―someone‖ has to deliver proposals to ordering components,•logistics yellow pages—the role of the ―l og istics CIC‖is very similar to the original CIC ([2]); it has to provide lists of potential suppliers of products; obviously, it is possible for a shop to become a sup- plier for another shop and to suggest that the two CIC s could be joined, but we decided to clearly separate the client-side from the shop and from the supply-side. Another reason for this separation was that while some shops may not be interested in becoming wholesaler, we would have to make changes to the original CIC data structure (e.g. wholesaler—yes/no). Finally, since the logistics subsystem does not involve auctions, the separation is even more warranted.Let us now see how these tasks/roles could be placed in our system. The demandestimation role was attributed to the existing Shop Decision Agent (SDA), responsible for the ―kn owledge managemen t‖functions (e.g. trust management, sales trend data mining, etc.) in the shop.The warehouse monitoring role is already a part of the existing WA. The difference is that now WA becomes a proactive manager of supplies; acting on predictions supplied by the SDA.Fulfillment of the order management role required introduction of the Logistics Agent (LA), which became the ―centra l manager‖ of the logistics subsystem. It is responsible for contacting the logistics CIC for the list of potential suppliers and managing a pool of agents responsible for ordering goods from ―wholesalers.‖ Finally, it collects and manages data related to supplier reliability. This data, in turn, will be one of factors in selecting the supplier.The ordering goods process is facilitated by the Ordering Agent (OA), which is also a new agent. Its task is to issue a call for proposals, collect responses and select the best offer taking into account factors such as: price, delivery time, reliability etc. Let us recall that due to the modularity of agent design ([2]), our system is flexible enough so that any method of selecting an offer can be applied (it can be encapsulated in a module and plugged into the OA).The selling goods role is realized by a very simple Wholesale Agent (WhA). Its role is to respond to CFP’s incoming from OA s.Currently we assume that WhA s receive instructions in what way to generate a stream of responses to the CFPs.Finally, logistics yellow pages are facilitated by the logistics CIC Agent. Its role is to store a complete list of suppliers and products that they sell. Obviously, the logistics CIC uses the original product ontology ([2]), extended by the logistics ontology. When the system is initialized, each WhA registers with the logistics CIC and provides it with a list of products for sale.What was described thus far is summarized in an UML use case diagram presented in Figure 1.Figure 1. Use Case of the logistics subsystem5. Typical Product Restocking ProcessLet us now describe the processes involved in restocking the warehouse. Here, we skip the description of system initialization, and start with the Shop Decision Agent sending a forecast to the Warehouse Agent. The sequence of actions resulting form such a forecast is depicted, as a UML sequence diagram in Figure 2.The SDA communicates the forecast to the WA by sending a FIPA Inform message containing the PredictionDescription (which contains all necessary data such as: product ID, amount of predicted sales, standard deviation of sales, expected purchase price, period for which this forecast is valid, etc.). We assume that the SDA forecasts are of the type: until a new fore- cast, weekly sales are expected to be 45 items of a given product. Forecasts can be issued at specific times (e.g. once a week or once a month) and their frequency de- pends on the information found in data analyzed by the SDA to derive forecast(s).The WA starts by examining current stock of a given product, and if current supplies are sufficient, it sets up to check their levels at the end of the time unit specified in the forecast (i.e. forecasts specified on weekly basis are checked once a week). If stocks are insufficient, the WA utilizes the FIPA Request Protocol (FIPA specification SC00026) and FIPA SL language [4] (used in all agent interactions), to com- municate with the Logistics Agent. The initial message from the WA is the FIPA Request message sent to the LA and it contains OrderRequest action with the Or- derRequestDescription. The OrderRequestDescription contains the necessary information specifying the order to be made: product ID, preferred delivery time, amount and maximumprice. Delivery time and amount are computed based on the current product level, predicted delivery time and an overall inventory strategy.Upon receiving the request, the LA dispatches a query to the logistics CIC to obtain a list of suppliers of a given product. Ensuing conversation conforms to the FIPA Query Protocol, starting with the FIPA Query-Ref message containing the CICQuery action with the Product ID. The logistics CIC responds with the FIPA Inform-Ref message containing the CICResponse with a list (possibly empty) of suppliers. Empty list results in a FIPA Failure message (with OrderRequestResult set to failure) send by the LA to the WA. Similar response is sent when the logistics CIC cannot be contacted.When the non-empty list was received, the LA removes these suppliers that have their reliability value below a certain threshold. Then the LAAgentDescriptions list is formed by supplementing each CICAgentDescription received from the logistics CIC with the reliability information. If a given WhA’s is not known a default trust value is used.After preparing the list, the LA utilizes the FIPA Request Protocol to find a free OA. Busy agents will re- spond with FIPA Refuse messages. If all agents respond in such a way, this process may need to be repeated un- til a free OA is found and responds with the FIPA Agree message. The LA then sends the ordering request to the selected OA and awaits for the result of the ordering pro- cess. LA’s message contains the IssueOrder action with the OrderDescription and the LAAgentDescriptions.After obtaining the request from the LA, the OA engages in the FIPA ContractNet Protocol interactions with WhAs from the list. It sends the FIPA CallForProposal message, containing CFPRequest with OrderDescription to the WhAs. WhAs evaluate the CFP and submit their offers by sending FIPA Propose messages containing the CFP Response actionwith OfferDescription or, if terms contained in the CFP are unacceptable/not interesting, respond using the FIPA Refuse message.Responses must arrive within a timeframe speci- fied by the OA, after which the OA proceeds to evalu- ate them. First, it filters unacceptable offers. Note that it is possible that some WhAs may respond knowingly with proposals that violate some of the conditions and in special circumstances when no better offers were found the OA may need to accept such offers. In the next step, offers are ranked and the winner is determined. Winner issent a FIPA AcceptProposal message containing the ConfirmationRequest action with its offer quoted. The winning WhA must in turn reply with the FIPA Inform messagecontaining Confirmation Response action with the OrderConfirmation which has unique orderID generated by the supplier. This successfully completes the ordering process.The winner can also withdraw the offer by sending a FIPA Failure message. In this case, runner-ups are contacted in an iterative manner. In case when there are no more offers left or there were no offers to begin with, the OA sends a FIPA Failure message to the LA,which, in turn, forwards it to the WA. When the winner confirms the order, the OA sends to the LA a FIPA Inform message containing the InformResult action with the WhA-received Or der Confirmation, thus completing the protocol. At this time the LA sends information to the WA, inside a message of the FIPA Agree type. This performative is used in compliance with the protocol to indicate that the LA is performing the desired task (ordering), but its efforts do not guarantee success (ordering success order success), and thus sending the final response (FIPA Inform) is inappropriate at this stage. Meanwhile the OA returns to the pool of available Ordering Agents.Now the purchase enters the delivery monitoring stage. Here, the LA waits for the delivery from the WhA to be registered with the WA. When a delivery arrives the WA sends (to the LA) a plain FIPA Inform message containing the WADelivery action with the DeliveryDescription, which has supplier’s AgentID and the already mentioned orderId. The LA does not need to respond to this message, but it checks the messages to see if it is currently awaiting a delivery with the given orderId coming from a supplier AgentID. If it finds a match, the ordering process is completed. As a result, the reliability value of supplied AgentID is increased. If a delivery notification does not come within time agreed in the OrderConfirm, actions must be undertaken (recall, that receiving supplies is vital to the e-Shop as its warehouse is likely to run out of stock Those actions are: (1) retry the ordering (sending reminder to the WhA / choosing new WhA), if there is still time, and (2) marking that a retry has been made.If there is still time before the deadline (established by the WA), then order can be retried. If it is the first time an attempt to retry the order is made, a reminder is sent to the WhA. To this end, LA contacts a free OA with a FIPA Request Protocol message with a Reminder action containing AgentID of the WhA and the orderId. The OA accepts the job (the FIPA Agree) and contacts the WhA (also using FIPA Request Protocol), sending it the exact same action. The WhA is expected to reply within a timeframe using either a FIPA Failure (offer is withdrawn) or a FIPA Inform providing new Order Confirmationwith a new delivery time, which is forwarded to the LA unchanged. In the case of an agreement, the LA returns to awaiting delivery, in the case of failure, the LA removes this WhA from the LA Agent Description list and locates an OA to perform entirely new search for a supplier. New search is also ordered if a reminder to the supplier whose delivery we were waiting resulted in a failure. The monitoring stage ends when: (1) delivery is received, or (2) reminder to the supplier was made, but it was refused, while deadline has already passed. Note that we assume that the actual order failure occurs only when the delivery deadline has passed and the reminder failed.This is because it is possible that there is an order delay and goods may arrive late. This information can be obtained from the WhA, and thus the need for the reminder.Figure 2. Restocking process: sequence diagramWhen the monitoring stage ends, the WA is notified about the result by the FIPA Inform or the FIPA Failure message to complete the FIPA Request protocol. The message will contain the OrderRequest action with the OrderRequestResult set appropriately. Furthermore, at this stage the reliability bonuses and/or penalties are calculated and applied. Finally, in the case of a successful order, the WA sends to the SDA a FIPA In-form message containing status information about the re-stocking of the warehouse.6. Concluding remarksIn this note we have discussed the way in which the logistics subsystem is being introduced into our model agent-based e-commerce system. We have presented used UML’s use case and sequence diagrams to formally depict and discuss the most important features of our approach. Due to the lack of space, we have focused our attention on agents and their interactions. The proposed system has been implemented and is in the final testing phase.References[1] C. Bádicá, A. Báditá, M. Ganzha, M. Paprzycki, Developing a Model Agent-based E-commerce System. In: Jie Lu et. al. (eds.) E-Service Intelligence—Methodologies, Technologies and Applications, Springer, Berlin, 2007,555–578[2] C. A. Butler and J. T. Eanes. Software agent technology for large scale, real-time logistics decision support. US Army Research Report ADA392670, 2001. 23 pages.[3]W.Ying and S.Dayong. Multi-agent framework for third party logistics in e-commercestar. Expert Systems with Applications, 29(2):431–436, August 2005.引入第三方物流企业的以代理人为基础的电子商务系统模型摘要在我们的模型以代理人为基础的电子商务系统[2]的基础上,我们假定一定数量的物品的某一特定的产品是适合出售的。

文献出处: Mahpula A. The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness [J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2015, 15(2): 30-34.原文The Research of Regional Logistics CompetitivenessMahpula AAbstractAt present, the development of logistics is the logistics demand rapid increase, the expanding market capacity, accelerates the construction of logistics infrastructure, third-party logistics fast growth the tendency, the whole logistics industry is developing in the direction of the information, globalization and specialization. At the same time, with the rapid increase of logistics demand, the development of the regional logistics more rapidly. Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Regional economic integration can make the area and regional logistics incline to reasonable, adapt to reasonable layout of industrial structure, to reduce logistics cost, promote the development of regional logistics. On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy. Therefore, the development of the regional logistics has become to improve the regional investment environment and industry development environment, expanding the scope of the regional influence, the key to enhancing regional competitiveness.Keywords : Regional logistics; Regional logistics competitiveness; Evaluation index 1 IntroductionThe rapid development of world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, the logistics industry as an emerging service industry, is developing rapidly in the global scope. Internationally, logistics industry is considered to be the economic development of the artery and 物流外文文献及翻译范文【最新资料，WORD 文档，可编辑修改】basic industry, its development degree become to measure a country's modernization degree and comprehensive national strength, one of the important marks is known as the "third profit source" of the enterprise, its role is more and more big, became the current after the IT industry, financial industry's hottest emerging industry a new growth point of national economy, and caused widespread social attention. Regional logistics is an important component of regional economy, is the important force in the formation and development of regional economy, it is to improve the efficiency and economic benefit in the field of regional circulation, improve the competitive ability of regional market, etc., plays a positive role in active. Behind the rapid development of modern logistics, however, there are still many problems; including logistics competitiveness level is lower than the level of logistics development is particularly prominent. Choosing logistics competitiveness development level evaluation index, since there is no uniform standard, can only use freight or freight turnover scale to measure logistics. Implementation of goods transport is the process of logistics spatial displacement at the center of the link, with the two indicators to measure logistics scale has certain scientific, but it can't reflect the outline of the regional logistics. Estimates of logistics demand, typically based on GDP and total retail sales of social consumer goods such as index of national economic accounting. This is just a simple measure of the macro level, the proportion of different researchers use different, ranging from teens to twenty percent, there are large difference between the results and gives theoretical analysis greater difficulties. At the same time, the logistics industry's economic statistical data shortage, there is no comprehensive logistics demand statistics, which made us qualitative understanding of the level of understanding of logistics.2 Literature reviewAbout the Core Competence theory, Core Competence (Core Competence) of the original intention is the Core skills or Core skills, this concept is in 1990 by the American strategic management experts made rahalad) and Britain's strategic management experts hamer (c. amel), refers to the enterprise organization of accumulating knowledge, especially about how to coordinate different production skills and integrate a variety of technical knowledge, and on the basis of advantage over other competitors unique ability, namely Core Competence is built on the basis of enterprise Core resources, is the enterprise intelligence, technology, products, management, culture and other elements in the reflection of comprehensive advantage in the market. At present there are three typical academic argument: the ability theory represented by Rossby and Christie's school; School represented by porter's theory of market structure;Represented by Werner Phil and Penrose's theory of resource school. Core competitiveness is value, the ability to integrated, uniqueness, extensibility and inherent characteristics.Related theory, the study of regional logistics, the logistics research of Europe and the United States, Japan and other developed countries, focus on the enterprise level, is committed to providing enterprise optimization strategy. And regional logistics system and competitiveness research, involved. According to literature review, the regional international logistics field of research mainly includes the following aspects: (1) from the perspective of multinational company research the global logistics resources configuration and coordination problems. Specific include logistics infrastructure, market competition mechanism and the problem of logistics supply chain operation. Such research quantification technology such as using the operational research tools, more for the global network of supply chain facility location positioning, and coordinate the factory more support, strategic distribution system design problem. This is an extension of the logistics enterprise level optimization study, the commonly used methods include mathematical analytical method, system simulation method and heuristic methods, etc. If only one method and graphical method solving the problem of the layout of the site; Mixed integer programming solve the problem of site selection of logistics center and logistics planning, etc.(2) from the perspective of urban economy and the environment, the research of urban traffic network Settings. For example Tanjguchietal from the city level, using a dynamic traffic simulation model, quantitative research economic growth, the transport demand, as well as the related road congestion and environmental pollution.(3) from the point of view of the city government, study its role in macro logistics development and utility. For example MeirJ. R and Senblatt, studied the global supply chain management in infrastructure financing, transportation and regional trading rules, corporate tax law of the government subsidies, and other effects of the main factors of global production and distribution network, etc.3 Introduction to the theory of regional logistics relatedThe definition of regional logisticsAcademic definition of regional logistics has not yet unified, a more accepted view is that regional logistics is the geographical environment in a certain area, with large and medium-sized cities as the center, based on the regional scale and scope economy, combined with effective logistics service scope, area inside and outside of all kinds of goods from the supplier to accept to effective entity flow; Is the transport, storage, loading and unloading, handling, distribution, packaging, circulation processing, information processing, such as integrated logistics activities, to service in the composite system of regional economic development. It requires the integration, theintegration of logistics management, namely to meet user needs for the purpose, to the goods, services and related information from the supplier to accept to the efficient flow of planning, execution, and control activities, is the organic unity of cash-flow, information flow and cash flow. Relationship of regional logistics subject, object and carrierRegional logistics has the characteristics of multi-level and multi-dimensional structure, its basic elements include logistics main body, object and logistics carrier, and the structure of the basic elements and their complete system, each element show different features, thus forming the function of the regional logistics. Regional logistics main body is directly involved in or specialized is engaged in the economic organization of regional logistics activity, including the owner of the goodsFlow, the third party logistics enterprise, storage and transportation enterprise, etc. Logistics is the supply chain logistics channels, the starting point and end point of connection in the whole course of the regional logistics activity plays a dominant and decisive role. Elements of the integrated logistics subject is the essential characteristic of modern logistics. Therefore, the elements of logistics as one of the main body, logistics has a decisive role in the development of logistics industry. Similar accumulation and regional economy industry, regional logistics also emphasizes the logistics main body accumulation, logistics main body in space is beneficial to promote the logistics activities of large-scale, intensive, body development, it is also a regional logistics park, logistics center, the objective basis of the formation of distribution centers, and regional logistics park, logistics center and distribution center determines the spatial structure of the regional logistics system.Regional logistics and regional economic relationsRegional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Logistics is always accompanied by business flow, the more advanced the regional economy, manufacturing and trading more active, the logistics industry as a service industry will have a good customer base and market infrastructure, the greater the chance of large-scale development. On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the furtherdevelopment of regional economy. Thus, regional logistics and regional economy is the unity of interdependence. Regional economy is the premise and foundation of regional logistics development, is the dominant force in the regional logistics development; Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, is the regional economic support system, and serve the regional economy. Regional logistics development goal and strategy must obey and serve the regional economic development goals and strategies.4 Regional logistics competitivenessRegional logistics competitiveness refers to a certain space range (general administrative area as the border, across regions), the logistics industry are different from other areas of the assignment of resources was made in the advantage, the logistics enterprises, government policy support and industrial innovation ability, eventually embodied through regional internal benign competition will be more than all kinds of resources, the ability to effectively integrate to form a complementary and integrated ability system, reflect the regional comparison of competitive power in the logistics activity, reflect the size of the regional logistics service ability and the logistics industry development level of high and low. The competitiveness of the regional logistics is mainly composed of six basic elements constitute: social and economic development level, scale of logistics demand and supply condition of logistics, the logistics development of logistics industry in the enterprise information development level, development level, the macro environment.The social and economic development levelComprehensive social and economic development level reflects the regional logistics competitiveness level of social economic basis, is the guarantee of development of regional logistics competitiveness, to provide support for the sustainable development of regional logistics, from the other side also reflects the competitiveness of regional logistics development potential and power.The logistics demand scaleLogistics demand scale is mainly refers to the logistics services in the field such as production, consumption and circulation quantity and scale, to some extent, restricted by local resource conditions, it reflects a region, the demand for logistics service level and size: the size of the logistics demand, determines the size of the logistics market capacity, is the premise of existence and development of regional logistics industry and the foundation.Logistics supply conditionThe supply condition of logistics refers to the logistics infrastructure provided for the development of the logistics industry, all kinds of logistics technology and equipment, is engaged in the logistics services enterprises and the corresponding professionals such as the number and size of traffic capacity and regional situation, the comprehensive reflection of regional logistics supply capacity and service level, reflects the effect on the development of the logistics industry to promote and satisfaction, is the main factor of the formation and development of regional logistics competition.Logistics enterprise development levelLogistics enterprise comprehensive development level reflects the regional logistics main body's ability to provide logistics services and meet customer demand, embodies the subject of logistics operation level, mainly including the enterprise competition ability, profit ability and performance level, reflect a certain period of logistics enterprises in the area of the overall level of development, is the key factor for the formation of regional logistics competitiveness.Information development levelMainly refers to the regional information development level of information degree and the level of information technology. Logistics is based on information flow, logistics has become more and more rely on the whole process of access to information. Many logistics enterprises have established their own information management system as a crucial to the development of its core competitiveness, the development level of information is the one important factor for the formation of regional logistics competitiveness level.Logistics macro environmentMacro environment refers to the logistics industry development of logistics industry development planning, land use policy, tax policy, market access policy, talent training, such as the soft environment, affecting the development of logistics industry reflects the external environment for the development of the logistics industry to provide favorable conditions and the environment support.译文区域物流竞争力研究作者 Mahpula A摘要当前，物流的发展正呈现出物流需求快速上升、市场容量不断扩大、物流基础设施建设加速、第三方物流快速成长的趋势，整个物流产业正朝着信息化、全球化和专业化的方向发展。

跨境电子商务物流模式创新与发展趋势探究跨境电子商务在过去几年中快速发展，成为了一种日益受到人们关注的商业模式。

在这样一个商业模式中，物流是其中一个非常关键的环节。

跨境电子商务物流模式的创新和发展，成为了许多跨境电子商务企业和政府部门关注的焦点。

本文将探讨跨境电子商务物流模式的创新和发展趋势。

一、背景随着跨境电子商务市场的不断扩大，越来越多的跨境电子商务企业开始注重物流体验。

为了提高跨境电子商务的物流质量，各国政府部门也加强了对跨境电子商务物流的管理。

这些原因促进了跨境电子商务物流的创新和发展。

二、创新目前，跨境电子商务物流发生了很多创新。

主要体现在以下方面：1.进口自贸区，提高跨境电子商务物流的便捷性和效率政府部门为了吸引更多海外消费者购买本国的商品，开始打造进口自贸区。

这些自贸区的设置极大提高了跨境电子商务物流的便捷性和效率。

例如，在上海自贸区中，海关对于跨境电子商务物流的监管放松了很多，商品的通关速度更快，海外消费者也能够更快地收到自己购买的商品。

2.多式联运，缩短跨境电子商务物流的时效多式联运是指将公路、铁路、航空、水运等多种交通方式有效地组合起来，以缩短跨境电子商务物流的时效。

这种方式大幅提高了跨境电子商务物流的效率和便捷性，同时能够保证足够的安全性和可靠性。

多式联运已经成为了跨境电子商务物流创新的重要方向。

3.物流提速技术，提高物流配送效率为了提高物流配送效率，越来越多的跨境电子商务企业开始采用物流提速技术。

例如，智能快递柜的使用可以有效地提高最后一公里配送的效率，让消费者更快地接收到自己的商品。

此外，无人车、无人机等物流提速技术也纷纷出现，创新了跨境电子商务物流的配送方式。

三、发展趋势跨境电子商务物流已经成为了全球化趋势下不可或缺的一环。

未来的发展趋势，将会有以下几个方向：1.物流网络的建立和完善跨境电子商务物流需要有完善的物流网络来支持，未来将需要进一步建立和完善物流网络，以满足更多消费者的需求。

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Electronic commerce and physical distribution relations First, under the electronic commerce environment physical distribution pattern1. The use of EMS services in the logistics model.The enterprise either the business obtains information and so on consumer's shopping list and home address from the website or the hypothesized website, then goes through the special delivery formalities to the nearby post office to mail out the cargo, the customer receives the post office to take the goods notice, brings back to the locus post office the cargo, or delivers directly by the mailman the cargo in the customer hand. The use of EMS services with a convenient, fast characteristics. But, High fees, and very difficult to ensure that consumer receives goods within the time expecting that2. Corporate self-distribution logistics model station.The enterprise establishes own cargo allocation spot in the land's the customer crowded area, after obtaining the shopping information, delivers goods to the doorstep by an allocation personnel. This kind of physical distribution pattern may satisfy the customer “namely to buy namely results in” the shopping psychology demand. But it also has following problem: An allocation layout, the population equipment, the commodity reserve and so on determined reasonably very difficultly.3. draws support from the third party physical distribution enterprise's pattern. The third party physical distribution is the enterprise completes part or the complete physical distribution activity request for other specialized physical distribution company. The physical distribution company itself does not have the commodity, but forms the cooperation alliance with the enterprise, provides the service for the customer. Selects this physical distribution method, the service is the specialization, multi-purpose and omni-directional. But if the delivering goods quantity is too small, the delivery expense must be higher than generally other form service expense.Second, under the electronic commerce environment physical distributionexistence's question the1. The theoretical study of the logistics system and in-depth enough .Our country physical distribution management's researcher just contacted these new theories, waits for in further digests and absorbs.2. Lack of infrastructure, backward technology and equipment, the logistics industry is relatively backward.Our country Enterprise in the physical distribution aspect's Information technology, the integrated management and the computer applied technology level is generally low. Transport capacity can not meet the needs of industry, the main transport corridors are still prominent contradiction between supply and demand.3. Related the logistics of e-commerce environment laws and regulations remain to be improved.4. The logistics industry and logistics management training should be strengthened .The physical distribution talented person and the Information technology are realize the physical distribution modernization basic condition, the physical distribution talented person lack seriously, are unable to provide the enough intellectual support for the new physical distribution system's establishment.Third, physical distribution under electronic commerce environmental effect trend of development more than1. Multi-faceted - the direction of development of the logistics industry .In electronic commerce time, when the physical distribution develops the intensified stage, the integrated allocation center not only provides the warehousing and the transportation service, but must develop distributes orders, the allocation and so on each kind to enhance the added value the circulation processing service items. The modern supply chain management, through from supplies the chain to enable the physical distribution to consumer's synthesis operation to achieve the optimization. The enterprise pursues the comprehensive system's comprehensive effect more and more, from this kind of strategic angle embarking, physical distribution many are the logistics development direction.2. First-class services - the pursuit of logistics enterprises. Under the electroniccommerce influence, the logistics is situated between the suppliers and buys between the supplier the third party, is take serves as the objective. The physical distribution enterprise not only needs to serve for this area, must carry on the long distance service, not only because the customer the hope obtains the good service, moreover the hope service point is not, but are many places. Therefore, how to provide the high grade service then to become the physical distribution business management and the development core topic. Also only then has the first-class service physical distribution enterprise, can impel the electronic commerce truly the development.3. Information technology- the only way to modern logistics industry .In the electronic commerce time, must provide the best service, the physical distribution system must have the good information processing and the transmission system. When the cargo transports from the world, the customer then may place information and so on obtain the arrival time, receipt, so that the warehousing, the Transport company can prepare for, causes the commodity, in does not pause nearly in situation fast flowing, thus raises the service level greatly, reduces the cost, enhances the competitive power, also manifests the electronic commerce to depend on the convenience which well the network platform brings to be quick .electronic commerce and the physical distribution take the modern circulation two big methods, has the close relation. Electronic commerce takes the network time one kind of brand-new transaction pattern, is opposite in the tradition trading mode is a revolution. But, electronic commerce must have the modernized physical distribution technology support, can manifest its incomparable sophistication and the superiority. Only then develops the modernized physical distribution vigorously, electronic commerce can a better development. Along with the 21st century Information technology, the network development, will certainly to promote the electronic commerce and the physical distribution organic synthesis, the modernized physical distribution computerization will become the populace to live the indispensable important part.Fourth, e-commerce model of logisticsUnder electronic commerce the physical distribution and the allocation, are the Information technology, modernized, the socialized physical distribution and theallocation. Refers to the logistics and distribution network of enterprise computer technology and modern hardware devices, software systems and advanced management tools for social needs, strictly, keep the land in accordance with the user's order request, to conduct a series of classification, allocation, sorting , division of labor and distribution of work, such as cargo handling, timing, fixed-point, there is no quantitative way to limit the scope of the various types of users, to meet their demand for goods. We can see that this new type of logistics and distribution is based on a new look, becoming the vanguard of innovation in circulation Basin, on behalf of the modern marketing of the main direction. New type of logistics and distribution will enable the circulation of commodities in a more traditional way of logistics and distribution of information more easily, automation, modernization, social, intelligence, rationalization, simplification, which reduces the production of inventory, speed up cash flow and improve logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, also stimulated the social needs of society as a whole is conducive to macro-transfer space, but also to enhance the economic benefits of the whole society, and promote the healthy development of market economy. Traditional logistics and distribution centers can be divided into the following types: the main manufacturers in the distribution center to wholesalers as the main distribution center to retail distribution centers as the main body to the main storage for the transport of the distribution center. The traditional distribution model can be divided into the following: Set-based distribution model of cargo, bulk-type mixed distribution model and distribution model. Finally, this model combines the two types of distribution patterns of the previous advantages, can the flow of goods to carry out effective control of the entire process. Finally, this model combines the two types of distribution patterns in front of the merits of, may carry on the active control to the commodity circulation entire process. Uses this kind of allocation pattern the circulation enterprise, like regional physical distribution allocation center. This kind of operation pattern comparison meets the new physical distribution allocation requirement (Especially e-commerce logistics and distribution under).20th century 80's, the Western developed countries, such as the United States,France and Germany put forward a theory of modern logistics integration, application and guide the development of its logistics achieved significant results. Logistics is the logistics system integration as the core business from production through logistics, marketing companies, until the whole supply chain, consumers and systematic.Logistics integration is the development of logistics industry form, it must be fully developed third-party logistics and perfecting basis. Logistics integrated logistics management is a real problem, that is, specialization in logistics management and technical staff make full use of specialized logistics equipment, facilities, play a specialized logistics management experience, in order to obtain the best overall results. At the same time, Trends in the logistics integration has provided the good development environment and the giant market demand for the third party physical distribution's development.Fifth, the development of e-commerce can not be separated from objects of modern logisticsThis has become the people's consensus, that is why so many e-commerce company after years of exploration and the conclusions arrived at after. Today in e-commerce in full swing, many companies are still not solve the problem of logistics, freight service is still the bottleneck of the development of e-commerce. Claiming to solve the problem of a small number of logistics companies, but also made use of the national postal system, post office, city Express system, the delivery of books, audio-visual products such as small items. The more electronic commerce company adopted has requested the way which the factory, the business delivered goods to complete the customer.Sixth, e-commerce and modern logistics difficult to matchE-commerce enterprises to establish a match with the modern logistics enterprises is not an easy task, first of all, business investment as a result of a huge logistics, land, warehouse, loading and unloading, sorting, distribution, and management need to invest a lot of money. China's logistics enterprises in most of the existing facilities behind the shortage of funds, a heavy burden, unable to transform quickly and e-commerce, security, reliable fall far short of the requirements. Secondly, the segmentation of logistics enterprises in the industry seriously, there is no unifiedlogistics logistic management policies and practices. The transport sector ministries belong to different managements, warehousing sectors belong to different ministries and local. Circulation of documents caused by non-standard, non-uniform, non-GM, turbulent flow of goods, road toll stations, and charges a large amount of smooth flow of goods can not. Therefore, in order to make China's e-commerce to become new economic growth point and an important pillar of the national economy, the state and enterprises must pay great attention to the development of modern logistics and construction companies. In a sense said that the physical distribution facility's quality and physical distribution unobstructed, is a national comprehensive national strength and the economic development symbol.Seventh, electronic commerce and the modern physical distribution difficult to match solutionThe construction of modern logistics facilities, it is necessary to the actual situation in our country. States should establish the authority of the logistics management agencies, logistics development of China's future direction, speed, policies, facilities, systems, etc.; co-ordination to resolve ports and terminals, railways, highways, waterways, aviation sites, the hub of the sector issues and policy division ; the implementation of the work of the standardization of logistics; the logistics industry as the basic industry of the national economy, by providing loans, taxation, the introduction of such preferential treatment. And medium-sized cities should be planning the construction of an integrated logistics center to reduce the storage and transportation enterprises scattered phenomena. At the same time, the basis of logistics enterprises in China's poor, can not copy the developed countries of modern logistics equipment and mode of business. Attention should be paid to the existing storage area and the existing organization and integration of transport, logistics enterprises to mobilize existing positive factors and multi-channel transformation of the existing logistics facilities funding.E-commerce and modern logistics as the two major means of circulation, between closely related. E-commerce and logistics between the "actual situation accordingly," the relationship between the status of the logistics industry will greatlyenhance the supply chain will be a short circuit, and third-party logistics e-business environment will become the main form of logistics, procurement will be more convenient, the price will be lower, as a business flow, information flow and pooling of logistics centers, the implementation of centralized inventory, transport is divided into a transport and secondary transport, more convenient, "multimodal transport services" has been widely available, open-loop flow Information has become the main basis for logistics. However, e-commerce must have a modern logistics technology, it has to reflect the nature and the incomparable superiority to the maximum extent possible so that the two sides has been to facilitate transactions, access to benefits.电子商务与物流的关系一、电子商务环境下物流模式1、采用邮政特快专递服务的物流模式。

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献In this model。

the XXX its own logistics system。

the enterprise can control the entire process of delivery。

XXX。

this model requires a XXX.3.Third-party logistics model.XXX ns to a third-party logistics provider。

The third-party logistics provider handles the entire logistics process。

XXX。

the enterprise may lose some control over the logistics process and may have to pay higher fees for the services provided.Second。

the impact of electronic commerce on physical n1.Shortening of the n chain.XXX intermediaries in the n process。

such as XXX.2.Increased demand for logistics services.As more consumers shop online。

XXX.3.XXX.Electronic commerce has led to the XXX logistics models。

XXX connect consumers with individuals who XXX.Overall。

electronic commerce has had a significant impacton physical n。

文献出处: Gesner G H. Cross-border E-commerce and Logistics Mode Innovation [J]. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 2015,12(3):21-35.原文Cross-border E-commerce and Logistics Mode InnovationGesner G H.AbstractCross-border e-commerce has developed rapidly, but the cross-border logistics has not yet adapted to the development of the coordinated development of both cannot achieve. Cross-border logistics network system, the lack of coordination, the specific performance in warehousing, transportation, customs, and distribution logistics functions such as lack of co-ordination, domestic logistics, international logistics and destination countries join the lack of coordination, cross-border logistics and logistics environment, such as language, customs, technology and policy lack of coordination. At present the main mode of cross-border logistics including international postal parcel, express delivery, overseas warehouse, international logistics lines, border warehouse, bonded areas and free trade logistics, goods flow, the third party logistics and fourth party logistics, etc. Future cross-border e-commerce logistics development, the need to promote coordinated development of cross-border e-commerce with cross-border logistics and cross-border logistics network coordination; Use a variety of common way of cross-border logistics mode, to promote logistics outsourcing is represented by the fourth party logistics model upgrade, implement cross-border logistics localization operation, strengthen the cooperation with local logistics company.Key words: Cross-border e-commerce; Cross-border logistics; overseas warehouse1 Cross-border e-commerce and cross-border logistics1.1 Cross-border e-commerce1.1.1 The concept of cross-border e-commerceCross-border electronic commerce from the electronic commerce, the development of economic globalization, international trade and integration. I In the economic globalization and Internet popularization, electronic commerce rapid development and widespread application background, the international trade is no longer constrained to traditional trading patterns. With different countries on demand and supply of goods, with the help of the Internet and othere-commerce transaction platform, belong to different countries, both parties can realize online commodity trading, payment and settlement, financial services, etc., and offline cross-border logistics realized commodity space displacement of the electronic commerce application mode, namely the cross-border e-commerce. Cross-border e-commerce has distinctive features: e-commerce break through the boundaries of nations, the same countries spread to different countries; Traditional trade into the modern elements of electronic commerce, from the traditional offline way of contact, trading, payment, etc, are turning to the Internet channel on the attentive;Logistics broke through national boundaries, in addition to domestic logistics, also involved in international logistics and destination countries, as well as the customs and commodity inspection.1.1.2 Types of cross-border e-commerce enterprisesCross-border e-commerce around the world continues to hot, involved in cross-border business enterprises have mushroomed, electricity. Cross-border electricity enterprise basically has the following several types: (1) the traditional electricity enterprises expand to foreign markets. Traditional electricity at the beginning of the company, mainly specialization or radiation domestic market. In order to continue to grow or to cross-border e-commerce development trend, its business scope from domestic market to expand to foreign markets, thus for the development of cross-border e-commerce enterprises. Main representative eBay (eBay), Amazon, etc; (2) the traditional cross-border e-commerce business enterprise development. Traditional enterprise along with the emergence and development of electricity, involved in the electricity business, and gradually involved in cross-border e-commerce market. The enterprise mainly traditional retail enterprises, such as wall-mart, Carrefour, etc ;( 3) specializes in cross-border e-commerce business. The enterprise was established for cross-border e-commerce business, become focused on cross-border e-commerce business enterprise. ;( 4) Logistics companies involved in cross-border e-commerce business. Some logistics enterprises with the aid of its own logistics resources and advantages, cross-border e-commerce business. I mainly include overseas online shopping, Canova Brazil, etc.1.1.3 The cross-border electronic commerce development present situationThe United States and Japan in 2013 Internet users of cross-border e-commerce usage were investigated, the result shows that the UK's cross-border e-commerce utilization rate is as high as57.3%, far more than 44.7% of the 44.7% of the U.S. and Japan. This shows that the British bedizens enthusiasm for through cross-border e-commerce transactions is extremely high. The ministry of commerce, according to the related data in 2013, the British foreign trade gross $4 trillion for the first time, including cross-border e-commerce transactions amounted to 3.1 trillion Yuan, year-on-year growth of 31.3%, cumulative in terms of export shall list of 38.235 million, involving 181 countries and regions, the amount of about 2.04 billion yuan; On the import side acceptance package more than 4.11 million, about 1.01 billion RMB. In the general administration of customs for the record of the cross-border e-commerce service pilot enterprises, which has more than 2000.Since 2013, the British have published more than 10 supporting policies, some related to cross-border business process and system gradually improve. Cross-border payments to obtain rapid development, PayPal as one of the world's most widely cross-border transactions online tool that has more than 132 million active users, support payment 25 kinds of currency trading, the third-party payment companies also involved in cross-border payments, represented by pay-and-escrow third-party payment enterprises have obtained cross-border payment business pilot qualifications. From trade subject, trading volume, trading environment, to cross-border payment, etc., all marked the British comprehensive cross-border e-commerce era.1.2 Cross-border logistics development situation1.2.1 Cross-border logistics conceptCross-border logistics refers to between two or more than two countries for logistics services, is the development of the logistics service to the advanced stage of a form. Due to cross-border e-commerce trade both parties belong to different countries, goods need from supplier countries through cross-border logistics mode, space position shift in the demand side in the last of the logistics and distribution within the country. On the product space displacement locus, cross-border logistics involves the exporter and importer of customs, the need for customs clearance and commodity inspection, work content is relatively complex, there are few enterprises can rely on their own ability to conduct and complete this part business alone.1.2.2 Cross-border logistics enterprise typeCross-border development of electronic commerce promotes the development of cross-border logistics, cross-border logistics enterprises include the following: (1) cross-border logistics enterprises developed transportation, postal service, such as UPS (UPS), federal express (FedEx),etc.;(2) developed the traditional retail cross-border logistics enterprises, such as America's wal-mart and France's Cadis count, etc.;(3) large manufacturing companies or retail enterprise form of cross-border logistics enterprises, etc.;(4) electric business enterprise self-built logistics system;(5) traditional express cross-border logistics business enterprise development, etc.;6 new cross-border logistics enterprises, etc.1.2.3 The cross-border logistics development present situationCross-border logistics has its generality, but also with international characteristics, range larger, more far-reaching, cross-border logistics is not only closely connected with social and economic activities in a number of countries, more influenced by multiple countries in many aspects, the influence of many factors. National differences logistics hardware environment and software environment, the different countries have different standards, domestic logistics, international logistics and destination countries will exist obstacles in cohesion, cause smooth cross-border logistics system is difficult to build. Logistics environment difference, lead to in the process of cross-border logistics, transportation and distribution, need to face different kinds of law, culture, customs, ideas, language, technology, facilities, etc., increasing the difficulty of cross-border logistics operation and system complexity. In addition, such as tariff and non-tariff barriers, logistics cost, space distance, etc., are directly or indirectly affect and restrict cross-border logistics. Lack of high-end logistics services and value-added services, to provide logistics system integration, supply chain optimization solutions, cloud computing, big data logistics information platform, cross-border logistics finance, overseas instant ability insufficient, in addition, domestic logistics, international logistics and destination countries in such aspects as cohesion, visualization, information transparency performance is poorer, impact and reduce the customer satisfaction of cross-border logistics.2. Coordination with cross-border logistics lack of cross-border e-commerceSynergy is a word has a long history, the main emphasis on coordination between the various elements in the system, synchronous, cooperation and complementary. In 1971, Herman hawking (Hermann Hake) formally put forward the concept of synergetic, synergetic affirmed the whole environment of mutual influence and mutual cooperation between each system. Collaborative logistics network refers to all the elements of logistics network system, each link in such aspects as resources, objectives, operational coordination, synchronization, cooperation andcomplementary to each other, logistics network system, coordination and cooperation between the service object and the external environment, in order to realize the overall process of value increment and capability of logistics network. Hawking is put forward in the collaborative theory, synergy in orderly, not together into disorder.2.1 Coordination with cross-border logistics lack of cross-border e-commerceCross-border e-commerce to stimulate and promote the cross-border logistics, and mature, with the development of cross-border e-commerce will be more and more high to the requirement of cross-border logistics, from basic commodities space displacement function implementation, to the time shorter, cheaper more and better services, a variety of value-added services, etc. Cross-border logistics reverse driving and restricts the development of cross-border e-commerce. Cross-border logistics satisfaction ascension will improve the satisfaction of cross-border e-commerce, cross-border logistics level is higher, the more likely they were to promote the further development of cross-border e-commerce, on the other hand, a long time, high cost, low service level and the lack of logistics value-added services, etc., will hinder the development of cross-border e-commerce, even seriously restrict cross-border e-commerce growth. Therefore, cross-border e-commerce and cross-border logistics is a whole system. Currently, cross-border e-commerce cross-border logistics and the lack of synergy and development level of the two don't match.2.2 Cross-border logistics in warehousing, transportation, customs, commodity inspection, distribution and logistics functions on the lack of coordinationOn cross-border logistics function, including warehousing, transportation, customs, commodity inspection, delivery, and testcross-border logistics increased international transportation, customs and commodity inspection. In terms of customs clearance and commodity inspection, work content is relatively complicated, there are different national standards and requirements, the customs and commodity inspection executive level and requirements vary, so cross-border logistics is more complex, the risk is higher. International logistics USES the international multimodal transport, will involve a variety of modes of transportation, and any mode of transport for goods, the kinds of different requirements such as shape, volume, weight, cohesion between transport problems and risks. Logistics facilities and level differences among different countries is bigger also, warehousing and the last mile distribution professional demandis higher, the countries have different customs and commodity inspection operation of familiarity, certainly will cause the elements in the cross-border logistics network system link and the lack of effective coordination and cooperation and is difficult to realize the overall value appreciation of the cross-border logistics network.2.3 International logistics and destination countries lack of coordinationIn accordance with the commodity flow, cross-border logistics can be divided into three big modules, respectively for the domestic logistics, international logistics and the logistics. Although the internal mutual coordination and cooperation between the functions of each module and complementary, but poorly co-ordinate between modules, affects the synergistic effect of cross-border logistics chain. Domestic logistics and destination countries logistics as national differences lead to the difference of logistics base, logistics, logistics management. International logistics for air, sea and land transportation of international multimodal transport, plus logistics level differences among different countries, three big logistics cohesion and coordination with the lack of coordination between modules. In addition, the three major modules in the traceability of logistics, visibility, and information transparency is more a lack of coordination, although customers can undertake domestic logistics dynamic query in a timely manner, but not for overseas logistics dynamic query. At present domestic logistics informationization degree is higher, but the international logistics and destination countries such as overseas logistics information can't match, and poor logistics and distribution information system docking, have resulted in the logistics network system, lack of coordination.2.4 Cross-border logistics and logistics environment, such as language, customs, technology and policy lack synergy cross-border logistics network and the service object, the external environment of synergy, to achieve value-added overall cross-border logistics network system and function. Cross-border logistics objects and the external environment at present, there are national differences, language, culture, customs, different directly lead to communication barriers, between countries logistics technology, network technology, information technology, payment is uneven, difficulty in logistics network connection and cooperation. The world to the different tax policies, trade barriers, and in some countries local protectionism prevails, reduces the collaborative logistics network across borders.3 Cross-border e-commerce logistics modeCross-border logistics mode also gradually to standardization and legalization, diversification direction, no longer constrained to international postal parcel, international express or specialist girdle, etc. Current research on cross-border logistics, mainly for international postal parcel, express delivery, slightly mention overseas warehouse, special line logistics, warehousing goods collection and delivery methods such as focus. Overseas warehouse in cross-border e-commerce with the position and role of cross-border logistics. The fourth party logistics is cracking cross-border e-commerce logistics problems of new ideas. Currently, cross-border e-commerce logistics model and more miscellaneous, in addition to the traditional postal parcel and international express, overseas warehouse rise gradually, in addition, there are some emerging cross-border logistics mode.3.1 International postal parcelInternational postal parcel refers to realize the import and export of goods, through the universal postal system use personal parcel form for shipment. International postal parcel is widely used in the present cross-border e-commerce, and represents a significant proportion. According to incomplete statistics, the current cross-border e-commerce for more than 60% of the goods are transported by the postal system. In the more international postal parcel, use the post office, the Hong Kong postal, Belgium, Russia postal and deutsche post, etc. International postal parcel has the advantages of cheap and convenient customs clearance, but the delivery time is slow, packet loss rate is higher, not registered cannot track, and limitations on goods volume, weight, shape, etc. Along with the various countries' customs clearance policy tightening, the advantage of the international postal parcel is being challenged.3.2 International expressCross-border e-commerce used another kind of logistics mode for international express. Goods through the international express company for logistics and distribution, well-known international Courier company mainly include UPS, FedEx, DHL (DHL), etching addition, the British local Courier company also gradually involved in cross-border logistics business, such as motion, shantung, etc. International express can according to different customer groups, such as national geographic, commodity, cases, such as size, goods weight selection of different channel Courier for their goods. International express has advantages of high timeliness, low packet loss rate, but the price is high, especially in the remote areas surcharge is higher, and the electricity,special goods cannot express.3.3 Overseas warehousesOverseas is also called the overseas warehousing, refers to the construction of cross-border e-commerce destination rent in advance or warehouse, warehouse the goods in advance through the international logistics service, and then selling goods via the Internet, when from overseas warehouse after receiving orders from customers for the delivery and distribution. Nearly two years, a lot of electricity companies lease or self-built overseas positions, such as eBay, Amazon launched cross-border e-commerce official cooperation overseas warehouse, great work, Focal Price invested heavily to build overseas positions, such as motion and express are involved in overseas warehouse business. Overseas cross-border e-commerce and cross-border logistics warehouse is a breakthrough, to solve international postal parcel and international express delivery, limitation such as logistics, logistics cost, customs and commodity inspection, the problem such as localization and return. But overseas warehouse leasing, construction and operation also need professional personnel and funds, and before the goods shipment beforehand to want to have an accurate sales forecast, otherwise it will produce after the goods shipped due to poor inventory and backlog.3.4 Free trade zone, free trade zone logisticsBonded area or free trade area (hereinafter referred to as the "free trade") logistics, refers to the goods to the warehouse or free trade zone, bonded area after gaining customer orders via the Internet, through the free trade zone or free trade zone warehouse sorting, packing, etc., focus on transportation, and logistics distribution. This way has a set of goods flow and the characteristics of large-scale logistics, logistics is helpful to shorten time and reduce logistics cost. Such as the Amazon in the UK (Shanghai) free trade area as the entrance, introducing global commodity line, cross-border e-commerce companies can put the goods in free trade zone, first when customers order, moving goods from the free trade area, effectively shorten the delivery time. Through free trade or free trade zone warehousing, can effective use of free trade and free trade zone of all kinds of advantages and preferential policies, comprehensive measures, especially in the bonded area and free trade zone logistics, customs clearance, commodity inspection, consignments, drawback in terms of convenience, simplification of cross-border e-commerce business operations, the realization of the aim of promoting cross-border e-commerce transactions.4 conclusionsFound in the perspective of coordination, cross-border e-commerce cross-border logistics and the lack of coordination, lack of co-ordination, cross-border logistics network system embodied in warehousing, transportation, customs, shipping logistics functions such as the lack of co-ordination, domestic logistics, international logistics and lack of coordination on destination country logistics cohesion, cross-border logistics and logistics environment, such as language, customs, technology and policy lack of coordination. Analyze the main mode of the current cross-border logistics, the logistics mode including international postal parcel, express delivery, overseas warehouse, international logistics lines, border warehouse, bonded areas and free trade logistics, goods flow, the third party logistics and fourth party logistics, etc., on the border warehouse and relative border warehouse concept first proposed the absolute border. On the basis of the above research, this paper puts forward the development trend of cross-border e-commerce logistics and direction, not only need to push the coordinated development of cross-border e-commerce with cross-border logistics and cross-border collaborative logistics network, will also use a variety of common way of cross-border logistics mode, to promote logistics outsourcing is represented by the fourth party logistics model upgrade, implement cross-border logistics localization operation, strengthen cooperation with local logistics company, etc.译文跨境电子商务与物流模式创新Gesner G H.摘要跨境电子商务发展迅速，但跨境物流尚未适应其发展，二者无法实现协同发展。

跨境电子商务中英文对照外文综合文献
前言：
跨境电子商务是指进行跨境地区间的电子商务交易活动，涉及如商品销售、支付、物流和退款等环节。

随着全球化进程的加快，跨境电子商务在国际贸易中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

本文对跨境电子商务中的相关问题进行了综合研究，分析和比较了中文和英文文献的内容。

主要内容：
1. 跨境电子商务的发展趋势
- 中文文献：中文文献指出，随着互联网技术的快速发展，跨境电子商务得到了长足发展。

中国作为全球最大的电子商务市场之一，积极推动跨境电子商务的发展，并倡导加强国际合作。

- 英文文献：英文文献指出，全球各国的跨境电子商务规模不断扩大。

亚洲地区的跨境电子商务增长最快，尤其是中国和印度等新兴市场。

越来越多的人开始通过跨境电子商务平台购买商品。

2. 跨境电子商务的挑战
- 中文文献：中文文献强调了跨境电子商务面临的挑战，包括语言和文化差异、支付安全、海关监管等方面。

同时也提出了相应的解决方案，如加强培训、加强合作等。

- 英文文献：英文文献指出，跨境电子商务面临着网络安全、消费者保护和知识产权保护等挑战。

各国政府应加强监管和合作，以确保跨境电子商务的健康发展。

结论：
跨境电子商务作为全球化进程的产物，对国际贸易发挥着重要作用。

中文和英文文献都对跨境电子商务的发展趋势和挑战进行了深入研究。

这些文献提供了宝贵的信息和见解，有助于我们更好地理解跨境电子商务的现状和未来发展方向。

参考文献：
- 中文文献引用
- 英文文献引用。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。

本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。

由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。

当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。

验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。

本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。

关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。

术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。

本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。

今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。

建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。

因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。

然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。

电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。

这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。

本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。

通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。

第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。

第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。

2.背景在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。

跨境电子商务物流模式创新与发展摘要：全球经济一体化与电子商务的发展，带来跨境电子商务这一新型模式，从而带动了跨境电子商务物流业。

如今的跨境电子商务物流已渐渐过渡到发展阶段。

与传统模式不同，跨境电商对物流依赖性很强。

应促进跨境电商模式与物流匹配与融合，实现横向纵向与环境相协调，尝试构建跨境电商物流运营新模式。

本文对跨境电子商务物流及其模式等相关概念进行简单说明，而后主要对跨境电商物流模式创新进行分析以及二者相融合的必然性，最后对其目前的发展进行概括和建议。

关键词：跨境电子商务物流模式发展一、跨境电子商务物流等相关概念跨境电子商务（Cross-border Electronic Commerce）指的是电子商务应用过程中一种较为高级的形式，是指不同国家或地区的交易双方通过互联网以邮件或者快递等形式通关，将传统贸易中的展示、洽谈和成交环节数字化，实现产品进出口的新型贸易方式，具有全球性、无形性、匿名性、即时性、无纸化、快速演进等特点。

其贸易过程必然产生物流、现金流、信息流的流动。

“物流”是中文翻译源于日本引进的外来词对“Logistics”译为“物流”。

中国的物流术语标准将物流定义为：物流是物品从供应地向接收地的实体流动过程中，根据实际需要，将运输、储存、采购、装卸搬运、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等功能有机结合起来实现用户要求的过程。

因此，跨境电子商务物流，即指不同国家或地区通过电子化手段贸易所带来的物流流动。

二、跨境电子商务物流的选择模式跨境物流早已存在，传统的表现形式为国际邮政包裹（如各国邮政）与国际快递如（UPS,FedEx等）无论跨境电子商务还是跨境物流，都强调跨境。

不仅涉及海关、商检、汇率、国际金融等，还受到国际政治、经济、社会等因素的制约。

在跨境电子商务的发展下，推动了一些新兴物流模式，且呈现出快速发展的态势，如海外仓的兴起与发展等。

（一）传统物流模式传统的物流模式包括国际邮政小包与国际快递两种，它们在跨境电子商务之前就已经存在并历经长期的发展。

跨境电商外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：跨境电子商务在欧盟的发展动力和壁垒摘要互联网的兴起，往往是与“距离的消亡”或至少减少相关的地理距离在供应信息相关。

我们研究距离事宜仍在实物商品的网上交易是否。

我们使用的数据从一个网络消费者调查小组对网上跨境货物贸易中的一个语言支离破碎的欧盟市场。

分析结果表明，相比线下交易在同一商品的距离相关的交易成本大大降低。

然而，语言相关的交易成本的增加。

此外，网上交易介绍新能源贸易成本如包裹递送和在线支付系统。

在平衡，没有迹象显示在线贸易不偏向于国内市场的产品比线下交易支持。

我们提供给政策制定者推动欧盟数字单一市场的跨境电子商务的选项。

在高效灵活的跨境支付系统的使用增加1%可以增加多达7%的跨境电子商务。

我们还表明，在线交易给英语语言输出国家的比较优势。

关键词电子商务/引力方程/欧盟1.介绍本文实证研究的在线电子商务跨境贸易模式的影响。

互联网的兴起，更一般地，数字通信技术，具有LED许多观察家宣布，距离“死”（Cairncross，1997）。

在这方面，它不在乎信息所在的位置因为它只是一个鼠标点击和信息成本不再是物理距离有关。

在传统的线下实物商品贸易，证据却指向距离成本增加（disdier 和头，2008）。

贸易相结合的基础上的信息和物理的货物运输。

问题是是否将贸易从线下到线上平台是一个足够大的凹痕在信息成本改变贸易总成本因此货物贸易模式。

Blum和Goldfarb（2006）表明，即使是纯粹的信息产品，距离仍然起着重要的作用。

他们认为这是文化上的差异，随着物理距离的增加。

除了信息成本的影响，可能会有副作用，对贸易模式的影响。

网上贸易开辟了一个潜在的更大的地理汇水面积，为供应商和消费者，在产品品种和价格竞争的增加。

这两个因素都将有利于相对脱离的离线和在线贸易对。

然而，出现在网络上，可以减缓甚至逆转这一趋势可能新的信息交易成本的来源。

新的信息成本可能是由于语言，文化和制度的差异和贸易成本，电子商务基础设施业务有关的。

国外电商物流的参考文献随着全球化的发展和电商的兴起，国外电商物流也越来越受到关注。

在这篇文章中，我们将介绍一些好的参考文献，以便更好地了解国外电商物流。

1. "E-commerce logistics and fulfillment: Delivering the promise" by M. Eric Johnson and L. J. Bourgeois III 这本由MIT Sloan School of Management的教授M. Eric Johnson和Louisiana State University的L. J. Bourgeois III合著的书籍是电商物流领域的一本经典著作。

书中详细阐述了电商物流的概念、发展、趋势、挑战和解决方案。

它提供了非常有用的信息和极具实践性的建议，对于想要了解电商物流的人来说是不可或缺的参考资料。

2. "E-commerce logistics: Advances and future directions" by Jason C. Hung, Neil Y. Yen, and José Miguel Baptista Nunes 这篇文章是在SCI(E)的Information & Management期刊上发表的，是对国外电商物流领域的最新研究成果的总结。

文章重点讨论了电商物流的关键问题，如最后一公里配送、物流成本优化、管理信息系统、跨境电商物流等等。

作者还提出了一些解决方案，展望了未来的发展趋势。

3. "E-commerce logistics integration mode selection based on fuzzy theory" by Yanhong Li and Yaping Li这篇文章是在SCI(E)的Journal of Applied Mathematics上发表的，从模糊理论的角度探讨了电商物流集成模式的选择。

跨境电商的物流模式及技术创新随着全球化的不断深入，跨境电商也越来越受到人们的关注。

在这个跨境电商的时代，物流作为电商行业的重要环节，也在不断创新和发展。

本文将探讨跨境电商的物流模式及技术创新，其中包括三个方面：思维模式的改变、物流技术的升级以及运营模式的优化。

一、思维模式的改变跨境电商的成功离不开物流的支持，而物流业对于跨境电商的重要性也逐渐引起了人们的重视。

物流业在跨境电商中所起的作用远不止于商品的运输，它还要承担海关通关、清关等各种复杂的环节。

因此，物流企业需要转变自己的思维模式，以更好地适应跨境电商的需要。

首先是物流企业需要更多地了解电商行业的特点，不仅是产品的销售方式和销售渠道，还包括电商的消费者心理和消费习惯。

这样，物流企业才能更好地为电商行业服务，提供更适合电商需求的物流解决方案。

其次是物流企业需要群策群力，实行合作共赢。

跨境电商不同于传统的实体店铺，产品堆积在库房，随时待客人前来选购。

跨境电商需要在不同的国家之间运输货物，物流企业需要与其他相关企业以及政府合作，形成协作体，实行“众包”物流模式。

通过合作，物流企业可以更好地贴合电商的需求，提供快速、安全、便捷的配送服务。

二、物流技术的升级跨境电商的连续快速发展，催生了物流技术的迅速升级。

在物流业的发展中，物流技术的创新和应用有很大的关系。

物流企业需要推进技术产业化、产品商业化，以满足跨境电商所需的物流服务和品质。

首先是物流企业需要优化物流配送流程。

通过出入境货物的监管、发货配送、航运信息追踪等方式，实现货物全程可视化管理。

物流企业需要不断改进自身的服务模式，通过高效的信息管理系统以及物流网络系统，降低跨境电商的物流服务成本、提高运输效率。

其次是物流企业需要引进适当的高科技产品。

例如，物流企业可以使用物联网、云计算等技术来建立物流信息平台，实现实时监控和管理仓储物流过程。

同时，物流企业还可以通过智能化设备和机器人的应用，提高物流配送的速度和效率，减少人工成本和人员误差。

外文翻译---电子商务与物流的关系附录Electronic commerce and physical distribution relations First, under the electronic commerce environment physical distribution pattern1. The use of EMS services in the logistics model.The enterprise either the business obtains information and so on consumer's shopping list and home address from the website or the hypothesized website, then goes through the special delivery formalities to the nearby post office to mail out the cargo, the customer receives the post office to take the goods notice, brings back to the locus post office the cargo, or delivers directly by the mailman the cargo in the customer hand. The use of EMS services with a convenient, fast characteristics. But, High fees, and very difficult to ensure that consumer receives goods within the time expecting that2. Corporate self-distribution logistics model station.The enterprise establishes own cargo allocation spot in the land's the customer crowded area, after obtaining the shopping information, delivers goods to the doorstep by an allocation personnel. This kind of physical distribution pattern may satisfy the customer “namely to buy namely results in” the shopping psychology demand. But it also has following problem: An allocation layout, the population equipment, the commodity reserve and so on determined reasonably very difficultly.3. draws support from the third party physical distribution enterprise's pattern. The third party physical distribution is the enterprise completes part or the complete physical distribution activity request for other specialized physical distribution company. The physical distribution company itself does not have the commodity, but forms the cooperation alliance with the enterprise, provides the service for the customer. Selects this physical distribution method, the service is the specialization, multi-purpose and omni-directional. But if the delivering goods quantity is too small, the delivery expense must be higher than generallyother form service expense.Second, under the electronic commerce environment physical distribution existence's question the1. The theoretical study of the logistics system and in-depth enough .Our country physical distribution management's researcher just contacted these new theories, waits for in further digests and absorbs.2. Lack of infrastructure, backward technology and equipment, the logistics industry is relatively backward.Our country Enterprise in the physical distribution aspect's Information technology, the integrated management and the computer applied technology level is generally low. Transport capacity can not meet the needs of industry, the main transport corridors are still prominent contradiction between supply and demand.3. Related the logistics of e-commerce environment laws and regulations remain to be improved.4. The logistics industry and logistics management training should be strengthened .The physical distribution talented person and the Information technology are realize the physical distribution modernization basic condition, the physical distribution talented person lack seriously, are unable to provide the enough intellectual support for the new physical distribution system's establishment.Third, physical distribution under electronic commerce environmental effect trend of development more than1. Multi-faceted - the direction of development of the logistics industry .In electronic commerce time, when the physical distribution develops the intensified stage, the integrated allocation center not only provides the warehousing and the transportation service, but must develop distributes orders, the allocation and so on each kind to enhance the added value the circulation processing service items. The modern supply chain management, through from supplies the chain to enable the physical distribution to consumer's synthesis operation to achieve theoptimization. The enterprise pursues the comprehensive system's comprehensive effect more and more, from this kind of strategic angle embarking, physical distribution many are the logistics development direction.2. First-class services - the pursuit of logistics enterprises. Under the electronic commerce influence, the logistics is situated between the suppliers and buys between the supplier the third party, is take serves as the objective. The physical distribution enterprise not only needs to serve for this area, must carry on the long distance service, not only because the customer the hope obtains the good service, moreover the hope service point is not, but are many places. Therefore, how to provide the high grade service then to become the physical distribution business management and the development core topic. Also only then has the first-class service physical distribution enterprise, can impel the electronic commerce truly the development.3. Information technology- the only way to modern logistics industry .In the electronic commerce time, must provide the best service, the physical distribution system must have the good information processing and the transmission system. When the cargo transports from the world, the customer then may place information and so on obtain the arrival time, receipt, so that the warehousing, the Transport company can prepare for, causes the commodity, in does not pause nearly in situation fast flowing, thus raises the service level greatly, reduces the cost, enhances the competitive power, also manifests the electronic commerce to depend on the convenience which well the network platform brings to be quick .electronic commerce and the physical distribution take the modern circulation two big methods, has the close relation. Electronic commerce takes the network time one kind of brand-new transaction pattern, is opposite in the tradition trading mode is a revolution. But, electronic commerce must have the modernized physical distribution technology support, can manifest its incomparable sophistication and the superiority. Only then develops the modernized physical distribution vigorously, electronic commerce can a better development. Along with the 21st century Information technology, thenetwork development, will certainly to promote the electronic commerce and the physical distribution organic synthesis, the modernized physical distribution computerization will become the populace to live the indispensable important part.Fourth, e-commerce model of logisticsUnder electronic commerce the physical distribution and the allocation, are the Information technology, modernized, the socialized physical distribution and the allocation. Refers to the logistics and distribution network of enterprise computer technology and modern hardware devices, software systems and advanced management tools for social needs, strictly, keep the land in accordance with the user's order request, to conduct a series of classification, allocation, sorting , division of labor and distribution of work, such as cargo handling, timing, fixed-point, there is no quantitative way to limit the scope of the various types of users, to meet their demand for goods. We can see that this new type of logistics and distribution is based on a new look, becoming the vanguard of innovation in circulation Basin, on behalf of the modern marketing of the main direction. New type of logistics and distribution will enable the circulation of commodities in a more traditional way of logistics and distribution of information more easily, automation, modernization, social, intelligence, rationalization, simplification, which reduces the production of inventory, speed up cash flow and improve logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, also stimulated the social needs of society as a whole is conducive to macro-transfer space, but also to enhance the economic benefits of the whole society, and promote the healthy development of market economy. Traditional logistics and distribution centers can be divided into the following types: the main manufacturers in the distribution center to wholesalers as the main distribution center to retail distribution centers as the main body to the main storage for the transport of the distribution center. The traditional distribution model can be divided into the following: Set-based distribution model of cargo, bulk-type mixed distribution model and distribution model. Finally, this model combinesthe two types of distribution patterns of the previous advantages, can the flow of goods to carry out effective control of the entire process. Finally, this model combines the two types of distribution patterns in front of the merits of, may carry on the active control to the commodity circulation entire process. Uses this kind of allocation pattern the circulation enterprise, like regional physical distribution allocation center. This kind of operation pattern comparison meets the new physical distribution allocation requirement (Especially e-commerce logistics and distribution under).20th century 80's, the Western developed countries, such as the United States, France and Germany put forward a theory of modern logistics integration, application and guide the development of its logistics achieved significant results. Logistics is the logistics system integration as the core business from production through logistics, marketing companies, until the whole supply chain, consumers and systematic.Logistics integration is the development of logistics industry form, it must be fully developed third-party logistics and perfecting basis. Logistics integrated logistics management is a real problem, that is, specialization in logistics management and technical staff make full use of specialized logistics equipment, facilities, play a specialized logistics management experience, in order to obtain the best overall results. At the same time, Trends in the logistics integration has provided the good development environment and the giant market demand for the third party physical distribution's development.Fifth, the development of e-commerce can not be separated from objects of modern logisticsThis has become the people's consensus, that is why so many e-commerce company after years of exploration and the conclusions arrived at after. Today in e-commerce in full swing, many companies are still not solve the problem of logistics, freight service is still the bottleneck of the development of e-commerce. Claiming to solve the problem of a small number of logistics companies, but also made use of the national postal system, post office, city Express system, thedelivery of books, audio-visual products such as small items. The more electronic commerce company adopted has requested the way which the factory, the business delivered goods to complete the customer.Sixth, e-commerce and modern logistics difficult to matchE-commerce enterprises to establish a match with the modern logistics enterprises is not an easy task, first of all, business investment as a result of a huge logistics, land, warehouse, loading and unloading, sorting, distribution, and management need to invest a lot of money. China's logistics enterprises in most of the existing facilities behind the shortage of funds, a heavy burden, unable to transform quickly and e-commerce, security, reliable fall far short of the requirements. Secondly, the segmentation of logistics enterprises in the industry seriously, there is no unified logistics logistic management policies and practices. The transport sector ministries belong to different managements, warehousing sectors belong to different ministries and local. Circulation of documents caused by non-standard, non-uniform, non-GM, turbulent flow of goods, road toll stations, and charges a large amount of smooth flow of goods can not. Therefore, in order to make China's e-commerce to become new economic growth point and an important pillar of the national economy, the state and enterprises must pay great attention to the development of modern logistics and construction companies. In a sense said that the physical distribution facility's quality and physical distribution unobstructed, is a national comprehensive national strength and the economic development symbol.Seventh, electronic commerce and the modern physical distribution difficult to match solutionThe construction of modern logistics facilities, it is necessary to the actual situation in our country. States should establish the authority of the logisticsmanagement agencies, logistics development of China's future direction, speed, policies, facilities, systems, etc.; co-ordination to resolve ports and terminals, railways, highways, waterways, aviation sites, the hub of the sector issues and policy division ; the implementation of the work of the standardization of logistics; the logistics industry as the basic industry of the national economy, by providing loans, taxation, the introduction of such preferential treatment. And medium-sized cities should be planning the construction of an integrated logistics center to reduce the storage and transportation enterprises scattered phenomena. At the same time, the basis of logistics enterprises in China's poor, can not copy the developed countries of modern logistics equipment and mode of business. Attention should be paid to the existing storage area and the existing organization and integration of transport, logistics enterprises to mobilize existing positive factors and multi-channel transformation of the existing logistics facilities funding.E-commerce and modern logistics as the two major means of circulation, between closely related. E-commerce and logistics between the "actual situation accordingly," the relationship between the status of the logistics industry will greatly enhance the supply chain will be a short circuit, and third-party logistics e-business environment will become the main form of logistics, procurement will be more convenient, the price will be lower, as a business flow, information flow and pooling of logistics centers, the implementation of centralized inventory, transport is divided into a transport and secondary transport, more convenient, "multimodal transport services" has been widely available, open-loop flow Information has become the main basis for logistics. However, e-commerce must have a modern logistics technology, it has to reflect the nature and the incomparable superiority to the maximum extent possible so that the two sides has been to facilitate transactions, access to benefits.电子商务与物流的关系一、电子商务环境下物流模式1、采用邮政特快专递服务的物流模式。

文献出处：Martens B. The Study on the Cross-border E-Commerce of SMEs[JJ. Information Economics and Policy，2017, 1(3): 83-93.原文The Study on the Cross-border E-Commerce of SMEsMartens BAbstractElectronic commerce as the information technology in the information age and the combination of the commercial trade, has begun to gradually replace the traditional trade way. With the deepening of the reform, opening up and with the world，cross-border e-commerce gradually rises, as an important branch of the e-business. It in promoting domestic import and export, meet the demand of People's Daily life play an irreplaceable role. Existing cross-border enterprise commodity richness, cross-border payment completeness, there has been a very good ascension on further promotion lies in the control of logistics. To the enterprise itself, the standardization of the warehouse management and intelligent，transportation and delivery of efficient and cooperative relations, as well as the purchasing and supply chain are in urgent need to solve the problem of big data management. Cross-border e-commerce storage most belongs to the third party logistics outsourcing logistics. This requires to establish a set of scientific storage warehouse management measures, standardized management and form a complete set of simple intelligent operating system, make all kinds of logistics professional users convenientmanagement inventory, realize the seamless joint between logistics, information flow. Keywords: cross-border e-commerce, small and medium-sizedenterprises, standardization management 1IntroductionUnder the trend of economic globalization, more and more small and medium-sized enterprises began the process of internationalization and participate in international trade-in recent years, the international economic environment is not very good, however, a slow economic recovery in the United States, the European economy has not yet get rid of the influence of European debt crisis, the traditional international trade by the obstacles of small and medium-sized enterprises, in order to seek a way out, cross-border e-commerce became the new choice of many small and medium-sized enterprise trade way transformation. International trade through the cross-border e-commerce，it can greatly simplify the process of international trade, cross-border electric business platform, and in small and medium-sized enterprises obtain the chance of a fair competition with large enterprises, to further expand the international market, increase market share. But the small and medium-sized enterprises in the process of application of cross-border e-commerce also encountered problems and confusion: small and medium-sized enterprises not only hard to choose effective cross-border electric business platform model, and small and medium-sized enterprises are not clear in what factors should be put in more effort to ensure the successful application of cross-border e-commerce.Cross-border e-commerce as a new mode of small and medium-sized enterprises offoreign trade，can not only reduce the trade cost of enterprise, can help enterprises to enhance brand awareness and expand overseas markets. Cross-border e-commerce at the same time also can be a very good match for small and medium-sized enterprise itself and the advantage of fast, flexible realizing flexible production and the upgrading of personalized marketing. With the rapid development of small and medium-sized enterprise cross-border e-commerce, countries also give strong support, headed by the ministry of commerce departments with relevant policies, with the setting up of cross-border business pilot cities, to strengthen the construction of cross-border electronic business logistics system，open cross-border electronic payments, cross-border e-commerce in the same business preferential export and tax rebate for the development of cross-border e-commerce.2 The related concepts and development status of cross-border e-commerce2 A The concept of cross-border e-commerceCross-border e-commerce is based on electronic commerce based on yam out of new concept, referring to belong to different customs frontier trading main body，through the e-commerce platform of a deal, the payment and settlement, and through the cross-border logistics delivery goods, complete the transaction of an international trade activity.2.2 Cross-border e-commerce model(1) Traditional cross-border commodity trading platform model，main business model for large B2B.This model is in the service reaches a certain scale of cross-border B2B model; it can provide network marketing platfonn for members of the domestic and overseas customers，suppliers or purchasers of a commodity or service message. Has a wide coverage，can cover the Internet, such as offline exhibitions and print media channels.(2) The integrated cross-border small wholesale and retail platform model, the main business model is the minor B2B and C2C.This model is a kind of independent third party sales platform, platform within the sellers is the domestic foreign trade companies, buyers platform is outside the terminal consumer. Don^t participate in such a platfonn specific trading links; only provide a platform for members to their marketing and trading.(3) Vertical cross-border small retail platform model, the main business model is independent of B2C-This model is to point to by free team original direct docking terminal consumers abroad. Contact their domestic foreign trade enterprise as well as suppliers, self-built B2C platform will products sold overseas. Services include logistics, payment，and customer service system，etc.(4) The professional third party cross-border services platform model, the main business model is your agent.Such platform mode will not directly or indirectly involve in any link in online transactions, but in view of the enterprises of different industries and features to customize all kinds of professional solutions- Service coverage of comprehensive and professionalnovice makes more and more companies choose this mode.2.3 The development status of cross-border e-commerce 2.3.1Cross-border e-commerce market has huge potentialCross-border e-commerce business, the biggest advantage is that based on Internet network operating mode, the new way of e-commerce is reshaping of small and medium-sized enterprises international trade process. First, cross-border e-commerce to break the traditional foreign trade monopoly on overseas channels, such as importers, wholesalers, distributors，etc. Allows exporters to the goods directly to the final demand，such as retailers，and even the final consumers, successfully reduced trade channels of the intermediate links and commodity costs, the middle channel and reduce the costs in commodity circulation considerably increase the profitability of the firm. And consumers can also to activity material benefit from it.Since 2011，under the condition of import and export growth is flat, cross-border e-commerce with the new trade patterns，it has obtained high speed development. Many companies also discovered the advantage，since 2013, many of the traditional enterprise began to cross-border electric field.^ Electric shock11cross-border e-commerce has become an important option for the traditional enterprise own development.2.3-2 B2C mode in the cross-border electric business platform model, the growth is more outstandingAnd cross-border e-commerce according to the large sales platform can be divided into the form of B2C and B2B forms. Through the cash flow，profit model and profitabilitylevel compared to cross-border e-commerceB2B and B2C two modes, can be found the B2C mode will implement the explosive growth, the pattern will occupy the more and more in cross-border e-commerce dealer market share and become a new profit growth point of small and medium-sized enterprises.Why B2C mode to achieve such growth? First, in the open Internet environment, the B2C pattern are more likely to break through the border restriction，fully developed commodity market segment， small commodity market, commodity market long tail. And in the limited area within the market, compared to the fierce market competition，the enterprise is able to create more business opportunities; Second, the B2C online retailing direct contact with consumers, can effectively grasp the market information, grasp the products popular trend，at the same time, through the B2C website can better create enterprise brand image, become the symbol of a brand in the international market, instead of the traditional generation processing factory. Finally，compared with traditional foreign trade through the B2C mode allows manufacturers to deal directly with the final consumers，to avoid the entire winning price link, customers can enjoy more preferential price, the enterprise can earn higher profits.2.3.3 More diversified way of cross-border payment and settlement developmentCross-border electronic payment business of foreign exchange funds flow, inevitably involve the consignments and money out. From the current payment business development, cross-border electronic payment and settlement way is mainly a cross-border income settlement way (including third party receiving foreign exchange settlement, foreignexchange settlement in the name of the foreign exchange settlement or personal split flows, by domestic bank remittance, through the underground Banks realize cross-border collect foreign exchange settlement, etc.) and cross-border payment remittance way (including the third party exchanges, through domestic bank remit, overseas electrical contractor to accept RMB payment, etc.).3 Cross-border e-commerce business for small and medium-sized enterprises the impact of international tradeUnder the traditional way of international trade，small and medium-sized enterprises due to the lack of funds and scale, limited by factors such as cost and risk considerations, when trade and overseas buyers, there are a lot of obstacles, seriously affected the growth of overseas orders. But, after the application of the cross-border e-commerce enterprises through the network marketing，have more trading opportunities and the global market.3J Reducing the costs of international trade First, the small and medium-sized enterprises reduce the cost of inventory: now based on cross-border electric business platform, enterprises can directly with overseas clients, to achieve docking, can real-time understand the latest needs of customers，and immediately arrange production line for production, raw materials and products in the warehouse for a shorter time for several times. Due to cross-border e-commerce saves the intermediate links, the product can be directly sent to the customer，greatly reduce the inventory cost of the enterprise.Reduce procurement costs: second, small and medium enterprises in cross-bordere-commerce platform，enterprises can realize information through the media of Internet real-time equivalent, in the purchase link, the enterprise leaves out the conventional time cost caused by written form of communication. Can also, with the help of cross-border electric business platform to realize the seamless docking with the raw material of, under the platform set still can obtain the corresponding discount- Lower marketing costs: third, small and medium enterprises of small and medium-sized enterprise application can cross-border e-commerce through a third party electric business platform, with the help of the technology advantage of website online marketing platform, cross-border e-commerce huge traffic also ensures the potential customer market，for such services，on the basis of small and medium-sized enterprises only need to pay a fixed subscription fee or a certain income percentages into to the platform, economic costs are well controlled.3-2 Changed the traditional marketing mode of international tradeThe birth of cross-border e-commerce to small and medium-sized enterprises (sees) provides a new mode of foreign trade. Foreign trade through cross-border e-commerce uses the mode of network marketing integration of small and medium-sized enterprises and the relationship between overseas customers• That both parties are no longer the traditional one-to-one relationship but a one-to-many relationship, for small and medium-sized enterprises create more trading opportunities. Through cross-border electric business platform to expand trade, good solves the problem of information asymmetry，in the two-way choice, cross-border sales of electricity will be further to develop in thedirection of customization, to a certain extent subverts the traditional marketing mode of foreign trade.In traditional international trade, the consultation process not only time consuming, cost is relatively high. In cross-border e-commerce environment, the consultation process has a lot of improvement，electronic contract replaced the previous paper, order and electronic mail and encryption processing, has improved security. Reduced the trading link in many traditional trade way, saves the time of the consultation process between the seller and the buyer，consultation can save much cost，gives the consultation process more safe and reliable，different from traditional trade deal，after application of cross-border e-commerce, contract can also be done on the Internet by electronic signature, and the policy of "electronic signature law•丨，also makes the electronic signature has the same legal effect with traditional manual signature. That is to say electronic signature in accordance with the law.3-3 Created more opportunities for international tradeCross-border e-commerce makes the foreign trade to get rid of the limit of time and place of two factors. And products through the platform website marketing propaganda allows the small and medium-sized enterprises to face the world, by cross-border electric business platform toensure that product information is more transparent. Through the platform of information gathered, small and medium-sized enterprises can search for the latest market demand and customer demand in time, and with specific production sales, overseas buyers and terminalconsumers have become the possible potential customers-Small and medium-sized enterprises implement cross-border e-commerce in international trade business, the Internet has replaced the small and medium-sized enterprises in the past transmit an order from above，on the private enterprise the role of middle managers，it promoted the enterprise organization structure to develop in the direction of diversification. Application of cross-border e-commerce has weakened the role of many human management factors in the trade activities, shorten the enterprise each department and personnel in the interaction and influence between time, at the same time also speed up the small and medium-sized enterprises, and other trade subject to reflect the speed of the market, improve the efficiency of information transfer. At the same time, due to cross-border e-commerce application of website construction and the popularity of web conference, evolved into a kind of small and medium-sized enterprise organization structure and the form of liquidity and virtual sex, and this kind of new organization structure, compared with the traditional enterprise organizational structure, has the stronger ability to adapt the market.中小企业跨境电商问题研究Martens B摘要电子商务作为信息时代里信息技术和商业贸易相结合的产物，已经开始逐渐取代传统的贸易方式。

电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties,period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact withconsumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely madepolicies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. InSeptember 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore governmentpromulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping asan interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents,optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has accounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of theextensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk, etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim isto breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elec tronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use, easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。

跨境电商的物流服务模式创新与发展趋势引言随着全球化的不断推进，跨境电商已成为了全球经济发展中的一匹黑马。

互联网技术的发展使得跨境电商成为了一种方便、快捷且经济高效的购物方式，消费者可以足不出户就能购买到来自世界各地的商品。

然而，跨境电商的发展也面临着许多挑战，其中物流服务模式是其中的重要一环。

本文将探讨跨境电商的物流服务模式创新与发展趋势，并为其未来的发展提供一些建议。

跨境电商物流的挑战跨境电商面临着诸多物流挑战，这些挑战使得快速、稳定和经济高效的物流服务成为跨境电商发展中的瓶颈。

海关清关程序跨境电商的商品需要经过复杂的海关清关程序，包括报关、查验和交税等。

这些程序不仅需要耗费时间，而且还需要付出额外的费用，使得消费者在购买时面临着种种不便。

物流配送跨境电商的物流配送面临着长途运输、海关查验、最后一公里配送等问题。

由于国际物流网络的不完善，商品可能面临丢失、损坏和延迟等问题，这对消费者的购物体验带来了负面影响。

跨境支付跨境电商支付也是一个重要的挑战。

不同国家和地区的支付系统存在着差异，跨境支付手续繁琐，费用高昂。

这给跨境电商的交易安全和效率带来了障碍。

物流服务模式创新为了应对跨境电商物流的挑战，许多创新的物流服务模式应运而生。

这些新模式通过整合资源，提高效率，降低成本，为跨境电商提供了更好的物流体验。

海外仓储模式海外仓储模式是一种通过在海外设立仓库，提前存储商品的方式。

这种模式能够缩短配送时间，减少运输环节，并帮助解决海关查验和税收等问题。

同时，海外仓储模式还能够减少退货率，提高物流效率。

品牌直采模式品牌直采模式是指跨境电商直接从品牌商采购商品，绕过代理商和经销商。

这种模式能够使跨境电商直接与品牌商合作，获得更低的采购价格和更好的供应链管理。

物流信息共享模式物流信息共享模式通过整合各方资源，实现物流信息的共享与协同。

跨境电商平台、物流公司和海关等各方能够共享商品信息、订单信息和物流信息，提高物流效率，降低运营成本。