《基础化学》英文教学课件：chapter_11

Introduction
ChemDraw is a tool to enable professional scientists, science students, and scientific authors to communicate chemical structures. It is designed to work according to conventions we found most intuitive for such users. Our goal has been to make ChemDraw as easy to use as possible while providing superior drawing quality.
Chapter 2: ChemDraw basics
菜单栏
工具栏
图形工具板
编辑区
状态/信息栏
滚动栏
常用术语
点位：移动鼠标直到鼠标的光标放到所要进行操作的位置， 如果选择的位置在图形结构中的键、原子、线等的上面， 一般出现黑方块，称之为光标块，选择块或操作块。
光标块
套索 实键 双键 虚键 切割键 切割楔键 黑体键 黑体楔键 空心楔键 波浪键 表格 长链 环丙烷环 环戊烷环 环庚烷环 环己烷椅式 环戊二烯环
Chapter 3: Drawing Chemical Structures
1、 Set up 2、 Drawing Chemical Structures
The drawing way of a bold
The drawing way of a ring
The drawing way of benzene ring and two bonds

Chelate: a polydentate ligand, when coordinated at two or more points to a central ion, forms a ring structure such as illustrated by the ethylenediamine complex of cobalt above. This type of complex is called a chelate.
The Coordination Complex 配位化合物
Notes:
cathode [‘kæθəʊd] 阴极 cathodic [kə‘θɔdik] 阴极的 cation [‘kætaiən] 阳离子 cationic [‘kætaiɔnik] 阳离子的 anode [‘ænəʊd] 阳极 anodic [ə’nɔdik] 阳极的 anion [‘ænaiən] 阴离子 anionic [‘ænaiɔnik] 阴离子的 Nonionic [‘nɔnaiɔnik] 非离子的
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl
Diamminesilver(I) chloride
K4[Fe(CN)6]
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
[Co(NH3)3(NO2)3]0 Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 Tetramminecopper(II) sulfate
methylamine: methyl-, amine (甲胺） Ethylenediamine: ethyl-, -ene, di-, amine (乙二胺）
Naming the coordination compounds

+ The HendersonHasselbalch Equation
Apply –log on both sides of above equation,
[B–] pH = pKa + lg [HB]
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
pH = pKa + lg [B–] [HB] = pKa + lg
Ac-
pKa( at 25℃) 4.76
H2CO3 － NaHCO3
H3PO4 － NaH2PO4 Tris·HCl － Tris H2C8H4O4 － KHC8H4O4 NH4Cl － NH3 CH3NH3+Cl- － CH3NH2 NaH2PO4 － Na2HPO4
H2CO3
H3PO4 Tris·H+ H2C8H4O4 NH4+
The effect of addition of acid or base to …
acid added
base added
an unbuffered solution
acid added
base added
a buffered solution
4.1.2 How a Buffer Works
Chapter 4
Buffer Solution
4.1 Composition and Action of Buffer Solutions
4.1.1 The Essential Feature of a Buffer
Buffer Solution:
— solutions that resist change in hydronium ion, H+, and the hydroxide ion,OH-, concentration (and consequently pH) upon addition of small amounts of acid or base, or upon dilution.

H 一般为 ，PH3； 在NaH中为－ 1。 一般为+1， 中为－ 。 中为 离子化合物中， 离子化合物中，氧化数 = 离子电荷数 共价化合物中， 共价化合物中，氧化数 = 形式电荷数 总电荷数=各元素氧化数的代数和 各元素氧化数的代数和。 总电荷数 各元素氧化数的代数和。 例：K2 Cr2O7中， Cr为+6 为 Fe3 O4 中，Fe为+8/3 为 Na2 S2 O3中，S 为+2 Na2 S4 O6中， 平均为2.5 个 二个S为 平均为 (2个S 为0, 二个 为+5)
E = ϕ+ − ϕ−
现在的问题在于，用什么电极作为参比电极， 现在的问题在于，用什么电极作为参比电极，参比电极的电 极电势如何得知。 极电势如何得知。 电化学和热力学上规定， 电化学和热力学上规定，标准氢电极 如图，铂丝连接着涂满铂黑（ 如图，铂丝连接着涂满铂黑（一种极 的铂片，作为极板， 细的铂微粒 ）的铂片，作为极板，插入到 溶液中， 标准态的 H + （1 mol·dm － 3）溶液中，并 向其中通入标准态的 H2（1.013 × 10 5 Pa） ） 构成标准氢电极。 构成标准氢电极。 离子电极。 氢电极属于气体 — 离子电极。 氢电极作为电池的正极时的半反应为 2 H + + 2 e- —— H2 标准氢电极作为负极时， 标准氢电极作为负极时，可以表示为 Pt | H2（1.013 × 10 5 Pa）| H +（1 mol·dm － 3 ） ）
ϕθ
H+ / H2
= 0 V
标准氢电极与标准铜电极组成的原电池， 标准氢电极与标准铜电极组成的原电池，用电池符号表示为 (－) Pt|H2 ( pθ ) |H + (1 mol·dm－3 )‖Cu 2 +( 1 mol·dm－3 )|Cu ( + ) ‖ 测得该电池的电动势 E θ = 0.34 V， ， 由公式 E θ = ϕ θ − ϕ θ ， 得 ϕ θ + − +

Structural formula shows the arrangement of the
atoms in a single molecule
Molecules - example
Glucose Sugar
C6H12O6 Chemical formula
H H C OH
CO
H
H
C OH
OH
C
H HC
• always contain C & H and usually O, N, sometimes S&P
• originate in organisms
• generally complex molecules
Examples of Inorganic Compounds
H + O = H2O = Water H + Cl = HCl = Hydrochloric Acid Na + Cl = NaCl = Common Table Salt
Indefinite Volume
(can expand and be compressed)
Elements one of the 100+ pure substances
that make up everything in the universe
All they are displayed in the Periodic Table of the Elements
Liquid
Indefinite Shape
(takes the shape of the container)
Definite Volume (can not be compressed)

Calculation: pH of a buffer, calculation related to the preparation of a buffer.
13、需要NH4Cl的量为：
0.125 mol L1 1L 53.5g mol 1 0.125 mol 53.5g mol 1 6.69 g
设需要NaOH的物质的量为 x mol，则有：
9.00 9.25 lg x 0.125 x
x 0.045mol
则需要1.00 molL-1 NaOH溶液的体积为：
0.045mol 45mL 1.00mol L1
1 3
0.2mol
L1
0.2 3
mol
L1
icNa3 P O4
RT
4
0.2 3
mol
L1RT
0.8 3
mol
L1RT
(4) icNaClRT 2 0.2mol L1RT 0.4mol L1RT
排序：(4)> (2)> (3)> (1)
9
cB RT
mB M BV
RT
MB
mB RT V
2.00 g 8.314 J mol 1 K 1 298 K 0.717 kPa 0.100 L
Chapter 2 Colligative Properties
Basic concepts: vapor-pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, freezing-point depression, osmotic pressure.
Significance of osmotic pressure in medical sciences (osmolarity, isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic solution).

废水处理基本上是沉降和生物或化学单元过程的结合。
Treatment plants are assembled from combinations of unit processes, and as the range of available unit processes is large, by using a suitable combination of the available processes, it is possible to produce a final effluent of a specified quality from almost any type of influent wastewater.
虽然它不再含有总固体，但它确实还含矿料、淤泥、砂和砾石 的混合物，以及金属、玻璃甚至致密塑料的碎片。
They need to be removed from the influent wastewater to prevent pump damage and silting.
它们需要从流入的废水中除去，以防止泵损坏和淤塞。
虽然这通常在初沉池阶段进行，但是可以通过采用溶解的空气 或氮气的特殊装置来进行辅助。
Compressed air is fed into the wastewater and fully mixed. Very small bubbles are formed that attach to the solid, increasing their buoyancy, and lifting them out of the water to form a thick surface layer of solids known as float.
Where the float is to be used either for animal or human consumption, then natural organic flocculants such as chitosan, carrageenan, lignosulphonic acid, or their derivatives, are used.