[推荐]GMAT作文黄金80题(二).docx

附录GMAT写作高分模板与针对性黄金句型◆简化结构模板(Sample template for the first paragraph)The author concludes that________,because________.The author's line of reasoning is that________.This argument is unconvincing for several reasons;it is________and it uses_________.(First Body Paragraph)First of all,________is based upon the questionable assumption________that _________,however,___________.In addition,________.(Second Body Paragraph)Secondly,the author assumes that_________.Nevertheless,__________.It seems equally reasonable to assume that__________.(Third Body Paragraph)Thirdly,_________.The author fails to consider________.For instance,________. Because the author's argument___________.(Final Paragraph)In conclusion,I agree that________.However,__________.◆详细内容模板（该模板仅供参考，考生可根据实际情况对内容进行取舍）（一）In this argument the author reaches the conclusion that....The basis for this recommendation is that....An additional reason given in support of this recommendation is that...(The author cites...as an example in support of this recommendation).At first glance,the author's argument appears to be somewhat convincing,but further reflection reveals that it omits some important concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument.In the first place,the argument has also committed a false analogy fallacy.The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects,and the author assumes without justification that all things are equal,and that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations.There is,however,no guarantee that this is the case.Nor does the author cite any evidence to support this cking this assumption,the conclusion that…is entirely unfounded.In fact,it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from B are applicable to A.Differences between A and B clearly out weightthe similarities,thus making the analogy highly less than valid.For example, A...however,B....Thus,it is likely much more difficult for B to do...In addition,the conclusion unjustifiably relies on the poll while the validity of the survey itself is doubtful.The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who,when,how and by whom the survey is conducted, neither does it mention what is the sample size,or how the samples are selected. Until these questions are answered the results are worthless as evidence to support that….Besides,the author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives. However,the author has never offered any reasons or evidences for imposing an either/or mon sense and observation tells us that adjoining both A and B might produce better results.To sum up,the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the author claims.To make the argument more convincing concerning…the arguer would have to provide more information that...The arguer should also demonstrate that...to make this argument logically acceptable.（二）In this argument,the author concludes that...To support his conclusion,the authorpoints out that...In addition,the author reasons that...Further more,he also assumes that...At first glance,the author’s argument appears to be somehow appealing,while a close examination will reveal how groundless it is.We do not have to look very far to see the invalidity of this argument.This argument is problematic for the following reasons.In the first place,this argument rests on a gratuitous assumption that...The author unfairly assumes that...However,the assumption is questionable because the author provides no evidence to support this argument.The arguer fails to take into account other facts that might contribute to the result that...It is likely that...;it is also likely that...Any of these scenarios,if true,would show that...Therefore,this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.In the second place,the argument commits a logic fallacy of“after this and therefore because of this...In no case can the mere fact that…be cited as evidence to support the assumption that there is a causal-effect relationship between A and B. Moreover,that just because B can be statistically correlated with A does not necessarily mean that A is the cause of B.In fact,the author has obviously neglected the possibility of other alternative facts such as...or...may contribute to a certain extent to B.It may be only a coincidence that...Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to...this assumption in question can not be accepted.In the third place,the evidence that the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it.One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion.Unless the arguer can show that A1is representative of all A,the conclusion that B...is completely unwarranted.In fact,in face of such limited evidence,it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.Since the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes and fails to consider the whole situation comprehensively,his ideas should not be adopted. The conclusion would be strengthened if he...In conclusion,the arguer fails to substantiate his claim that...Because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims.To strengthen the argument,the arguer must convince us that...In addition,the arguer could have to provide more precise information to support his claim.如果时间紧急，只有一两分钟的结尾套路：1.To conclusion,the argument Is not persuasive as It stands,before we accept the claim,the arguer must provide more substantial facts to prove that…2.In summary,the conclusion reached In this argument Is Invalid and misleading, to make the argument more convincing,the arguer would have to prove that…moreover,I would suspend my judgement about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide more concrete and reliable evidence.◆针对常见逻辑错误的黄金句型1.因果关系逻辑错误●无因果关系The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification.The line of the reasoning is that because A occurred before B,the former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses the positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However,the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.)But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out.For example,perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by D.●后此谬误（以事情发生时间前后来推出因果关系）This argument commits a fallacy of“post hoc,ergo propter hoc/cum hoc,ergo propter hoc”.The mere fact that A preceded/coincided with B is insufficient to establish a casual relationship between these two events.Many other reasons,such as…could just as likely account for A.The author’s failure to consider and eliminate。

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题目：10. the following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper:“this past winter, 200 students from waymarsh state college traveled to the state capitol building to protest againstproposed cuts in funding for various state college programs. the other 12,000 waymarsh students evidently weren’tso concerned about their education: they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. since the group who didnot protest is far more numerous, it is more representative of the state’s college students than are the protesters.therefore the state legislature need not heed the appeals ofthe protesting students.”逻辑漏洞：1. 文中说另外12000学生对他们的教育不感兴趣，因为他们没参加游行，躲在学校或放假去了。

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6.The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine devoted to regional life.“Corporations should look to the city of Helios when seeking new business opportunities or a new location. Even in the recent recession, Helios’s unemployment rate was lower than the regional average. It is the industrial center of the region, and historically it has provided more than its share of the region’s manufacturing jobs. In addition, Helios is attempting to expand its economic base by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies.”Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.The author’s conclusion is that the city of Helio is a good choice for corporations seeking new business opportunities or a new location. To substantiate this assertion, the author points out that Helio’s unemployment rate remained lower than the regional average even in the recent recession. Also, the author points out that Helio is the industrial center of the region and provide more manufacturing jobs than its share. Moreover, Helio is attempting toattract companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies. Close scrutiny, however, reveals several logical flaws of this argument.To begin with, the author fails to establish the causal relationship between low unemployment rate and great opportunity for new corporations. Probably, Helio is historically labor-hungry; consequently, new corporations would not be able to obtain enough labor forces in this city. Lacking better evidence, it is equally possible that the significantly low unemployment rate in Helio will force the new corporations to provide much more money to attract employees from other local corporations. As a result, the new companies may suffer a greater cost in Helio than in other places. If true, the conclusion will be seriously undermined.Moreover, the author turns on the assumption that Helio is suitable for corporations that focus on research and development of innovative technologies. Nevertheless, it is not necessarily the case. Lacking more sufficient information, it is entirely possible that there are not enough workers with skills of new techniques, since the city has traditionally provided large amount of manufacturing jobs. Also, the author cannot preclude the possibility that the resource required by researches and development of new technologies is too scarce in Helio to permit the development of such companies. Without better evidence, the author’s prediction that Helio is ideal place for new business opportunities is dubious at best.In sum, based on the reasons I listed above, the argument isunwarranted as it stands. To bolster it, the author should provide better evidence that (1) there are enough labor resource in Helio to meet the need of new corporations (2) the workers in Helio have the skills required by researches and development of innovative technologies.点击查看：2015年中级质量工程师《理论与实务》复习解析汇总中心极限定理中心极限定理叙述了统计中的一个重要结论:多个相互独立随机变量的平均值(仍然是一个随机变量)服从或近似服从正态分布。

[推荐]GMAT作文黄金80题(一)2、“It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make, independently, the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”3、“Corporations and other businesses should try to eliminate the many ranks and salary grades that classify employees according to their experience and expertise. A ‘flat’organizational structure is more likely to encourage collegiality and cooperation among employees.”9、“Employees should keep their private lives and personal activities as separate as possible from the workplace.”11、“When someone achieves greatness in any field —such as the arts, science, politics, or business —that person’s achievements are more important than any of his or her personal faults.”12、“Education has become the main provider of individual opportunity in our society. Just as property and money once were the keys to success, education has nowbecome the element that most ensures success in life.”13、“Responsibility for preserving the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual person, not to government.”16、“Public buildings reveal much about the attitudes and values of the society that builds them. Today’s new schools, courthouses, airports, and libraries, for example, reflect the attitudes and values of today’s society.”18、“If the primary duty and concern of a corporation is to make money, then conflict is inevitable when the corporation must also acknowledge a duty to serve society.”21、“Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, not on years of service. Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining consistently high levels of productivity.”24、“A powerful business leader has far more opportunity to influence the course of a community or a nation than does any government official.”25、“The best strategy for managing a business, or any enterprise, is to find the most capable people and give them as much authority as possible.”29、“Too many people think only about getting results. The key to success, however, is to focus on the specific task at hand and not to worry about results.”31、“Financial gain should be the most important factor in choosing a career.”32、“You can tell the ideas of a nation by its advertisements.”34、“All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service. Such service would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.”36、“Businesses and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team. Clearly, in any human group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment and energy, who gets things done.”37、“Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society, schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the arts and humanities.”38、“Courtesy is rapidly disappearing from everyday interactions, and as a result, we are all the poorer for it.”39、“It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfillingpersonal life.”40、“With the increasing emphasis on a global economy and international cooperation, people need to understand that their role as citizens of the world is more important than their role as citizens of a particular country.”45、“The most effective way for a businessperson to maximize profits over a long period of time is to follow the highest standards of ethics.”46、“Businesses are as likely as are governments to establish large bureaucracies, but bureaucracy is far more damaging to a business than it is to a government.”57、“Everywhere, it seems, there are clear and positive signs that people are becoming more respectful of one another’s differences.”60、“Employers should have no right to obtain information about their employees’health or other aspects of their personal lives without the employees’permission.”62、“What education fails to teach us is to see the human community as one. Rather than focus on the unique differences that separate one nation from another, education should focus on the similarities among all people and places on Earth.”65、“The rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity*. Because people everywhere are beginning to want the same products and services, regional differences are rapidly disappearing.”68、“Since the physical work environment affects employee productivity and morale, the employees themselves should have the right to decide how their workplace is designed.”72、“Companies should not try to improve employees’performance by giving incentives —for example, awards or gifts. These incentives encourage negative kinds of behavior instead of encouraging a genuine interest in doing the work well.”75、“There are essentially two forces that motivate people: self-interest and fear.”78、“Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society’s past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes.”81、“No one can possibly achieve any real and lasting success or ‘get rich’in business by conforming to conventional practices or ways of thinking.”87、“As technologies and the demand for certain services change, many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker, not to government or to business.”107、“The most effective way for managers to assign work is to divide complex tasks into their simpler component parts. This way, each worker completes a small portion of the task but contributes to the whole.”109、“Employees should not have full access to their own personnel files. If, for example, employees were allowed to see certain confidential materials, the people supplying that information would not be likely to express their opinions candidly.”111、“The most effective business leaders are those who maintain the highest ethical standards.”112、“Because of recent advancements in business and technology, the overall quality of life in most societies has never been better than at the present time.”129、“Instead of relying on the advice of outside experts, organizations should place greater value on the advice that can come only from their own highly experienced employees.”130、“When judging the qualifications of potentialemployees, business employers should rely primarily on objective information, such as a candidate’s résuméand education. Personal interviews are much too subjective and are therefore not a valid basis on which to judge a person’s qualifications for a job.”131、“We can learn more about a society by observing how its people spend their leisure time than by observing them at work.”132、“Governments should not be responsible for regulating businesses and other organizations. Instead, society would benefit if the organizations themselves assumed responsibility for establishing and enforcing their own standards and regulations.”一．Analysis of Issue Questions2、“指望单个国家独立地做出必要的牺牲来保存能源是不现实的。