2010-1英美概况期末复习题与答案

1. What is the full name of the U.K.?----United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?----They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they?----The development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English.4. Why did English become more important after Black Death?----The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French.1. Who are the British People?----The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of the Welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes who brought with them the English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lot of immigrants from many former Commonwealth countries from every part of the world. Britain is a country of mixed cultures, and the Britain people are also composed of people from different ethic and culture backgrounds.2. What is Standard English?----Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct Britain English. It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.1. What are the two components of the British Parliament?----the House of Commons and the House of Lords.2. What were some of Queen Victoria's major achievement?---- Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass.3. What were the two camps in Europe in World War 1?----The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France, the Russia Empire, the Britain Empire, Italy and the United States.4. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War 2?----Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?----The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial country increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed.2. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?----Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, British had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World War 1, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain's colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall the Empire.1. What are the three functions of the House of Commons?----to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government, and to influence future government policy.2. Why is the Conservative Party sometimes called the "Right"?----Because the Conservative Party is supported by landowners and businessmen, who are often from the middle and upper-middle class.3. What kind of public image does Liberal Democrats have in Britain?----The Liberal Democrats is perceived as "middle" between the Conservative and the Labor Party. It is comparatively flexible and pragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social. It emphasizes the need for a change in Britain's constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.4. Why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election?----Because even if they were elected, they would be powerless in Parliament. Therefore, it is not possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.1. What do British electoral campaigns usually involve during the process of a general election?----The electoral campaigns usually involve advertising in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning and leaflets. The main parties are given short periods of time on national television to present their policies to the public. Apart from the parties' own publicity, newspapers and TV programs spend a lot of time discussing the campaign, interviewing politicians, and predicting the results.2. What is the Commonwealth of Nations?----The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head. The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence. The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.1. What was the negative aspect of Thatcher's reform in the early 1980s?----Its negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. In 1982, the unemployment rate reached the level of the Great Depression years, with three million people out of work.2. What are the characteristics of Britain's agriculture?----British's agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engaged in agricultural activities with a high degree of mechanization. Although it employs a mere 1% of the country's labor force, it meets around 60% of the national demands.3. What happened to Britain's beef industry in the mid-1990s?----British's beef industry was hit badly by BSE, resulting in a ban on beef exports in 1996.4. What are some of the popular tourist attraction in Britain?----The popular tourist attractions in English include: the Dorset and the East Devon Coast, the Lake District, Stonehenge, Windsor Castle, university towns of Oxford and Cambridge, Tower of London, St. Paul's Cathedral and so on.1. What were the major causes of Britain's relative economic decline in the postwar period?----British's economy experienced a relative decline in the postwar period for severalreasons. First, British suffered a great losses in the two World Wars and had gone heavily into debt to finance the war. Second, the era of the British Empire was over. India and other British colonies, which provided raw material and large market for British goods, gained their independence. Third, British was forced to maintain an expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960s. Fourth, British had to make substantial financial contributions to NATO and UN Security Council. Finally, British failed to invest in industry after World War 2 whereas its competitors like Germany and Japan caught up with British buy investing in the most modern equipment and means of production.2. Why do developed nations like Britain encourage the development of the service industry?----The service industry has played an increasingly important role in economy in the development countries. On the other hand ,it requires a large group of people working in it so that abundant employment opportunities are provided. On the other hand, the service industry causes little pollution.1. What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?----The major functions of grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university, whereas the major functions of vocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2. What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?----British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.3. In what ways do Britain universities enjoy complete academic freedom?----British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4. How do students in the Open University receive their education?----The students follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, video, and a network of study centers.5. What role does the media play in Britain leisure culture?----The media plays an essential role in British leisure culture since it helps to shape the public's opinion, determine people's moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.1. What are the general feature of Britain's independent schools?----British's independent schools require fees from students. Although the National Curriculum is optional in the independent system, most independent schools teach what the curriculum demands. Independent schools get their funding through tuition fees as well as government assistance. Since they are generally better-funded than most state schools, they can recruit the best teachers and provide superior facilities. However, high tuition fees have become an obstacle for many students to enroll.2. The "quality press" and the "tabloids" in Britain?----Among the 10 daily published national newspapers in British, about half of them are regarded as the "quality press" since they carry in-depth articles of particular political and social importance, and reviews and feature articles about "high culture", and they are generally read by well-educated people. The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph are good cases in point of the quality press. The "tabloids", with color photos and striking headlines, usually cover scandals and gossip about celebrities in politics, sports and entertainment. A typical example is The News of the World.Chapter 81. How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small population .the south also has a population of almost 57.5million. the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 20% of the nation’s population.2. Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were willing to work for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.1．Why is the United States regarded as a”melting pot” and a ”salad bowl” ?The United States is not merely a nation, but a nation of nations. The immigrants came in waves, including the Europeans, the Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America is described as a "melting pot" where various racial and ethnic groups are assimilate into American culture. Recently, America has been called a "salad bowl" in that people of difference races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously, but at the same time keep their distinct culture and customs.2．What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?The best possible way to help assimilation in a multicultural society is to be open and tolerant toward different cultures. People from different racial and ethnic backgrounds should respect each other. Society should create opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated. At the same time the immigrants should keep their own language, customs and religion, contributing to the diversity of a multicultural society.Chapter 91. Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countries were wining the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests . it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.2. What were Nixon’s well-known contributions during his presidency?a) brought the Vietnam war to a closeb)reestablishing U.S. relations with chinac) negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union .3. What were the contents of Reagan’s economic program?Reagan’s economic program called for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in order to encourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be eliminated so as to reduce the federal government’s role in the day-to-day operation of business.1. What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African slaves to manage their plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What’s more,the Northerners demanded a law to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads. But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.2. What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?During the two World Wars, America remained neutral in the early stage. However, Americans continued their profitable trade with the warring countries. Therefore, they not only retained their military forces, but also accumulated great wealth. When America entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars. By sharing the fruit of victory with other allies, America greatly strengthened its power and became a powerful country by the end of World War II.Chapter 101. What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified.2. What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old , a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . a representative should be at least 25 years old and a U.S. citizen for no less than seven years.3. What are the major powers of the supreme court?a) to interpret lawsb) to hear appeals from any federal court cases;c) to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or national laws d) may declare a law unconstitutionale) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional4. What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms of political opinions?The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rights laws , a strong social security system which gives enterprises a greater freedom and demand that the government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice of abortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.1. How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the American election?Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President an soon as the first stage is over.I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaigns. And, the election cannot solve the social and economic problems of the U.S. as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.2. What was President Eisenhowers foreign policy and what were the consequences ?President Eisenhower made vigorous efforts to wage the Cold War. He placed new emphasis on developing nuclear strength to prevent the outbreak of war. He also frequently authorized the CIA to undertake secret interventions to overthrow unfriendly governments or protect reliable anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened. The CIA helped topple the governments of Iran and Guatemala, but it suffered an embarrassing failure in Indonesia. In addition, Eisenhower used U.S. power and prestige to help create a non-communist government in South Vietnam, which brought disastrous long-term consequences to the United States.Chapter 111. What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America? During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew .a variety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in America had become clear.2. How did the civil war affect the American economy?After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . northern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahead.3. Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only advance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nations.1. How did the U.S constitution lay the groundwork for American’s economic development ?The U.S. Constitution, as an economic charter, established that the entire nation was a unified or "common" market. There were no tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce. It provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post office and roads, and fix rules governing patents and copyrights. The last-mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of "intellectual property", a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late 20thcentury.2. Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.The government has always played an active and important role in America’s economic development. In the early 1930s,thr United States suffered the worst economic depression in American history. President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal to tackle the financial crisis. Besides, he set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the serious problems of the jobless. At the end of 1970s, the American economy again suffered a recession. The Reagan administration combated inflation by controlling government spending deficit, cutting taxes and raising interest rates. Both policies men tioned above helped to set the country’s economic development on its right course, In all, the intervention of the government has ensured that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people. It has prevented flagrant abuses of the system, dampened the effects of inflation and stimulated economic growth. Chapter 121. How does an American university choose its applicants?a)their high school records;b) recommendations from their high school teachers;c) the impression they make during interviews at the university;d) their scores on the SAT.2. What functions do American higher education institutions perform?Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teaching , research and public service , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .3. What similarities do four famous university share?They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in some areas such as politics, arts and business.4. What are the origins of thanksgiving day?Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the new world , in 1620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.1. What are the ideals that guide the American educational system?The first ideal is that as many people as possible should receive as much education as possible .The second ideal is that of ptoducing a society that is totally literate and of local control . The third ideal is that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known .2. How does America carry out multicultural education?American schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures. Current textbooks incorporate a variety of ethnic individuals who have achieved success. Struggle for equality are vividly depicted, and past racism is bluntly acknowledged. Cultural pluralism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of education.Schools at all levels offer students opportunities to learn about different cultures.。

英美概况课后习题答案1. What is the full name of the U.K.?----United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?----They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they?----The development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English.4. Why did English become more important after Black Death?----The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French.1. Who are the British People?----The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of the Welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxons a nd the Jutes who brought with them the English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lot of immigrants from many former Commonwealth countries from every part of the world. Britain is a country of mixed cultures, and the Britain people are also composed of people from different ethic and culture backgrounds.2. What is Standard English?----Standard English is based on the speech of the upperclass of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct Britain English. It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.1. What are the two components of the British Parliament?----the House of Commons and the House of Lords.2. What were some of Queen Victoria's major achievement?---- Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass.3. What were the two camps in Europe in World War 1?----The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France, the Russia Empire, the Britain Empire, Italy and the United States.4. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War 2?----Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?----The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial country increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many newcities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed.2. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?----Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 markedthe beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, British had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World War 1, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain's colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall the Empire.1. What are the three functions of the House of Commons?----to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government, and to influence future government policy.2. Why is the Conservative Party sometimes called the "Right"?----Because the Conservative Party is supported by landowners and businessmen, who are often from the middle and upper-middle class.3. What kind of public image does Liberal Democrats have in Britain?----The Liberal Democrats is perceived as "middle" between the Conservative and the Labor Party. It is comparatively flexible and pragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social. It emphasizes the need for a change in Britain's constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.4. Why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election?----Because even if they were elected, they would be powerless in Parliament. Therefore, it is not possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.1. What do British electoral campaigns usually involve during the process of a general election?----The electoral campaigns usually involve advertising in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning and leaflets. The main parties are given short periods of time on national television to present their policies to the public. Apart from the parties' own publicity, newspapers and TV programs spend a lot of time discussing the campaign, interviewing politicians, and predicting the results.2. What is the Commonwealth of Nations?----The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head. The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence. The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy, humanrights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.1. What was the negative aspect of Thatcher's reform in the early 1980s?----Its negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. In 1982, the unemployment rate reached the level of the Great Depression years, with three million people out of work.2. What are the characteristics of Britain's agriculture?----British's agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engaged in agricultural activities with a high degree of mechanization. Although it employs a mere 1% of the country's labor force, it meets around 60% of the national demands.3. What happened to Britain's beef industry in the mid-1990s?----British's beef industry was hit badly by BSE, resulting in a ban on beef exports in 1996.4. What are some of the popular tourist attraction in Britain?----The popular tourist attractions in English include: the Dorset and the East Devon Coast, the Lake District, Stonehenge, Windsor Castle, university towns of Oxford and Cambridge, Tower of London, St. Paul's Cathedral and so on.1. What were the major causes of Britain's relative economic decline in the postwar period?----British's economy experienced a relative decline in the postwar period for severalreasons. First, British suffered a great losses in the two World Wars and had gone heavily into debt to finance the war. Second, the era of the British Empire was over. India and other British colonies, which provided raw material and large market for British goods, gained their independence. Third, British wasforced to maintain an expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960s. Fourth, British had to make substantial financial contributions to NATO and UN Security Council. Finally, British failed to invest in industry after World War 2 whereas its competitors like Germany and Japan caught up with British buy investing in the most modern equipment and means of production.2. Why do developed nations like Britain encourage the development of the service industry?----The service industry has played an increasingly important role in economy in the development countries. On the other hand ,it requires a large group of people working in it so that abundant employment opportunities are provided. On the other hand, the service industry causes little pollution.1. What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?----The major functions of grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university, whereas the major functions of vocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2. What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?----British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.3. In what ways do Britain universities enjoy complete academic freedom?----British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4. How do students in the Open University receive their education?----The students follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, video, and a network of study centers.5. What role does the media play in Britain leisure culture?----The media plays an essential role in British leisure culture since it helps to shape the public's opinion, determine people's moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.1. What are the general feature of Britain's independent schools?----British's independent schools require fees from students. Although the National Curriculum is optional in the independent system, most independent schools teach what the curriculum demands. Independent schools get their funding through tuition fees as well as government assistance. Since they are generally better-funded than most state schools, they can recruit the best teachers and provide superior facilities. However, high tuition fees have become an obstacle for many students to enroll.2. The "quality press" and the "tabloids" in Britain?----Among the 10 daily published national newspapers in British, about half of themare regarded as the "quality press" since they carry in-depth articles of particular political and social importance, and reviews and feature articles about "high culture", and they are generally read by well-educated people. The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph are good cases in point of the quality press. The "tabloids", with color photos and striking headlines, usually cover scandals and gossip about celebrities in politics, sports andentertainment. A typical example is The News of the World.Chapter 81. How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small population .the south also has a population of almost 57.5million. the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 20% of the nation’s population.2. Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were willing to work for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.1．Why is the United States regarded as a”melting pot” and a ”salad bowl” ? The United States is not merely a nation, but a nation of nations. The immigrantscame in waves, including the Europeans, the Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America is described as a "melting pot" where various racial and ethnic groups are assimilate into American culture. Recently, America has been called a "salad bowl" in that people of difference races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously, but at the same time keep their distinct culture and customs.2．What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?The best possible way to help assimilation in a multicultural society is to be open and tolerant toward different cultures. People from different racial and ethnic backgrounds shouldrespect each other. Society should create opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated. At the same time the immigrants should keep their own language, customs and religion, contributing to the diversity of a multicultural society.Chapter 91. Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countries were wining the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests . it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese a ir raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.-known contributions during his presidency?2. What were Nixon’s wella) brought the Vietnam war to a closeb)reestablishing U.S. relations with chinac) negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union .3. What were the contents of Reagan’s economic program?led for reductions in income taxes and business taxes Rea gan’s economic program calin order to encourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be eliminated so as to reduce the federal government’s role in the day-to-day operation of business.1. What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African slaves to manage their plantations and theyregarded the slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What’s more,the Northerners demanded a law to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads. But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.2. What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?During the two World Wars, America remained neutral in the early stage. However, Americans continued their profitable trade with the warring countries. Therefore,they not only retained their military forces, but also accumulated great wealth.When America entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars. By sharing thefruit of victory with other allies, America greatly strengthened its power and becamea powerful country by the end of World War II.Chapter 101. What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?One is “checks and balances”, the other is that th e power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified.2. What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old , a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . a representative should be at least 25years old and a U.S. citizen for no less than seven years.3. What are the major powers of the supreme court?a) to interpret lawsb) to hear appeals from any federal court cases;c) to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or nationallaws d) may declare a law unconstitutionale) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional4. What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms of political opinions?The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rightslaws , a strong social security system which gives enterprises a greater freedom and demand that the government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice of abortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.1. How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the American election?Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President an soon as the first stage is over.I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaigns. And, the election cannot solve the social and economic problems of the U.S. as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.2. What was President Eisenhowers foreign policy and what were the consequences ?President Eisenhower made vigorous efforts to wage the Cold War. He placed new emphasis on developing nuclear strength to prevent the outbreak of war. He also frequently authorized the CIA to undertake secret interventions to overthrow unfriendly governments or protect reliable anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened. The CIA helped topple the governments of Iran and Guatemala, but it suffered an embarrassing failure in Indonesia. In addition, Eisenhower used U.S. power and prestige to help create a non-communist government in South Vietnam, which brought disastrous long-term consequences to the United States.Chapter 111. What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America?During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew .a variety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in America had become clear.2. How did the civil war affect the American economy?After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . northern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surgedahead.3. Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only advance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nations.1. How did the U.S constitution lay the groundwork for American’s economic development ?The U.S. Constitution, as an economic charter, established that the entire nation was a unified or "common" market. There were no tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce. It provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post office and roads, and fix rules governing patents and copyrights. The last-mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of "intellectual property", a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late 20thcentury.2. Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.The government has always played an active and important role in America’s economic development. In the early 1930s,thr United States suffered the worst economic depression in American history. President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal to tackle the financial crisis. Besides, he set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the serious problems of the jobless. At the end of 1970s, the American economy again suffereda recession. The Reagan administration combated inflationby controlling government spending deficit, cutting taxes and raising interest rates. Both policieseconomic development on its right mentioned above helped to set the country’scourse, In all, the intervention of the government has ensured that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people. It has prevented flagrant abusesof the system, dampened the effects of inflation and stimulated economic growth.Chapter 121. How does an American university choose its applicants?a)their high school records;b) recommendations from their high school teachers;c) the impression they make during interviews at the university;d) their scores on the SAT.2. What functions do American higher education institutions perform?Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teaching , research and public service , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .3. What similarities do four famous university share?They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in some areas such as politics, arts and business.4. What are the origins of thanksgiving day?Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the new world , in 1620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hardand there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.1. What are the ideals that guide the American educational system?The first ideal is that as many people as possible should receive as much education as possible .The second ideal is that of ptoducing a society that is totally literate and of local control . The third ideal is that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known .2. How does America carry out multicultural education?American schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures. Current textbooks incorporate a variety of ethnic individuals who have achieved success. Struggle for equality are vividly depicted, and past racism is bluntly acknowledged. Cultural pluralism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of education.Schools at all levels offer students opportunities to learn about different cultures.。

I. Choice1. The longest river in Britain is the ________ River.[A] Severn [B] Thames[C] Mersey [D] Humber2. The Lake District is well-known for________.[A] its wild and beautiful scenery [B] its varied lakes[C] the lake Poets [D] all of the above three3. Which of the following is NOT the feature of British climate?[A] Coldness. [B] More rainy days.[C] Changeability . [D] More fogs.4. The two main islands of the British Isles are____A.Great Britain and IrelandB.England and ScotlandC.Great Britain and Northern IrelandD.Great Britain and England5. The established church of Britain is ________.[A] The Church of Scotland [B] Free churches[C] The United Reformed Church [D] The Church of England5. Easter is kept, commemorating the ________of Jesus Christ.[A] coming [B] birth[C] death [D] resurrection6. Under Mrs. Thatcher, British economy in 1980s gradually ________.[A] declined [B] recessed[C] recovered [D] went down7. Tertiary industry does NOT include ________.[A] retailing [B] insurance[C] electronics [D] banking8. In Britain, government cannot spend any money without the permission of________.[A] the Queen [B] the Prime Minister[C] the House of Commons [D] the House of Lords9. ________ is seen as the party of the “middle”, occupying the ideological groundbetween the two main parties in U.K.[A] The Conservative [B] The Labour[C] The Liberal Democratic [D] The Tory12. In 43 A.D. Romans under ________ conquered Britain.[A] Julius Caesar [B] Claudius[C] Augustine [D] the Pope13. ________ launched the Hundred Years’ War.[A] Edward I [B] Edward II[C] Edward III [D] Henry III14. Black Death to some extent brought ________ to villains.[A] higher wages [B] greater freedom[C] better life [D] both A and B15. The British Industrial Revolution first began in the________ industry.[A] iron and steel [B] textile[C] coal-mining [D] ship-building16. The English people are descendants of ________.[A] Celts [B] Romans[C] Anglo-Saxons [D] Danes17. The central bank in Britain is ________.[A] Lloyd [B] Barclay[C] Midland [D] the Bank of England18. All the government ministers of Britain must be members of ________.[A] the House of Lords [B] the House of Commons[C] the Privy Council [D] Parliament.19.____is at the center of the Britain political system.A.The CabinetB.The House of LordsC.The House of CommonsD.The Privy Council20. The party that has the majority of seats in ________ will form the government.[A] the House of Commons [B] the House of Lords[C] the Privy Council [D] the Cabinet21. In the middle of fifth century, Anglo-Saxons came from the region of ________and the Low Countries and settled in Britain.[A] Denmark [B] Norway[C] Germany [D] Holland22 .The____marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A.Viking invasionsB.signing of the Magna CartaC.Norman ConquestD.adoption of common law23. Wars of Roses were fought ________ between the Lacastrians and the Yorkistsfrom 1455 to 1465.[A] constantly [B] irregularly[C] continuously [D] intermittently24. The first British colony was ________.[A] New England [B] Newfoundland[C] West Indies [D] India26. The British Empire reached the peak of its colonial expansion after the ________ .[A] Anglo- Boer War [B] the First Opium War[C] World War I [D] World War II27. Which of the following is NOT the feature of imperialism?[A] foreign territorial expansion. [B] export of capital.[C] free competition. [D] monopoly.28.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom,___is the smallest.A.EnglandB.ScotlandC.WalesD.North Ireland29.The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is_____A.poetryB.dramaC.novelD.pamphlet30.At present,nearly___of the world’s population communicate in England.A.halfB.a quarterC.one-thirdD.one-fifth32.____was passed after the Glorious RevolutionA.The Bill of RightB.The Act of SupremacyC.The Provisions of OxfordD.The Magna Carta33.The importance of the Britain monarchy can be seen in its effect on____A.passing billsB.advising the govermentC.political partiesD.public attitude35.Generally speaking, the Britain Parliament operates on a____ system.A.single-partyB.two-partyC.three-partyD.multi-party36.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every____years.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six37.____ of the energy consumed in Britain are provided by coal mining industry.A.one-thirdB.one-fourthC.one-fifthD.two-thirds38.Of the following sectors in Britain,____has experience spectacular growth since the end World War II.A.agricultureB.the energy industryC.the service sectorD. the manufacturing industry39The following Christmas traditions particularly British EXCEPT＿＿＿.A.Trooping the ColorB.The Queen’Christmas messageC.Boxing DayD.the Christmas pantomime40.Waiting for Godot is written by ＿＿＿A.Samuel BeckeetB.George OrwellC.william Goldingwrench41.The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is ＿A.poetryB.dramaC.novelD.pamphlet42. Over____of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A.5％B.6％C.7％D.8％43.____ is Britain's top pay-television provider.A.BSBB.SkyTVC.BBCD.BSkyB44.( ) is sold especially to the upper or upper–middle class and has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A.The ObserverB.The New York TimesC.New York Daily NewsD.The Daily Telegraph45.The rapid economic development following the( )laid the groundwork for the modern U.S industrial economyA .world war l B. world war llC. civil warD.Anti-Japanese wa r46.America produces a major portion of the world’products in the following fields EXCEPT ______A.transportationB.textileC.oreD.chemicals47.The continental United States has（）states.A.50B.49C.48D.3548.The longest river in the U.S is_.A.the Missouri RiverB.the Mississippi RiverC.the Ohio RiverD.the Lake Itasca50.To get a bachelor's degree,all undergraduate students are required to do the following EXCEPT( )A.attending lectures and completing assignmentsB.passing examinationsC.working for communitiesD.earning a certain number of credits51.President _____introduced the New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great DepressionA,Wilson B ,Truman C ,Roosevelt D ,Kennedy52.( )is regarded as the “father of American literature "A.James Fenimore CooperB.Ralph Waldo EmersonC.Thomas JeffersonD.Washington Irving53.Of the following,( )is not characteristic of Mark Twain's worksA colloquial speech B. a sense of humorC a realistic view D. an idealistic view54.In 1783 the British and the Americans signed ________，and the United States of America won its independence.A.the Act of UnionB. Treaty of LexingtonC. Declaration of IndependenceD. Treaty of Paris55.The U.S Constitution came into effect in ( )A1787 B1789 C1791 D179356.The terms for a Senator and Repressentive are ( )and ( )years respectively.A. two ,fourB.two ,threeC.two,sixD.six,two13.Employment in the ( )sector has been increasing in the U.S .since the 1970sA.serviceB.agricultureC.manufacturingD.high-tech58. the seven years 'war occurred between ( )Athe French and the American IndiansB .the French and the SpanishC .the French and the BritishD .the British and the American Indians59.the policy of the united states was ( )at the begining of the two world wars.A .neutralityB .full involvementC .partial involvementD .appeasement61.______is regarded as the “father of American literature ".A.James Fenimore CooperB.Charles DickensC.Thomas JeffersonD.Washington Irving62.The following Christmas traditions particularly British is＿＿.A.Trooping the ColorB.Bonfire NightC.Boxing DayD.Macy’s Day Parade63.Of the following writers,( ) is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A.Alice WalkerB.Ernest HemingwayC.William FaulknerD.Eugene O'Neill64.Of the following writers( )is NOT included in the group of naturalists.A.Stephen CraneB.Frank NorrisC.Theodore DreiserD.Herman Melville65.Of the following ,( )is considered Herman Melville's masterpiece.A.The Last of the MohicansB.The Legend of Sleepy HollowC.Moby DickD.Daisy Miller66.Of the following writers,_______ is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A.Alice WalkerB.Harold PinterC.William GoldingD.Eugene O'Neill67.Emigration in Ireland started since the __.A.medieval periodB.17th centuryC.Great Potato FamineD.early 18th ce ntury68..In 1801,the British and the Irish Parliament passed ___A the Anglo_Irish AgreementB the Belfast AgreementC the Act of UnionD the treaty of paris69.The Republic of Ireland occupies approximately _____of the island of Ireland.A. one-sixthB. two-sixthsC. three-fifthD. five-sixths70.Ireland has a free public school system with compulsory attendance forall children of____years old.A 7 to 15B 6 to 15C 10 to 15D 6 to 1471.After Irish Parliament was set up,_____was issued and directly led to the Irish War of independence.A Angle Irish TreatyB Belfast AgreementC Unilateral Declaration of IndependenceD Angle Irish Agreement.三、名词解释The opium war鸦片战争Act of Supremacy 至尊法案Three Majestic Circles 三环外交the Union of South Africa 南非联盟United States Electoral College 总统选举团A policy of Appeasement绥靖政策Three Majestic Circles三环外交The Truman doctrine杜鲁门主义The R oosevelt’s new deal罗斯福新政the Anglo-Irish Treaty英爱条约the Reformation宗教改革The proletariat 无产阶级The lake poets 湖畔派诗人Modernism 现代主义Postmodernism 后现代主义Theater of the Absurd 荒诞派戏剧Great Awakening Movement Movement 大觉醒运动Transcendentalism 超验主义Aestheticism唯美主义European Economic Community欧洲经济共同体North Atlantic Treaty Organization北大西洋公约组织（英国）上议院House of Lords(英国）下议院House of Commons（美国）上议院Senate(美国）下议院House of Representatives独立战争the war of independence黑死病black death文法学校grammer school七国集团group of Seven君主立宪制constitutional monarchy英联邦自治领Dominions同盟国the Central Powers三权分立Checks and balances西进运动The westward movement光荣革命Glorious revolution工业革命The Industrial Revolution人权法案Bill of right第六级学院the six form普通中等教育证书General Certificate of Secondary Education 垮掉的一代运动the Beat Movement迷惘的一代the lost generation启蒙运动the Enlightenment工党The Labor party保守党the Conservative Party民主党the Democratic PartyIII. Define or explain briefly the following terms. 30' ( 6*5' )1.Hamlet2.The Renaissance3.The Lake poets4.Critical Realism5.The Lost Generation6.Feminism7.The Black Death8.The Crusade9.The War of Roses10.The Reformation11.The Glorious Revolution12.The Industrial Revolution13.General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)14.Cambridge University15.Thanksgiving DayIV. Answer the following questions. 20' ( 2*10')1.Please make a brief introduction to the development of English, which includes the characteristics in different period and at least two examples.2.Please make a brief introduction of the House of Lords and the House of Commons in Britain including their constituents and their respective functions.3.Make a comparison on the policies of Conservative Party and Labor Party in Britain.4.State briefly the formation of the Commonwealth and its main functions.5.Introduce briefly the public schools in Britain and state their superiorities to the other schools.6.What is Critical Realism in English literature? Please present one author and briefly introduce his / her masterpiece ?。

一．短语翻译。

（20分）1．Significant 2. derivation 3. necessity4.teleconference5. superficialpatriot7.real estate 8.asset 9. be contrary to 10. implement 11.危及 12。

灭绝的13．搞糟 14。

十字图案 15。

追查到16．可居住的 17。

在某些方面 18。

并肩的19．心理学者 20。

易于21.atheletics 2 2.fascinated 2 3.minvan24.poised 25.hike 2 6.huddle27.ethist 2 8.cut short 29.kick the habit30.sustainable 31.破坏性的32.臭氧33.解决办法34.偷猎35.报护36.规则37.感到怀疑38.障碍39.素描40.压倒二．Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words and phrases given below.(10分) 1．Adopt / apply / expert / negative / release /stable / tradition/ be fed up with /Bring up/ lead to1.Taking deep breath can _________ you from your neverousness.2.A good teacher would not have ___________ influence on his students.3.After so many days, Harley has alread _____________ all those boring meetings.4.The company is __________ new methods trying to encourage its employees to work harder .modity prices have remained ___________ for quite a few years in this country.6.After her husband’s death in a car accident, Mary ________ her three children all by herself.7.It is important to master the theories and __________ them to practice.8.People of the older generation would always keep up the ___________ of plain living and hardWork.9.His carelessness and laziness has ___________ the failure in the entrance exams.10. The patients have strong belief in Doctor Lee because he is an _________ of that field.2．Appoint / calm / confidence / decision/ encounter / excellent / failurePicure / fall short of / hold down / take advantage of / take over1.She didn’t like to discuss her ____________ to leave the company.2.After the accident it took a long time before she had the __________ to get on a plane again.3.she’s warm hearted and hardworking, and I believe she can become an ___________ teacher.4.The poor man is __________ three jobs at the same time in order to support his family.5.The _________ of the international community to deal effectively with the problem has costThousands of lives.6.I __________ the good weather to paint the wall.7.The company has ___________ a new sales director.8.He ____________ the young woman as she was leaving a supermarket.9.I can still ___________ her lovely blue eyes and sweet smiles.10.Everyone thought Henry would ___________ the company after his father died.三．Match the words in column A with their explainations in column B.( 10分)Column A Column B1.uneasy A. Plate2.dish B.look3.raw C. Politeness4.manners D. Thin5.slim E.uncooked6.appreciate F. Select7.pick out G. Understand8.expression H. Upset9.feature I.characteristic10. rural J.of the country11.confuse A. Disclose12. hop B. Shake13.persist in C.secret14.still D.mix up15.mystery E.jump16.reveal F. Unmoving17.opportunity G. Chance18.quiver H.inisist on19.justify I.give acceptable reasons20.survival J.the state to continue to live四. Choose the best one to finish the following sentences .( 10分)1.Can fish hear fishermen________________ along the stream.a. movedb. to movec. movingd. be moved2.Agatha Christie’s world is not quite a real world,__________ is one of the reasons why herbooks have not become dated.a. thatb. itc. in whichd. which3.He felt him___________ her hand.a. touchb. touchedc. have touchedd. had touched4.The emperor combined these walls _______________ one continous wall.a. forb. intoc. atd. by5.Have you made up your mind? No, I _____________ the matter.a. have consideredb. consideredc.have been consideringd.was considering6.His mother’s life had been so hard ____________ she had finally gone mad.a.whatb. whoc. whomd. that7.It was not _______________ 1972 that he was welcomed back to receive an award –the awardof Oscar.a. untilb. tillc. ind. to8.His success is _______________ his hard work.a. forb. becausec. own ford. due to9.The girl ______________ the bicycle is Jane.a. riding onb. driving inc. driving ond. riding in10.We are ignorant of the degree______________ his experiments have supplied powerfulevidence for his theory.a. at whichb. in thatc. to whichd. for which11.Job’s father, along with his two brothers, _________________ in New York one more day.a. demands that he staysb. demand that he staysc. demands that he stayd. demand that he stay12.An actor might be frightened or nerous as he moved onto the stage, especially _________ heforgotHis linesa. asb. whilec. ifd. unless13.Bob wishes that he ________________ that house last spring.a. boughtb. had boughtc. buysd. were buy14.Solid is different from liquid ________________ the solid has definite shape.a. whichb. thatc. in whichd. in that15.They always give the vacant seats to ________________ comes first.a. whob. whomc. whoeverd. whomever16. I don’t doubt ___________________ he is qualified for the position.a. thatb. whyc. whetherd. how17.There has been an accident on the mortorway ,___________________ long delays.a. causing inb. relating inc. leading ind. resulting in18.The team ________________ four Europeans and two Americans.a. composed ofb. consists ofc. make up ofd. insists of19.The house that they promised us ______________ to be a tiny flat.a. turned intob. turned downc. turned outd. turned on20. Everyone _______________ him that it is important to have rules and stick to them.a.agree onb. agree withc. agree tod. agree in五.Reading comprehension. (20分)Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followedby some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.What exactly is a lie? Is it anything we say which we know is untrue? Or is it somethingmore than that? For example, suppose a friend wants to borrow some money from you. You say “Iwish I could help you but I’m short of money myself.” In fact, you are not short of money but Your friend is in debt and you don’t want to hurt his feelings by reminding him of this.Is this rally a lie?Professor Jerald Jellison of the University of Southern California has made ascientific study of lying. According to him, women are better liars than men, particularly when telling a “white lie”, such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really thinks it looks awful. However, this is only one side of the story. Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell more serious lies, such as making a promise which they have no intension of fulfilling. This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at: the lie from which the liar hopes to profit or gain in some way.Research has also been done into the way people’s behavior changes in a number of small, apparently unimportant ways when they lie. It has been found that if they are sitting down at the time, they tend to move about in their chairs more than usual. To the trained observer they are saying “I wish I were somewhere else now.” They also tend to touch certain parts of the face more often, in particular the nose. One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight increase in blood pressure. The tip of the nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressures make it itch.Another gesture which gives liars away is what the writer Desmond Morris in his book Manwatching calls “the mouth cover”.He says there are several typical forms of this, such as covering part of the mouth with the fingers, touching the upper-lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side of the mouth. Such a gesture can be understood as an unconscious attempt on the part of the liar to stop himself or herself from lying.Of course, such gestures as rubbing the nose or covering the mouth, or moving about in a chair cannot be taken as proof that the speaker is lying. They simply tend to occur more frequently in this situation. It is not one gesture alone that gives the liar away but a whole number of things, and in particular the context in which the lie is told.1.According to the passage, a “white lie” seems to be a lieA.that other people believeB.that other people don’t believeC.told in order to avoid offending someoneD.told in order to take advantage of someone2.Research suggests that womenA.are better at telling less serious lies than men areB.generally lie far more than men doC.lie at parties more often than men doD.often make promises they intend to break3.Researchers find that when a person tells liesA.his blood pressure increases measurablyB.he looks very seriousC.he tends to make some small changes in his behaviorD.he uses his unconscious mind4.One reason people sometimes rub their noses when they lie is thatA.they wish they were somewhere elseB.the nose is sensitive to physical changes caused by lyingC.they want to cover their mouthsD.they are trying to stop themselves from telling lies5.The tone of this passage tells us that the writerA.hates to lieB.enjoys lyingC.often tells a lieD.tries to analyze lyingPassage 2Question 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time: if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people’s. In the same way, children learning to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught—to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle—compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes and correct them for himself. We do it all for him as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what his word says, what the answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells that he can’t find the way to get the right answer. Let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.6. According to the passage, which of the following is the best way for childrento learn thingA. Listening to skilled people’s advice.B. Asking older people many questions.C. Making mistakes and having them corrected.D. Doing what other people do.7. The writer think teachers should NOT .A. give children correct answersB. allow children to make mistakesC. point out children’s mistakes to themD. let children mark their own work8. According to the writer, teachers in school should .A. allow children to learn from each otherB. point out children’s mistakes whenever foundC. correct children’s mistakes as soon as possibleD. give children more book knowledge9. According to the passage, learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycleare .A. different from learning other skillsB. the same as learning other skillsC. more important than other skillsD. not really important skills10. The title of this passage could probably be .A. Let Us Teachers Stop WorkB. Let Us Make Children LearnC. Let Children Correct Their ExercisesD. Let Children Learn By ThemselvesPassage 3Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:Every human being, no matter what he is doing, gives off body heat. The usual problem is how to dispose of it. But the designers of the Johnstown campus of the University of Pittsburgh set themselves the opposite problem—how to collect body heat. They have designed a collection system which utilizes not only body heat, butthe heat given off by such objects as light bubs and refrigerators as well. The system works so well that no conventional fuel is needed to make the campus’s six buildings comfortable.Some parts of most modern buildings—theaters and offices as well as classrooms are more than amply heated by people and lights and sometimes must be air-conditionedeven in winter. The technique of saving heat and redistributing it is called “heat recovery.” A few modern buildings recover heat, but the University’s systemis the first to recover heat from some buildings and re-use it in others.Along the way, pitt has learned a great deal about some of its heat producers. The harder a student studies, the more heat his body gives off. Male students emit more heat than female students, and the larger a student, the more heat he produces. It is tempting to conclude that the hottest prospect for the Johnstown campus would bea hardworking, overweight male genius.1. Until recently, body heat has caused problems because it ______.A. was difficult to collectB. came in a variety of formsC. was difficult to get rid ofD. tended to be absorbed by physical objects2. Which of the following is true of the heating system of the Johnstown campus?A. The heat is supplied by human bodies only.B. The heat is supplied by both human bodies and other heatemitting objects.C. The heat is supplied by both human bodies and conventional fuel.D. The heat is supplied by human bodies, other heatemitting objects, andconventional fuel.3.The phra se “even in winter” (in line 8) most nearly means ______.A. if the winter is especially warmB. during all of the year except the winterC. in the winter as well as in other seasonsD. during the evenings in the winter4. The phrase “heat recovery” refers to a ______.A. method of concealing the source of heatB. special form of air conditioningC. supplementary hot water systemD. way of reclaiming and re-using heat5. According to the passage which of the following would produce the LEAST amountof heat?A. A fat female who studies hard.B. A thin female who does not study.C. A fat male who does not study.D. A thin male who studies hard.Passage 4Heredity(遗传) is not the only thing that influences our color. Where we live and how we live after we are born are important too. For instance, our genes influence how fat or thin we are. But our weight depends mainly upon how much we eat and how much exercise we get. In the same way, our skin color depends to aLarge extent how much light we get when summer arrives and light-colored people go to the beaches ,some will tan darkly, some will tan lightly and few will not tan at all. Each one has inherited a difficult ability to tan,but the difference do not appear until the conditions are right . An outdoor man will soon become pale if he changes to an indoor job, while a desk clerk will take on tan after a short vacationin the sun.Sometimes people decide that being tanned is better than being pale. Sometimes they decide the opposite.Centuries ago, most of the people in Europe were peasants and they had to work in the fields all day. Noblemen, on the other hand, did not have to work. They stayed indoors and remained pale. You could always tell a nobleman from a peasant because a peasant had a tan. As a result, a shin so pale that the veins (血管) showed was considered a mark of great beauty.During the Industrial Revolution things changed. Farmers left their fields and went to work in factories, mines and mills. Working for long hours in dimly-lit factories and mines made their skins pale. Wealthy people, however, could afford to travel so sunny countries. They had the leisure to lie around on the beaches and get tan. Having a tan became a sign of wealth.In Western Europe and North America pale skin is no longer desirable. Instead of bleaching themselves white with lemon juice, many women spend their time under a sun-lamp. The desire for a quick tan has led to the invention of pills and lotions（涂剂）that darken the skin artificially without exposure to sunlight. These pills and lotions can be bought by anyone at any drugstore. A rich man can spend hundreds of dollars on a vacation in the sunny West Indies and get his suntan there. But his lowest-paid clerk can have what looks like the same tan out of a bottle for a few cents.6.Besides genes, our skin color has much to do with __________.A. exerciseB. weightC. foodD. sunshine7.When summer comes and the light-colored people go to the beaches, _____.A. all of them will tan darklyB. few of them will tan darklyC. many of them will not tan at allD. some of them will not tan at all8.Centuries ago in Europe, it was considered of great beauty to have _____.A. pale skinB. light-colored skinC. dark-colored skinD. a suntan9.During the Industrial Revolution people began to like to have a tan becauseit was a sign of _______.A. good healthB. great strengthC. wealthD. youth10.Pills and lotions have been invented in Western Europe and North America_______.A. to protect people from sunburnB. to make people look wealthyC. to smooth people’s skinD. to help people to have a quick tan六.Translate the following sentences into English.(15分)1.他不但擅长画画,唱歌也很棒2.他很喜欢学校的生活,信不信由你.3.如果这些人在两周内还得不到食物,他们将被饿死.4.该方案已让成千上万的烟民戒烟了.5．我过去常常打高尔夫球,但后来为了得到更多的锻炼该打网球了.6.当说到电脑他还有些在行的.7.那个国家的人过圣诞节吗?8.这场事故对他有着极大的影响.9.你应该对这件事情的后果负责.10.说来也怪,就在昨天还有人问过同样的问题.七.Writing (15分)1．Write a letter of congratulation on Mr.Zhang’s promotion.2．Write a composition complaining about the too much music played by the neighbor’s children played at night.e。

英美概况期末试题通选课《英美概况》期末小测（满分50分）姓名_______ 学号_____________Part 1. Fill in the blanks (13 points)1. Britain is situated in Western ______and is separated from the European continent bythe_______, the Strait of Dover and the English Channel.2. The island of Great Britain includes three parts—England, _____, and Wales.3. Edinburgh is the capital of _____, and the capital of North Ireland is _______.4. In UK, the longest river of UK is _________, and River Thames is the ____longest river5. The English King_______ advocates religious reform in the year of 1529.6. The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and______________.7._______________ is oft en referred to as “the legislature”---the body which makes or unmakes laws.8. The British educational system is complicated. Generally, there’re two systems of primary and secondary education in Britain ——the________ and _______.(公立和私立)9. In the educational system of UK, there are two very old universities:_______ and the Oxford.10. The most important three New Agencies of UK are: _________, the Press Association Ltd and Extel Financial.11. Thomas More wrote the great book named_________. It contains two books, the first of which contains a longconversation onthe social condition of England; the second of which describes in detail a communist society.12.______________is a representative of the critical realism and he represents the working class. One of his masterpieces is Oliver Twist13. There are ______states in America, and the largest one is ________.The US is the ___ largest country in the world.14. The oldest national park in the world is located in the northwestern part of Wyoming of America and its name is___________.15. The longest and the most important river in America is _________.16. The native residents of America are called____________.17. Between 1607 and 1733, Britain established _______colonies on the Atlantic coast of NorthAmerica.18. The schools in the American educational system are called _______or primary school.19.______University is the oldest university in America.20.The National Anthem of America is _________________.Part 2. Translationa. Translate the black words in each sentence:(12 points)1. Britain was once called “an empire on which the sun never sets” ._____________________________________ 2. This does not mean that the Monarchy is only a useless relic of a bygone age and a tremendous waste of money. Most probably its real importance lies in its effect on public attitude, and it is also an unchangeablesymbolof the whole nation_____________________________________ _____________3. The British sovereign reigns but does not govern._____________________________________ _________________4. Britain has played an important part in science the world over, both in theory and practice. Science in Britain has had a great history and has enriched immeasurably the scientific culture of the Western world.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________5. The Five great lakes in America include Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario.____________________________________________________________________6. On July 4, 1776 the Second Continental Congress officially declared independence and formed the United States of America by adopting the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________b. Translate the following terms into Chinese:(15 points)1. Westminster Abbey: ___________________2. St.Paul Cathedral: ________________________3. Buckingham Palace: __________4. Tower of London: __________5. “shadow cabinet” :_____________-6. Daily Mirror:_____________7. Easter:________8. The great central plain: _________9. Rocky Mountains:_________________10. The Declaration of Independence _____________________11. Massachusetts Institute of Technology _____________________12. Halloween_____________13. The great central plain ____________14. Great Cordillera Range_________________15. The First Continental Congress __________________Part 3. Topic discussion (10 points)1.T he Great Charter2.The American Civil War。

《英美概况》试题（附标准答案）《英美概况》试题(附答案)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：《英美概况》I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices:1. The highest mountain in Britain is ____.A. ScafellB. Ben NevisC. the CotswoldsD. the Forth2. The longest river in Britain is _____.A. the ClydeB. the MerseyC. the SevernD. the Thames3. The largest lake in Britain is _____.A. the Lough NeageB. Windermere WaterC. Coniston WaterD. the Lake District4. Which part of Britain is always fighting?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northem Ireland5. The immigrants coming to Britain are mainly from _____.A. EuropeB. the United StatesC. AfricaD. the West Indies,6. The first inhabitants in Britain were _____.A. the NormansB. the CeltsC. the IberiansD. the Anglo-Saxons7. British Recorded history began with _____.A.Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion8. In 829, _____ actually became the overlord of all the English.A. JohnB. James IC. EgbertD. Henry I9. Christmas Day ____, Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.A. 1056B. 1066C. 1006D. 106010. Henry II was the first king of the _____ dynasty.A. WindsorB. TudorC. MalcolmD. Plantagenet11. In 1265 ____ summoned the Great Council, which has been seen as the earliest parliament.A. Henry IIIB. the PopeC. BaronsD. Simon de Montfort12. The Hundred Years’ w ar starte d in ____ and ended in ____, in which the English had lost all the territories of France except the French port of ____.A. 1337, 1453, FlandersB. 1337, 1453, CalaisC. 1346, 1453, ArgencourtD. 1346, 1453, Brest13. The Wars of Roses lasted for _____ years and king _____ was replaced by king _____.A.30, Richard III, Henry TudorB. 50, Richard III, Henry TudorB.C. 30, Richard I, Henry Tudor D. 50, Richard I, Henry Tudor14. The Renaissance began in ____ in the early ____ century.A. England, 14B. England, 15C. Italy, 14D. Italy, 1515. The English Civil War is also called _____.A. the Glorious RevolutionB. the Bloody RevolutionC. the Catholic RevolutionD. the Puritan Revolution16. In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the North America.A. 1620, LondonB. 1620, PlymouthC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth17. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois RevolutionC. the Wars of the RosesD. the Religious Reformation18. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of _____ in 1583.A. CanadaB. AustraliaC. IndiaD. Newfoundland19. _____ was famous for his abdication because of his marriage with a divorced American:A. Edward VIIIB. Edward VIIC. George VID. George VII20. In January _____ Britain became a member of the European Economic Community.A. 1957B. 1967C. 1973D. 197921. soon after _____, Britain not only gave up its econmic hegemony but also suffered a deep loss of its position ofindustrial leadership.A. 1900B. the First World WarC. the Second World WarD. 196022. In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest _____ rate and the highest _____ rate.A. inflation, growthB. growth, inflationC. growth, divorceD. growth, birth23. The following are all reasons of British decline of coal industry except _____.A.the exhaustion of old minesB. costly extractionB.C. little money being invested D. the labour shortage24. Britain’s foreign trade is mainly with _____.A. developing countriesB. other Commonwealth countriesC. other developed countriesD. EC25. The House of Lords is presided over by _____.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the QueenC. the Archbishop of CanterburyD. the Prime Minister26. A General Election is held every _____ years and there are _____ members of Parliaments are elected.A. five, 600B. five, 650C. five, 651D. four, 65127. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she always sits in _____.A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD. the Queen, the House of Lords28. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in _____.A. the QueenB. the CabinetC. the House of LordsD. the House of Commons29. The sources of British law include _____.A. statutes, common law, equity law and European Community lawB. statutes, common law and equity lawC. statutes, common law and European Community lawD. a complete code and statutes30. In criminal trials by jury, _____ passes sentenced and _____ decide the issue of guilt or innocence.A. the judge, the juryB. the judge, the judgeC. the jury, the juryD. the Lord Chancellor, the jury31. ____ tries the most serious offences such as murder and robbery.A. Magistrates’ courtsB. Youth courtsC. district courtsD. The Crown Court32. London’s Metropolitan P olice Force is under the control of _____.A. the England secretariesB. the Scottish SecretariesC. Northern Ireland SecretariesD. the Home Secretary33. The National Health Service was established in the UK in _____ and based at first on _____.A. 1948, Acts of ParliamentB. 1958, Acts of ParliamentC. 1948, the Bill of RightsD. 1958, the Bill of Rights34. The non-contributory social security benefits include the following except _____.A. war pensionB. child benefitC. family creditD. unemployment benefit35. Except that _____ may not be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churchs or of none.A. the lord ChancellorB. the Prime MinisterC. the SpeakerD. the ministers of all departments36. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in the UK attend _____.A. independent schoolsB. junior schoolsC. independent schoolsD. primary schools37. There are some ____ universities, including the Open University.A. 900B. 290C. 90D. 5038. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.A. receive completely free education。

Test Paper of An Introduction to English-speaking CountriesTest A请将所有答案做在答题纸(Answer Sheet)上，做在试卷上无效。

I.Multiple Choice(20%)1. The highest mountain peak in Britain is called ________.[A] Ben Nevis [B] Cross Fell[C] Snowdon [D] Scafell2. The Lake District is well-known for________.[A] its wild and beautiful scenery [B] its varied lakes[C] the lake Poets [D] all of the above three3. Which of the following is NOT the feature of British climate?[A] Coldness. [B] More rainy days.[C] Changeability . [D] More fogs.4. The established church of Britain is ________.[A] The Church of Scotland [B] Free churches[C] The United Reformed Church [D] The Church of England5. Easter is kept, commemorating the ________of Jesus Christ.[A] coming [B] birth[C] death [D] resurrection6. Under Mrs. Thatcher, British economy in 1980s gradually ________.[A] declined [B] recessed[C] recovered [D] went down7. Tertiary industry does NOT include ________.[A] retailing [B] insurance[C] electronics [D] banking8. In Britain, government cannot spend any money without the permission of ________.[A] the Queen [B] the Prime Minister[C] the House of Commons [D] the House of Lords9. ________ is seen as the party ofthe“middle”, occupying the ideological gr ound between thetwo main parties.[A] The Conservative [B] The Labour[C] The Liberal Democratic [D] The Tory10. The general election in Britain is held every ________ years.[A] 3 [B] 4[C] 5 [D] 611. The earliest settlers on the British Isles were the ________.[A] Celts [B] Gaels[C] Iberians [D] Brythons12. In 43 A.D. Romans under ________ conquered Britain.[A] Julius Caesar [B] Claudius[C] Augustine [D] the Pope13. ________ launched the Hundred Years’War.[A] Edward I [B] Edward II[C] Edward III [D] Henry III14. Black Death to some extent brought ________ to villains.[A] higher wages [B] greater freedom[C] better life [D] both A and B15. The British Industrial Revolution first began in the________ industry.[A] iron and steel [B] textile[C] coal-mining [D] ship-building16. The term“Rotten Boroughs”means ________.[A] boroughs that were rotten. [B] dirty boroughs[C] boroughs in which there were no inhabitants. [D] constituencies that were represented inthe House of Commons though there was not an inhabitant in it.17. The failure of the Chartist Movement was caused by the following reasons except________.[A] divided leadership [B] a strong party with socialism as its programme[C] influence of Utopian and petty-bourgeois ideologies [D] immaturity of the workingclass18. The author of“Wealth of Nations”is ________.[A] Adam Smith [B] David Ricardo[C] Thomas Malthus [D] Robert Owen19. Which is NOT the member country of the Triple Alliance ？[A] Germany [B] France[C] Austria-Hungary [D] Italy20. Which was NOT the member country of the Triple Entente?[A] Britain. [B] France.[C] Russia. [D] Italy.II.Blank filling(10%)1. The present sovereign of Britain is Queen ________, and Prince ________ is the heir to thethrone.2. Theoretically, the Queen has all the power, but in reality, she must act on the advice of the________.3. Parliament is the supreme ________ authority in Britain.4. Parliament consists of the ________, the House of ________ and the House of ________.5. The presiding officer of the House of Commons is“ ________.”6. The British government is composed of the ________ Minister and other ministers, who areresponsible to the queen.7. The Cabinet is composed of the most ________ ministers who meet regularly under the call ofthe Prime Minister.III.True or false statement(10%)1. Kangaroo, emu and koala are unique animals of New Zealand.2. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of New Zealand.3. Australia is divided into six states and two territories.4. Queen Elizabeth II is the Queen of Australia. The Queen is represented by the Prime Ministerat federal level.5. The Commonwealth Parliament of Australia comprise the Queen, the Senate, and the House ofRepresentatives.6. The Queen is represented in the parliament of Australia by the Governor-General, who byconvention acts on the advice of the queen.7. From March 2005 to August 2006, New Zealand is the only country in the world in which allthe highest offices in the land have been occupied simultaneously by women.8. National anthem of Australia is “God Defend Australia”, while that of New Zealand is “Advance New Zealand Fair.”9. The political system of New Zealand is based upon a constitutional republic with aparliamentary democracy10. Parliament of New Zealand is made up of only one house.IV.Matching(10%)ColumnA1. Liverpool2. Hull3. Sheffield4. Manchester5. Glasgow6. London7. Birmingham8. Belfast9. Edinburgh10. CardiffV.Translation(10%)1. Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy3. Common Market5. Doomsday Book7. High Court of Justice9. stagflationVI.Term explanation(10%)1. the CabinetVII.Questions for discussion(30%)Column Ba. the steel manufacturing center of Britainb. the former center of textile industry of Britainc. the fishing port in Humbersided. the largest city in Britaine. the second largest city in Britainf. the district of Merseysideg. the largest city in Scotlandh. the capital ofWalesi. The capital of Northern Irelandj. the capital of Scotland2. APEC4. Crown Court6. EU8. Roman Conquest10. tertiary industries2. Glorious Revolution1. What were the consequences of the British Industrial Revolution?2. What’s your idea about the necessity for the UK to keep the monarchy (the queen or the king)?Answer Sheet(答题纸)班级_________ 学号_________ 姓名_________I.Multiple choice1. _____2. _____3. _____4. _____5. _____6. _____7. _____8. _____9. _____ 10. _____11. _____ 12. _____ 13. _____ 14. _____ 15. _____16. _____ 17. _____ 18. _____ 19. _____ 20. _____II.Blanking filling1. __________2. __________3. __________4. __________5. __________6. __________7. __________III.True or false statements1. _____2. _____3. _____4. _____5. _____6. _____7. _____8. _____9. _____ 10. _____IV.Matching1. _____2. _____3. _____4. _____5. _____6. _____7. _____8. _____9. _____ 10. _____V.Translation1. ______________________________2. ______________________________3. ______________________________4. ______________________________5. ______________________________6. ______________________________7. ______________________________8. ______________________________9. ______________________________ 10. ______________________________ VI.Term explanation1. the Cabinet2. Glorious RevolutionVII.Questions for discussion1. What were the consequences of the British Industrial Revolution?2. What’s your idea about the necessity for the UK to keep the monarchy (the queen or the king)?。

英国概略期末复习题I Land and PeopleI. Multiple choice1.The geographical names for the U. K. are __A__.A. the British Isles, Great Britain, EnglandB. the British Isles, Great Britain, Northern IrelandC. the British Isles, Great Britain, the UnitedKingdom D. Britain, England, the United Kingdom2.The longest river in Britain is __C__.A. the ClydeB. the MerseyC. the SevernD. the Thames3.Whose speech is closest to BBC English?BA. a Cockney( 伦敦佬 )B. Southerners in EnglandC. Northerners in EnglandD. A Welsh4.The welsh are fond of __D__.A. foodB. sportsC. fashionD. music II. Fill in the blanks:1.The four political divisions of Britain are __ English __,__ Wales __, __ Scotland __, and _ Northern Ireland ___.2.The official full name of Britain is _ the United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Northern Ireland __.3. The English Channel between England and France isquite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Strait of __Dover __, which is only 33 kilometers across.4.Geographically speaking, the north and west of Britain are __highlands __, while the east and southeast are mostly __ lowlands__.5.__ the Thames,__ is the second largest and mostimportant river in Britain. It is 336 kilometers long.6.The ancestors of the English are _ Anglo-Saxons ___, whilethe Scots , Welsh and Irish are __ Celts __.答案II. 1., , ,2.3.4.,5.6.,II Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)I. Multiple Choice1. The English Reformation began with __B__.A. Henry VIIB. Henry VIIIC. Mary TudorD. Edward VI2.The Renaissance began in __C__ in the early __century.A. England, 14B. England, 15C. Italy, 14D. Italy, 153.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was planned by __A__.4.Three of the following were characteristics of the Elizabethan age. Which of the four is the exception?AA. Queen Elizabeth advocated the Divine Right and quarreled with Parliament.B. Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith.C. This was the age of literature which Shakespeare lived and when English literatureblossomed.D. This was the beginning of trade and colonization.5.The English Civil War is also called __D__.A. the Glorious RevolutionB. the Bloody RevolutionC. the Catholic RevolutionD. the Puritan Revolution6. In __B__, a small group of Puritans sailed from Plymouth in the ship named ____ to be the first settlers in the New Land.A. 1620, LondonB. 1621, MayflowerC. 1588, ArmadaD. 1688, PlymouthII. Fill in the Blanks1.The Wars of __ Roses __ was fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York which lasted for 30 years between 1455 and 1485. The House of Lancaster was symbolized by __ red __ rose, and the House of York by _ white ___ rose.2.In 1588, Philip II of Spain dispatched the fleet called __England but was defeated by the British navy. 3. James I and his son Charles I both believed firmly in __ the Divine Right of Kings __.4.During the Civil War, the Cavaliers supported __ the king,__, while the Roundheads supported __ the Parliament __.5.After the Civil War, Oliver Cromwell declared England a __ Commonwealth __, later, he became Lord Protector.6. In 1707, the Act of Union united England and __ Scotland __.7. The emphasis of the English Renaissance was __ humanism __ and individualism.8.The Glorious Revolution marked the beginning of theage of __ constitutional __ monarchy.答案I. Multiple Choice1.B2. C3.A4.A5.D6. B II. Fill in the Blanks1.4.5. 6. 7. 8. the Armada __ to invadeIII.The EconomyI Multiple choice1.Soon after__C___, Britain not only gave up its economichegemony but also suffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership.2.In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britainmaintained the lowest ___B__ rate and the highest _____ rate.A. inflation, growthB. growth, inflationC. growth, divorceD. growth, birth3. Under Mrs Thatcher's government __D___ replacedprices and income control and interventionism.A. PrivatizationB. deregulationC. market liberalizationD. All the above4. Just as the 1940s is remembered in Britain as the era of___D__, the 1980s will be remembered as the decade of ____.A. industrialization, nationalizationB. nationalization, industrializationC. Privatization, nationalizationD. nationalization, privatization5.Britain's foreign trade is mainly with __C___.A. developing countriesB. other Commonwealth countriesC. other developed countriesD. EC II. Fill in the blanks1.In March 1979 the __ Conservative ___ Party under the Leadership of Mrs Thatcher won the election.2. Natural gas was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under_____.3.New industries in Britain include microprocessors, computer, __ biotechnology ___ and other high-tech industries.4.The new farming in Britain has been called ___ agribusiness __. There are mainly six farming types in Britain.5.In Southeast London there are many fruit farms, which are called __ the Garden ___ of London.答案I. Multiple choice1.C2. B3. D4. D5. C II. Fill in the blanks1. 2. 3. 4.5. the North Sea IV. Government and AdministrationI Multiple choice1. The system of Parliamentary government is based on __D__.A. a written constitutionB. conventionsC. statute law and common lawD. both B and C2. Which of the following is NOT true?BA. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nationB. The Queen is a symbol of the parliamentary democracyC. The Queen is the “supreme governor" of the established Church of EnglandD. The Queen is the centre of many national ceremonies3.The House of Lords or the House of Commons is at present presided over respectively by ____C_.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the QueenC. the SpeakerD. the Prime Minister4.A General Election in Britain is generally held every ___C__ years.A. fourB. sixC. fiveD. two5.The Prime Minister is appointed by __C___ and he or she always sits in _____.A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD.the Queen, the House of Lords6.The ultimate authority for law-making resides in ___D__.1.The United Kingdom is a __ Constitutional ___ monarchy: the head of the state is a __ king ___ or a __ Queen ___.2. British constitution is made up of ___statute law __, ___common law__ and ___ conventions __.3.The Sovereign ’s coronation ceremony takes place at ___ Westminster Abbey __ in London.4.Britain ’s parliament consists of ___ th e Sovereign __, ___the House of Lords __, and ___ the House of Commons __.5.The House of Lords is made up of ___ the Lords Spiritual__ and ___ the Lords Temporal __.6. The party which wins the second largest number of seatsbecomes the official ___ Opposition __, with its own leader and“Shadow ___ cabinet”.7.The Prime Minister is appointed by ___ the Queen __,and his/her official residence is ___ No. 10 Downing Street __.8.Ministers are appointed by __ the Queen,___ on therecommendation of the __ the Prime Minister,___. The most seniorministers compose ___ the Cabinet __.答案I. Multiple choiceII.Fill in theblanks 7., 8.V. Justice and LawI. Multiple Choice1. The sources of British law include __A___.A. statutes, common law, equity law and European Union lawB. statutes, common law and equity lawC. Statutes, common law and European Union lawD. a complete code and statutes2.In criminal trials by jury, ___A__ passes sentence and _____ decide the issue of guilt or innocence.A. the judge, the juryB. the judge, the judgeC. the jury, the juryD. the Lord Chancellor, the jury3.__D___ tries the most serious offence such as murder and robbery.A. Magistrates' courtsB. Youth courtsC. district courtsD. The Crown Court4.There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with ___D__.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the Home SecretaryC. the Attorney GeneralD. A. B and C5.London's Metropolitan Police Force is under the control of___D__.1.The British courts are divided into ___ criminal __courts and ___ civil __ courts according to the nature of cases2.The criminal law in Britain presumes the ___ innocence __of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonabledoubt.3.The jury usually consists of __ 12___ persons in England,Wales and Northern Ireland, and ___15__ persons in Scottand.4.In Britain the Supreme Courts include Courts of___Appeal,__, the __ Crown ___ Court and the High Court.5.The __ Scotland Yard ___ refers to the Criminalinvestigation Department of London police and as suchfrequently appears in English detective stories.1.,2.3.,4.5.VI. Social AffairsI. Multiple choice1.The non-contributory social security benefits include the following except ____D_.A. war pensionB. child benefitC. family creditD. unemployment benefit2.Except that __A___ may not be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or of none.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the Prime MinisterC. the SpeakerD. the ministers of all departments3.Which of the following statements is not true?DA. The Sovereign must be a member of Church of England.B. Church of England archbishops and deans are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the PM.C. The two archbishops, the bishops of London, Durham and Winchester have seats in the House of Lords.D. Clergy of the Church of England and of other churches may sit the House of Commons.4. The government of the Church of Scotland is ___B__.A. the Lord CommissionerB. PresbyterianC. EpiscopalD.Anglican5. The Christian festivals in Britain are __D___.A. Christmas and EasterB. Christmas and Whit SundayC. Easter and Whit SundayD. Christmas, Easter and WhitSunday6.Which of the following is not concerned with Easter?CA. Easter celebrates the Resurrection of Christ.B. Easter is on the first Sunday after the first full moon thatcomes with or after the spring equinox.C. On Easter, people exchange presents and greeting cards.D. Easter is traditionally associated with the eating of Eastereggs.7. The important patriotic festival in Britain is ___C__. A. St.George’s Day B. St. Patrick’s Day C. Armistice Day D. Boxing Day1.II. Fill in the blanks,2.3.4.5.,,,,1.In Britain the welfare state applies mainly to __ the National Health Service ___, national insurance and ___ social security __.2. The NHS was established in the UK in __1948___,and over 82 percent of the cost is funded out of ___ general taxation __.3.The NHS provides the ___ family health __ services and __ hospital ___ and specialist services.4. Generally a woman is GB retire at __60___and a man at __65___.5. The two established churches in Britain are __ the Church of England ___ and ___ the Church of Scotland __.6.The Church of England has two provinces __ Canterbury__ and __ York __. 7. The Church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laid in the Book of _ Common Prayer ____, without the consent of ___ Parliament __.8.The main unestablished churches in Britain are ___ the Anglican Churches __, _ _ the Free Churches ___, and __ ___. the Roman Catholic Church9.The formal structure of the Roman Catholic Church was restored in __1850___ and there are now ___ 7__ Roman Catholic provinces in Great Britain.10.The Christian festivals are __ Christmas ___, __ Easter ___ and __ Whit Sunday ___.6.“___ Hogmanay11. __ ” (New Year ’s Eve) is more important than Christmasto Scots.7. The ___ twenty-first12.__ birthday is great event which marks the beginning of full mankind or womanhood.答案I. Multiple Choice。

1. What is the full name of the U.K.?----United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?----They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be dividedinto and what are they?----The development of the English language can be divided into three periods:Old English, Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after Black Death?----The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French.1. Who are the British People?----The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of the Welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxonsand the Jutes who brought with them the English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lot of immigrants from many former Commonwealth countries from every part of the world. Britain is a country of mixed cultures, and the Britain people are also composed of people from different ethic and culture backgrounds.2. What is Standard English?----Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct Britain English. It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.1.What are the two components of the British Parliament?----the House of Commons and the House of Lords.2.What were some of Queen Victoria's major achievement?----Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass.3. What were the two camps in Europe in World War 1?----The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France, the Russia Empire, the Britain Empire, Italy and the United States.4. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War 2?----Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?----The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial country increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed.2. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?----Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 markedthe beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, British had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World War 1, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain's colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall the Empire.1. What are the three functions of the House of Commons?----to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government,and to influence future government policy.2. Why is the Conservative Party sometimes called the "Right"?----Because the Conservative Party is supported by landowners and businessmen, who are often from the middle and upper-middle class.3. What kind of public image does Liberal Democrats have in Britain?----The Liberal Democrats is perceived as "middle" between the Conservative and the Labor Party. It is comparatively flexible and pragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social. It emphasizes the need for a change in Britain's constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.4. Why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election?----Because even if they were elected, they would be powerless in Parliament. Therefore, it is not possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.1.What do British electoral campaigns usually involve during the process of a general election?----The electoral campaigns usually involve advertising in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning and leaflets. The main parties are given short periods of time on national television to present their policies to the public. Apart from the parties' own publicity, newspapers and TV programs spend a lot of time discussing the campaign, interviewing politicians, and predicting the results.2.What is the Commonwealth of Nations?----The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head. The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence. The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.1. What was the negative aspect of Thatcher's reform in the early 1980s?----Its negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. In 1982, the unemployment rate reached the level of the Great Depression years, with three million people out of work.2. What are the characteristics of Britain's agriculture?----British's agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engagedin agricultural activities with a high degree of mechanization. Although it employs a mere 1% of the country's labor force, it meets around 60% of the national demands.3. What happened to Britain's beef industry in the mid-1990s?----British's beef industry was hit badly by BSE, resulting in a ban on beef exports in 1996.4. What are some of the popular tourist attraction in Britain?----The popular tourist attractions in English include: the Dorset and the East Devon Coast, the Lake District, Stonehenge, Windsor Castle, university towns of Oxfordand Cambridge, Tower of London, St. Paul's Cathedral and so on.1.What were the major causes of Britain's relative economic decline in the postwar period?----British's economy experienced a relative decline in the postwar period for severalreasons. First, British suffered a great losses in the two World Wars and had gone heavily into debt to finance the war. Second, the era of the British Empire was over. India and other British colonies, which provided raw material and large market for British goods, gained their independence. Third, British was forced to maintain an expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960s. Fourth, British had to make substantial financial contributions to NATO and UN Security Council. Finally, British failed to invest in industry after World War 2 whereas its competitors like Germany and Japan caught up with British buy investing in the most modern equipment and means of production.2.Why do developed nations like Britain encourage the development of theservice industry?----The service industry has played an increasingly important role in economy in the development countries. On the other hand ,it requires a large group of people working in it so that abundant employment opportunities are provided. On the other hand, the service industry causes little pollution.1.What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?----The major functions of grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university, whereas the major functions of vocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2.What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?----British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.3. In what ways do Britain universities enjoy complete academic freedom?----British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4. How do students in the Open University receive their education?----The students follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, video, and a network of study centers.5. What role does the media play in Britain leisure culture?----The media plays an essential role in British leisure culture since it helps to shape the public's opinion, determine people's moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.1. What are the general feature of Britain's independent schools?----British's independent schools require fees from students. Although the National Curriculum is optional in the independent system, most independent schools teachwhat the curriculum demands. Independent schools get their funding through tuitionfees as well as government assistance. Since they are generally better-funded thanmost state schools, they can recruit the best teachers and provide superior facilities. However, high tuition fees have become an obstacle for many students to enroll.2. The "quality press" and the "tabloids" in Britain?----Among the 10 daily published national newspapers in British, about half of themare regarded as the "quality press" since they carry in-depth articles of particular political and social importance, and reviews and feature articles about "high culture", and they are generally read by well-educated people. The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph are good cases in point of the quality press. The "tabloids", with color photos and striking headlines, usually cover scandals and gossip about celebrities in politics, sports and entertainment. A typical example is The News ofthe World.Chapter 81. How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small population .the south also has a population of almost 57.5million. the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 20% of the nation ’ s population.2. Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were willing to work for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.1．Why is the United States regarded asa” melting pot” and a” salad bowl” ?The United States is not merely a nation, but a nation of nations. The immigrantscame in waves, including the Europeans, the Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America is described as a "melting pot" where various racial and ethnic groups are assimilate into American culture. Recently, America has been called a "salad bowl"in that people of difference races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously, but at thesame time keep their distinct culture and customs.2． What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?The best possible way to help assimilation in a multicultural society is to be open and tolerant toward different cultures. People from different racial and ethnic backgrounds should respect each other. Society should create opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated. At the same time the immigrants should keep their own language, customs and religion, contributing to the diversity of a multicultural society.Chapter 91. Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countries were wining the war and it might threaten America ’s ecurity and interests . it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’ s entrance into the war.2.What were Nixon ’ s-knownwell contributions during his presidency?a) brought the Vietnam war to a closeb)reestablishing U.S. relations with chinac) negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union .3. What were the contents of Reagan’ s economic program?Reagan’ s economic program ledcal for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in order to encourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be eliminated so as to reduce the federal government ’roles in the day-to-day operation of business.1. What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African slaves to manage their plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What’ smore, the Northerners demanded a law to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads. But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.2. What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?During the two World Wars, America remained neutral in the early stage. However, Americans continued their profitable trade with the warring countries. Therefore,they not only retained their military forces, but also accumulated great wealth. When America entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars. By sharing the fruitof victory with other allies, America greatly strengthened its power and became a powerful country by the end of World War II.Chapter 101. What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?One is “ checks and balances ” , the other is that the power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified.2. What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old , a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . a representative should be at least 25years old and a U.S. citizen for no less than seven years.3.What are the major powers of the supreme court?a) to interpret lawsb) to hear appeals from any federal court cases;c)to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or nationallaws d) may declare a law unconstitutionale) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional4.What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms ofpolitical opinions?The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rightslaws , a strong social security system which gives enterprises a greater freedomand demand that the government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice ofabortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.1.How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas aboutthe American election?Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President an soon as the first stage is over.I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaigns. And, the election cannot solve the social and economic problems of the U.S. as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.2.What was President Eisenhowers foreign policy and what were the consequences ?President Eisenhower made vigorous efforts to wage the Cold War. He placed new emphasis on developing nuclear strength to prevent the outbreak of war. He also frequently authorized the CIA to undertake secret interventions to overthrow unfriendly governments or protect reliable anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened. The CIA helped topple the governments of Iran and Guatemala, but it suffered an embarrassing failure in Indonesia. In addition, Eisenhower used U.S. power and prestige to help create a non-communist government in South Vietnam, which brought disastrous long-term consequences to the United States.Chapter 111. What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America?During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew .a variety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in America had become clear.2. How did the civil war affect the American economy?After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . northern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahead.3. Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only advance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nations.1.How did the U.S constitution lay the groundwork for American ’economics development ?The U.S. Constitution, as an economic charter, established that the entire nation was a unified or "common" market. There were no tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce. It provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post office and roads, and fix rules governing patents and copyrights. The last-mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of "intellectual property", a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late20thcentury.2.Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.The government has always played an active and important role in America ’ s economic development. In the early 1930s,thr United States suffered the worst economic depression in American history. President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal to tackle the financial crisis. Besides, he set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the serious problems of the jobless. At the end of 1970s, the American economy again suffered a recession. The Reagan administration combated inflation by controlling government spending deficit, cutting taxes and raising interest rates. Both policies mentioned above helped to set the country ’economics development on its right course, In all, the intervention of the government has ensured that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people. It has prevented flagrant abuses of the system, dampened the effects of inflation and stimulated economic growth. Chapter 121.How does an American university choose its applicants?a)their high school records;b) recommendations from their high school teachers;c) the impression they make during interviews at the university;d) their scores on the SAT.2. What functions do American higher education institutions perform?Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teaching , research and public service , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .3. What similarities do four famous university share?They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in some areas such as politics, arts and business.4. What are the origins of thanksgiving day?Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the newworld , in 1620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.1. What are the ideals that guide the American educational system?The first ideal is that as many people as possible should receive as much education as possible .The second ideal is that of ptoducing a society that is totally literate and of local control . The third ideal is that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known .2. How does America carry out multicultural education?American schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures. Current textbooks incorporate a variety of ethnic individuals who have achieved success. Struggle for equality are vividly depicted, and past racism is bluntly acknowledged. Cultural pluralism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of education.Schools at all levels offer students opportunities to learn about different cultures.。