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1．第1题By the 15th century the Pope had become powerful in both the secular life of the Europeans as well as in their religious life.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.02．第2题The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V helped the Pope in the movement of Catholic Counter-Reformation.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.03．第3题Florence was the major centre of the High Renaissance Art at the early 16th century.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.04．第4题During the Renaissance, many Italian scholars began to learn Greek because they wanted to translate Latin works into Greek.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.05．第5题It was the Romans who created the name “Africa” after they conquered the Carthage Empire.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.06．第6题All classes in universities were taught in Latin and mostly by a lecture method.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.07．第7题Romance combined features of both vernacular epic and vernacular lyric.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.08．第8题Earlier Christian leaders all agreed that the gospel was intended for Jews and non-Jews as well to hear.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.09．第9题Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one single group of ancient people living in the region.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.010．第10题The Hammurabi Code is the oldest known legal document in human history.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.011．第11题According to Aristotle, Form (or Idea) exists as a higher reality than the material world.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.012．第12题In the Middle Ages, Christians in Western Europe only needed to pay one tenth of their annual income to the Church of Rome.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.013．第13题According to Luther, the Bible was the only source of political and religious authority.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.014．第14题The characteristic features of the Gothic style included pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, thinner walls, large and stained-glass windows.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.015．第15题In his incomplete Summa of Theology, Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile systematically Christian doctrine and Greek philosophy.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.016．第16题Like the Jews, the Christians rejected the Greco-Roman gods and the Cult of the Living Emperors.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.017．第17题In the Roman Republic, citizenship was determined by blood only. In other words, only when both parents were native Romans could a person become Roman citizen.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.018．第18题The institution of the senate in the Roman Republic could be traced to the Etruscan tradition.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.019．第19题Officers in the Roman Republic were produced by drawing lots.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.020．第20题The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.021．第21题Ptolemy’s geocentric theory remained very popular in Europe for centuries.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.022．第22题In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his military service.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.023．第23题Roman state financed gladiator shows to make people forget social and economic problems.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.024．第24题Legends have it that the Garden of Eden situated on the Mesopotamianplain.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.025．第25题All Egyptian gods have a human body and an animal head.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.026．第26题The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.027．第27题The Greek city-states varied greatly in their governmental structures.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.028．第28题The sales of Church offices led to low religious and personal standards of the clergymen.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.029．第29题Due to the Protestant Reformation and the CatholicCounter-Reformation, the Church of Rome lost its authority to settle all disputes among Christians.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.030．第30题Lyric is a poetic form so called because it was originally sung by individuals or a chorus accompanied by a musical instrument called the lyre.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.031．第31题Martin Luther first expressed his idea of reforming the Church by criticizing the sale of indulgences.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.032．第32题All city-states of northern Italy belonged to the Holy Roman Empire during the Renaissance.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.033．第33题The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in northern Europe, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.034．第34题Marsilio Ficino, the first man to translate Plato’s complete works from Greek into Latin, was known as a Neo-Platonist.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.035．第35题Romanesque architecture was known by its massive quality, round arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, sturdy pillars, small windows, large towers and decorative arcading.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.036．第36题Universities served only a limited sector of the medieval population, only for men and the wealthy; women and the poor were kept out of education.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.037．第37题Medieval fables are regarded as forerunners of the modern short story.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.038．第38题After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, all other religious beliefs disappeared.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第39题It was the Sumerians who first started systematic agriculture.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第40题judaism instilled a sense of individualism ａnd equality into the hebrew society.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.041．第41题In the ancient Egyptian society there were only male pharaohs.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.042．第42题Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was very different from today’s western countries.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.043．第43题Christian Humanism helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.044．第44题To allow a person to buy God’s forgiveness and ransom his way out of hell, the Church developed the sale of indulgences.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.045．第45题During the 12th and 13th centuries, Romanesque style gradually took the place of Gothic style in architecture.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.046．第46题Seven Sacraments are recognized by Catholic Church, Orthodox Churches and Protestant Churches.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.047．第47题The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.048．第48题“Middle English” was the national language of the England during the Early Middle Ages.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.049．第49题Out of great respect for traditions, the Romans were reluctant to make reforms.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第50题The Laws of the Twelve Tables was the first written law in Rome.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.051．第51题Octavian kept the republican system in name in order to gain support.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.052．第52题During the period of the Five Good Emperors, smooth hereditary succession guaranteed political stability.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.053．第53题Although people from different regions in the Roman Empire spoke different mother tongues, they could always communicate with strangers either in Latin or in Greek, the official languages of the Empire.您的答案：错误此题得分：1.054．第54题The Roman government offered free food to the poor people to achieve greater harmony.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.055．第55题The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.056．第56题The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.057．第57题Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece and home of the mythical Greek gods. ？您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.058．第58题Acropolis is an open space or plaza that served both as a market and as a place where citizens could assemble.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.059．第59题It was only in the 16th century that the Church of Rome’s monopoly began to meet the challenge for religious reform.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.060．第60题Reading of the Bible and his theological teaching made clearer Luther’s idea about the malpractices of the Church.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.0作业总得分：96.0作业总批注：[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]11 / 11。
欧洲文化2001试卷及答案二ＯＯ一年下半年北京市高等教育自学考试欧洲文化入门试卷I. Multiple Choice (40%)1. ＿＿believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. CynicsC. SkepticsD. Epicureans2. ___ is said to have told the king of Syrac use: “give me a place to stand,and I will move the world”. A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in___.A. 395B. 27C. 1453D. 4764. The city of god was written by___, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought.A. JesusB. AugustineC. Thomas AquinasD. Martin Luther5. ____ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist - a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word.A. MichelangeloB. RaphaelC. ShakespeareD. da Vinci6. In ____, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.A. Don QuixoteB. HamletC. LeviathanD. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe7. The best - known book written by Thomas More is ____, which describes an ideal non - Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief.A. The Praise of the FollyB. As You Like ItC. Divine ComedyD. Utopia8. ______, author of Prince, is regarded as “father of p olitical science” in the West .A. MachiavelliB. DanteC. BaconD. Locke9. In The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs, ____ put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. Copernicus10. During the ____century, the modern scientific method began to take shape, which emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation orgeneralization.A. 18thB. 15thC. 16thD. 17th11. _____said, “knowledge is power.”A. Isaac NewtonB. Francis BaconC. John LockeD. Marx12. In past, ____drew on an immense variety of cultural material-theological, mythological, philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary.A. GoetheB. DefoeC. RousseauD. Byron13. Which of the following is not regarded as a romantic writer?A. WordsworthB. ShelleyC. PushkinD. Balzac14. The most frequent themes of Romanticism include all of the following except ______.A. the power of reasonB. individual freedomC. spontaneityD. love of nature15. “If winter comes, can spring be far be hind?” is theending l ine of “Ode to the West W ind” by______.A. WordsworthB. KeatsC. PushkinD. Shelley16. The composer of Swan Lake was_____, a genius in symphonic music.A. TchaikovskyB. ChopinC. BeethovenD. Mozart17. The naturalist school founded by Zola in late 19th century intended ____.A. to attack the industrial injustice and urban evilsB. to give full play to the imagination of individualsC. to uphold the classical values such as harmony, balance, proportion and retraintD. to demonstrate the law of human conduct by a scientific s tudy of “a slice of life”18. Which of the following novels was not written by Tolstoy ?A. ResurrectionB. War and PeaceC. Crime and punishmentD. Anna Karenina19. In his poems, Walt Whitman sang praises of all of the following values except_____.A. democracyB. the dignity of the individualC. the idyllic way of lifeD. the brotherhood of man20. Modernism was characterized by _____A. a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventionsB. the exploration of the inner life of the individual and the psychopathology of human relationsC. its intense interest in the bizarre, the mysterious, the unpredictable and the formlessD. all of the aboveII. True – False (20%)1. Once every five years, ancient Greeks had a big sports festival on Mount Olympus, which marked the beginning of Olympic Games.2. The greatest names in Western philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were active in Athens in the 6th centuryA. D.3. The body of ideas the Greek philosophers expressed, and the variety of variety of questions they raised abut the nature of the world and of human thought, knowledge and conduct, have had an abiding interest for later generations.4. Christianity remained an object of oppression throughout the history of Roman Empire.5. During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order; the only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.6. Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic church, holding that only those especially selected by God will be saved.7. According to Locke, once a representative is chosen by majority vote, his power is absolute.8. The Declaration of the Rights of Man which was enactedby the English Parliament in 1689 established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England.9. Descartes believed that thought was the foundation of all knowledge while the senses might deceive us.10. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that knowledge is the joint product of both sense and reason.Ⅲ. Explain the Following Terms. (25%)1. Pax Romana2. The Crusades3. Gothic4. Reformation5. Social DarwinismⅣ. Answer the Following Question. (15%)Why is Renaissance considered the departure from the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity?2001年（下）欧洲文化入门试卷参考答案I. 1.D 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.D 10.D11.B 12.A 13.D 14.A 15.D 16.A 17.D 18.C 19.C 20.DII. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6..F 7.F 8.F 9.T 10. TIII．1．Pax Romana：Before the year 27B.C. Roman was a republic, then it became an empire, 2 centuries later, it reached its greatest extent, during which, the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200years, known as the Pax Romana. (that means God of peace).2. The Crusades: To express their religious feeling, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to holy places----Jerusalem. But it fell to the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. The result was a series of holy wars called crusades which went about 200years(1096-1270),and it ended with the victory of then Moslems. 【P.99】【P.96-97】3.Gothic: one of architecture styles, started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe from mid-12th –15th-, 16th century.Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures more lifelike than any since ancient Rome. (The Gothic was an outgrowth out of the Romanesque.)4. Reformation: 【P.143-144】【P.138-139】1)The reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. Itbegan with Martin Luthur’s articles.2)The movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church andreplacing it with the authority of the Bible. The reformers denied the church and the priests’authority in the interpretationOf the Bible and they believed in direct communication between the individual and God.3)They took many actions:A: translating the Bible into their mother tongues;/making the Bible accessible to the common folks;B: simplifying rituals;/ reforming the church;C: abolishing heavy taxes and the indulgence(免罪符);D: abolishing the practice of paying money to replace penance.E: Liberating national economy and politics from church;F: Carrying wars in the interests of the peasants andbourgeoisie.5. Social Darwinism: Herbert Spenser stated things develop from simple to complex forms. He compared the development of societies to that of organisms, and he called the historical civilization as "super-organic evolution".Darwinism made a great impression on Spenser. In Spenser's idea, natural selection means "survival of the fittest", which became a slogan for those who sought to apply to society the principle. The result was called social Darwinism.This theory advocated/held free play for all forces of struggle for existence. In the struggle between individuals, the theory justified/found good reasons for serious competition and laissez-faire policy; in the struggle between groups, it was used to justify force. 【P.374】【P.361-362】Ⅳ.The 1000 years of period following the fall of Western Roman Empire in the 5th century is called the middle age, which is about 5th -11th century.During the Medieval times, there was no central government to keep the order, the only organization to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. And it shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”, during which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged. And science made little progress during the Middle Ages.Renaissance【P.129】【P.125】: the period between 14th–mid-17th century. Renaissance started from Florence and Venice in Italy, with the flowering of paining, sculpture, and architecture.It means revival, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. In essence, it was a historical period in which theEuropean humanist thinkers and scholars attempted to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interest of the rising bourgeoisie/middle class, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.It created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world, paving way for capitalism.【P.183】【P.178】A: 1) The main element o f Renaissance was “the greatness of man”.2) Man shifted interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy.3)The earliest humanists were scholar in Florence, who dug up “lost texts” ---- the ancient Greek and Roman culture to revive it a nd develop man’s powers.B: Such ideas are reflected in the art and literature, to pass down as the beginning of the history of modern man, who don’t consider about the death and the other world but the lives and wo rks for the present and future progress of mankind. So it paved the way for the beginning of modernity。
《欧洲文化入门》I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1 . Two maj or elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Troj an War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against thecity of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocle s4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socra t es D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subj ect for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, V enus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, P arthenon1 0. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11 . It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. Hera c leitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras1 2. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C. .A. RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana1 3. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. Lucre t iusB. V irgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero1 4. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis1 5. In ____ the Jews were carried away in t o the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 1 69B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B. C.1 6. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1 611 .A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Auth o rized version11 7. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version1 8. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserv iors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament1 9. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21 . In 1 054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. Christ ianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medievaltheology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.centuries《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)（They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→Freud’s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s 《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA．《Trojan Women》B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
《欧洲文化入门》I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1 . Two maj or elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Troj an War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against thecity of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocle s4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socra t es D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subj ect for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, V enus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, P arthenon1 0. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11 . It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. Hera c leitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras1 2. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C. .A. RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana1 3. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. Lucre t iusB. V irgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero1 4. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis1 5. In ____ the Jews were carried away in t o the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 1 69B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B. C.1 6. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1 611 .A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Auth o rized version11 7. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version1 8. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserv iors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament1 9. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21 . In 1 054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. Christ ianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medievaltheology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.centuries《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)（They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→Freud’s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s 《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA．《Trojan Women》B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
2014秋华南师范大学《欧洲文化入门》在线作业及满分答案内容摘要：1．第1题The Wars of Roses ended up inA.The emergence of the new emblem of the red and white Tudor Rose.B.The split of the two royal houses.C.Th...1．第1题The Wars of Roses ended up inA.The emergence of the new emblem of the red and white Tudor Rose.B.The split of the two royal houses.C.The establishment of the Dynasty of Tudor by King Henry VIII.D.The subsequent ruling of England and Scotland for 117 years.您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.02．第2题The gladiator show indicated Romans’ love for _____.A.adventureB.funC.violenceD.entertainment您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.03．第3题The Italian Renaissance scholars did all the following things except for ____.A.reviving many classical texts forgotten or lost for a long time.B.spreading the knowledge beyond the small circle of scholars.C.refusing to accept religious teaching or read religious works.D.paying more attention to man’s world and life on earth.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.04．第4题All the following statements about the Scholasticism are true, EXCEPT A.Some scholars tried in vain to forbid the study and teaching of Ari stotle’s thoughtB.Some argued that reason alone could lead to truthC.Some argued that ultimate truth could not be discovered by reason, but was revealed to human by God in His mystical waysD.The most fruitful achievement was the attempt to harmonize faith an d reason by the leading scholar St. Augustine您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.05．第5题Christianity originated from__.A.TurkeyB.PalestineC.North AfricaD.the Western Europe您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.06．第6题What is the limit of term for the members of the Senate of the RomanRepublic?A.2 yearsB.4 yearsC.5 yearsD.life您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.07．第7题Egypt was conquered by ____ in 31 B.C. and renamed “Africa.”A.GreeksB.ArabsC.RomansD.Persians您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.08．第8题The founder of the Hebrew race was ____.A.JacobB.MosesC.AbrahamD.Joseph您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.09．第9题The ancient Egyptians divided a year into ___ seasons.A.2B.3C.4D.5您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.010．第10题Magna Carta in 1215 in England was significant in that it __.A.really weakened the power of the churchB.spoke for the common peopleC.really weakened the power of the kingD.spoke for the nobles您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.011．第27题Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.The Hundred Years’ War harmed England more than France.B.The war stimulated the development of new weapons.C.The war speeded up the development of the English Parliament.D.The war promoted the growth of modern nationalism and awakened the national consciousness in the mind of their people.您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.012．第28题Which of the following statements about art in the Central Middle Age s is NOT true?A.Architecture was the foremost art form.B.Schools were the primary focus of architectural endeavors.C.Architecture integrated all the visual arts in presentations of Chr istianity’s rich symbolic and spiritual values.D.Other arts were used to decorate churches with sculpture and painti ng, woodcarving and metalwork, and stained glass.您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.013．第29题What one is a correct description of the western European feudalism i n the Early Middle Ages?A.Feudalism was a product of the Carolingian world and it operated on two levels.B.A feudal king’s actual power depended on the number of his vassals.C.A vassal holding a fief must not divide it into smaller fiefs.D.Financial service was the main reason for the feudal system to exis t.您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.014．第30题The following kings were called “new monarchs”, EXCEPTA.Louis XI of FranceB.Friedrich I of GermanyC.Henry VII of EnglandD.Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.015．第31题The largest and most famous of all Hellenistic cities is ____.A.AthensB.SpartaC.AlexandriaD.Thebes您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.016．第32题Which description of Petrarch is wrong?A.He was known as the “father of humanism”.B.He was the first to coin the term “Dark Ages”.C.He valued his Italian writings more than his Latin writings.D.He was financed by Galeazzo II Visconti.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.017．第33题In the year of ____, Constantine the Great issued Edit of Milan which officially made Christianity legal.A.311B.313C.324D.380您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.018．第34题Which categories of publication does Erasmus’s The Praise of Folly b elong to?A.clever satires to expose people’s errorsB.serious moral books to offer people Christian guidanceC.scholarly editions of basic Christian textsD.collection of stories to amuse people您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.019．第35题_____ is the longest river in the world.A.The TigrisB.The AmazonC.The MississippiD.The Nile您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.020．第36题Which one of the following architectural constructions was not typica l Roman?A.domeB.vaultC.archD.column您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.021．第37题In the first Greco-Persian War, Greek army defeated the Persian force s and won a smashing victory in the battle of ____.A.ThermopylaeB.MarathonC.SalamisD.Plataea您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.022．第38题Luther attacked the belief that the sacramental system was the only m eans to salvation and called for the reform of monasticism in _______ _________.A.The Liberty of the Christian ManB.Address to the Nobility of the German NationC.The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchD.the Ninety-Five Theses您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.023．第43题Concerning the economy of the Byzantine Empire, Islamic Empire and we stern Europe during the Middle Ages, which statement is NOT true? A.Byzantine had the most powerful economy in the world before the 7th century.B.Islamic economy in the 7th century was already very prosperous.C.Islamic Empire had the world’s leading economy during the mid-8th and mid-13th century.D.Western Europe overtook Byzantine in economy in the late Middle Ages.您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.024．第44题The government of the Roman Republic included all of the following br anches EXCEPT ______.A.the executive branchB.the deliberative branchC.the legislative branchD.the judicial branch您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.025．第45题Which one of the following groups of the people could vote in the Rom an assemblies?A.Roman generals and adult male plebiansB.anyone whose parents were RomansC.adult Roman males and females.D.literate Greek slaves您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.026．第46题The Hundred Years’ War arose from the following causes, EXCEPT,A.The territorial disputes between England and France.B.The clash of economic interest in Flanders.C.Famine, plague, economic turmoil, social upheaval.D.The dispute over the French royal succession.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.027．第47题Which of the following statements about The Hundred Years’ War is NOT true?A.The most famous weapons were the longbow and cannon used by the Eng lish.B.Firearms played a significant role in the battles.C.Horse-riding knights became more important army force than infantry.D.Europeans relied more and more on cannon for defensive wars.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.028．第48题Which is not the similarity shared by Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and Boccaccio’s Decameron?A.a collection of storiesB.satirical and humorous languageC.vivid characterizationD.religious themes您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.029．第49题Which one of the following statements about the condition of the Jewsduring the Roman time was NOT true?A.In 64B.C. Pompey conquered Judea and turned it into a Roman province.B.The Jews had to pay heavy tax, but they enjoyed limited self-rule.C.Faced with Roman persecution, the Jews had to worship the Roman emp erors as gods.D.The Jewish people hoped for salvation led by a prophet.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.030．第50题Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity. Which one is the exception?A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.B.Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire unti l the 4th century.C.Christianity spread in the cities of the empire, first in the east and later in the west.D.It was Constantine’s toleration for all religions that brought new life to Christianity.您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.031．第11题The Roman Empire was the first true superpower in human history.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.032．第12题The official language of Byzantine Empire was Latin.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.033．第13题Muhammad was not only a prophet, but also a political and military le ader.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.034．第14题The Late Middle Ages are often described as a period of crisis and de cline.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.035．第15题Joan’s intervention marked the turning point in the Hundred Years’War.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.036．第16题Troughout the Middle Ages the Iberia Peninsula was marked by unity an d plurality.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.037．第17题The term “dictator” did not have its present day’s derogatory meaning in the period of the Roman Republic.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.038．第18题The institution of the senate in the Roman Republic could be traced t o the Etruscan tradition.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第19题The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第20题The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.041．第21题That the early Christians suffered systematical persecution by the Ro man authorities was a myth.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.042．第22题Although people from different regions in the Roman Empire spoke different mother tongues, they could always communicate with strangers ei ther in Latin or in Greek, the official languages of the Empire.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.043．第23题The basic units of the first human civilization were city-states.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.044．第24题The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civil ization of Europe.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.045．第25题The Greek city-states varied greatly in their governmental structures. 您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.046．第26题Due to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformatio n, the Church of Rome lost its authority to settle all disputes amongChristians.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.047．第39题The Vikings originated from the Scandinavian Peninsula and included D anes, Norwegians, Swedes and Magyars.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.048．第40题Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was v ery different from today’s western countries.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.049．第41题The word “tyranny” was just as derogative in ancient Greece as toda y.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第42题Seven Sacraments are recognized by Catholic Church, Orthodox Churches and Protestant Churches.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0。
欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous sayingby _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in an cient Greece答：1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2）Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答：There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, theagreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答：Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential o f English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version,first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s Ea st of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. 3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors werefounded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in v ernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and le arning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ ph ilosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times? 答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes.2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes inman’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system?答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from the general to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law?答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract?1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.。
《欧洲文化入门》本作者绪论《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。
选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。
在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。
填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。
名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。
在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。
简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。
在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。
论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核考生综合应用能力和创见性。
在答题时，要仔细审题，列出答案要点，然后对要点逐一展开叙述，此时考生应发挥自己的真知灼见，要在深度，广度上下功。
1．第1题In terms of science, what was the significant shift in thinking during the Renaissance Age?A.the inclusion of science in the educational programB.the emphasis on how things happened in natureC.the development of new scientific methodsD.the acceptance of heliocentric theory您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.02．第2题Who was not a representative writer of Northern Renaissance?A.Giovanni BoccaccioB.William ShakespeareC.Fran鏾is RabelaisD.Miguel de Cervantes您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.03．第3题Which categories ofpublication does Erasmus’s The Praise of Folly belong to?A.clever satires to expose people’s errorsB.serious moral books to offer people Christian guidanceC.scholarly editions of basic Christian textsD.collection of stories to amuse people您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.04．第4题Who was not one of the three masters of the High Renaissance art?A.Leonardo da VinciB.RaphaelC.El GrecoD.Michelangelo您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.05．第5题Which is not one of the three great achievements of Italian Renaissance art?A.the revival of classical textsB.the discovery of linear perspectiveC.the knowledge of anatomyD.the knowledge of the classical forms您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.06．第6题Which description of Petrarch is wrong?A.He was known as the “father of humanism”.B.He was the first to coin theterm “Dark Ages”.C.He valued his Italian writings more than his Latin writings.D.He was financed by Galeazzo II Visconti.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.07．第7题Which is not one of the things that the Viscontis, the Sforzas and the Medicis had in common?A.They were wealthy and powerful families in Italy.B.They were rulers of Milan during the Renaissance.C.They ordered the construction of great architectures.D.They were generous patrons of artists and intellectuals.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.08．第8题Three of the following statements are true with the Jesuits. Which one is the exception?A.They were highly respected for their learning and the purity of their lives.B.They became the principal university teachers in all European countries.C.They helped to stop the spread of Lutheranism into south Germany.D.They helped to spread Catholicism to the countries beyond Europe.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.09．第9题Three of the following statements are true with theCouncil of Trent. Which one is the exception?A.It was first a religious meeting called to win back the Protestants.B.It condemned the scandals arising from the sale of indulgences.C.It insisted on Catholic tradition as the mere source of authority.D.It marks the beginning of the history of modern Catholic Church.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.010．第10题Three of the following statements are true with England after the death of Henry VIII. Which one is the exception?A.The council of regents to rule England was dominated by reformers.B.Edward VI was enthusiastic about reform as Henry VIII had been.C.Edward VI was raised by Protestants rich with Renaissance ideas.D.Mary succeeded Edward VI and began to restore the Catholic faith.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.011．第11题Three of the following statements are true with Henry VIII. Which one is the exception?A.He married his brother’s widow against Roman Catholic rules.B.He married his brother’s widow with the Pope' s authorization.C.He was eager to divorce the queen to end the poor marriage.D.He was eager to have a new marriage to bring him a male heir.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.012．第12题Like Luther, Calvin____________A.believed man, from birth, is predestined by God for salvation or damnation.B.believed that the order and discipline of the early church should be restored.C.regarded the Bible as the only source of truth and spiritual authority.D.regarded the church as a place to be with God by reading the Bible.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.013．第13题Luther made the first attempt to draw attention to the corruption of the Church in_______.A.The Liberty of the Christian ManB.Address to the Nobility of the German NationC.The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchD.the Ninety-Five Theses您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.014．第14题Luther attacked the beliefthat the sacramental system was the only means tosalvation and called for the reform of monasticism in________________.A.The Liberty of the Christian ManB.Address to the Nobility ofthe German NationC.The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchD.the Ninety-Five Theses您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.015．第15题Which of the following is true about the central argument of the Ninety-Five Theses?A.The Ninety-Five Theses marks the beginning of the Reformation.B.It was an effort to draw attention to the corruption of the Church.C.Repentance has the same power of the pope to forgive sins.D.The sale of indulgences went against the true spirit of Christianity.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.016．第16题Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Luther. Which one is the exception? A.Luther lived up to hisfather and became a priest. B.Luther had a horrible experience in a thunderstorm.C.He tried his best to get rid of his sin to satisfy God.D.He damaged his health by eating and sleeping less.您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.017．第17题Which of the following facts is NOT true with the situation in the Church of Rome before the Reformation?A.The sale of Church offices to wealthy families.B.The sale of indulgences toindividual believers.C.Some clegymen held several positions at the same time.D.Clergymen must meet strict moral and educational standards.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.018．第28题The most immediate effect of the Reformation was___________________.A.the increase in the power of princes and kingsB.the more and more secularized western EuropeC.the outburst of fighting among religious groupsD.the more emphasis on the value of the individual您的答案：C题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.019．第29题Which statement about the humanist education during the Renaissance is wrong?A.The goal of education was to produce independent, virtuous and capable men who excelled in many different fields.B.The program of study relied heavily on classical training, but it also contained many other subjects.C.The Renaissance education enhanced the impact of the humanist ideas on the ruling class and the elite.D.The educational program of the humanists placed a high value on science.您的答案：D题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.020．第30题Three of the following statements are true withLuther's teachings. Which one is the exception?A.A priest of the Church never helps.B.A priest of the Church is only the teacher.C.The truth is only to be found in the Bible.D.Every believer is a priest of his own.您的答案：A题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.021．第31题The reasons for Henry’s reform in England were mainly ________.A.religiousB.personalC.politicalD.both B and C您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.022．第32题The successful spread of Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire is due to three of the following facts. Which one is the exception?A.The unstable political situation in the Holy Roman Empire.B.Public discontent caused by high papal taxes on Germans.C.Extreme anger in Germany against the power of the pope.D.Luther' s intention to extend his doctrine of social equality.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.023．第33题Luther further explained his doctrine of faith and justification in______________.A.The Liberty of the ChristianManB.Address to the Nobility of the German NationC.The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchD.the Ninety-Five Theses您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.024．第34题Luther called on the German princes to reject the foreign pope’s authority andestablish a reformed German church in _____________.A.The Liberty of the Christian ManB.Address to the Nobility of the German NationC.The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchD.the Ninety-Five Theses您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.025．第35题Which of the following is true about Luther’s discovery from reading the Bible?A.His own individual faith would guarantee his salvation.B.Saint Peter’s guidance would guarantee his salvation.C.Saint Paul’s instructions would guarantee his salvation.D.Jesus Christ ’s teachings would guarantee his salvation.您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.026．第36题Which of the following statements is NOT true with the text?A.Martin Luther was a German missionary.B.Martin was declared an outlaw in the Empire.C.The Pope condemned Martin Luther’s beliefs.D.The Pope ordered Luther to change his beliefs.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.027．第47题Which description of the Age of Renaissance is correct? A.The Renaissance happened right after the Late Middle Ages in time.B.The Renaissance reached a peak at the end of the sixteenth century.C.The Renaissance began as a literary movement.D.The Renaissance was opposed to humanism.您的答案：C题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.028．第48题Which is not the similarityshared by Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and Boccaccio’s Decameron?A.a collection of storiesB.satirical and humorous languageC.vivid characterizationD.religious themes您的答案：D题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.029．第49题Which statement about the “civic humanism” is wrong?A.It was developed by some Florentine scholars during the fifteenth century.B.It believed that virtue could only be obtained by participating in public life.C.It encouraged people to pursue material pleasures and fulfill their desires.D.It was the same with the “Christian Humanism” ofNorthern Renaissance.您的答案：D题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.030．第50题Compared with Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance had the following distinctive features exceptfor ______.A.strong national flavorB.great religious concernC.influence of classicismD.belief in Christian humanism您的答案：C题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.031．第51题Which one is not the main characteristic of Shakespeare as a Renaissance man?A.His interest in classical cultureB.His belief in humanismC.His support of individualismD.His consciousness ofnational identity您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.032．第52题Which is the key feature of the Mannerism of the Late Renaissance art?A.the invention of newartistic techniquesB.the imitation of Greek and Roman stylesC.the representation of idealized human figuresD.the use of intense colors, strange themes and twisted figures.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.033．第53题Who did not belong to theFlorentine School of the Early Renaissance art?A.BrunelleschiB.DonatelloC.MasaccioD.Raphael您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.034．第54题Which one is not a period of Italian Renaissance Art?A.Early RenaissanceB.Middle RenaissanceC.High Renaissancete Renaissance您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.035．第55题Which of the following Renaissance writers was not known for his sonnets?A.DanteB.PetrarchC.Edmund SpencerD.William Shakespeare您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.036．第56题The Italian Renaissance scholars did all the following things except for ____.A.reviving many classicaltexts forgotten or lost for a long time.B.spreading the knowledge beyond the small circle of scholars.C.refusing to accept religious teaching or read religious works.D.paying more attention to man’s world and life on earth.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.037．第57题Three of the following statements are true with the Elizabethan Compromise. Which one is the exception?A.The Church of England again rejected the authority of the pope.B.The Church of England began to compromise with the Papacy.C.Elizabeth again condemned Catholic teachings and practices.D.Elizabeth,as a protestant, also forbade extreme Protestantism.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.038．第58题Three of the following statements are true with the Catholic Counter-Reformation.Which one is the exception?A.It was in nature a reaction to Protestantism.B.It was the result of Catholic self-criticism.C.It resulted from the Protestant Reformation.D.It resulted from a Church-wide call for reform.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.039．第59题Who was not a believer in the heliocentric theory?A.Nicolas CopernicusB.Johannes KeplerC.GalileoD.Francis Bacon您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.040．第60题Who was regarded as the“father of oil painting”?A.MasaccioB.BotticelliC.Albrecht D黵erD.Jan van Eyck您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.041．第18题“Middle English” was the national language of the England during the Early Middle Ages.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.042．第19题During the Renaissance, all scholars and artists abandoned medieval qualities and embraced modern values over night.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.043．第20题During the Renaissance, many Italian scholars began to learn Greek because they wanted to translate Latin works into Greek.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.044．第21题Florence was the major centre of the High Renaissance Art at the early 16th century.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.045．第22题Due to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Church of Rome lost its authority to settle alldisputes among Christians.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.046．第23题The sales of Church offices led to low religious and personal standards of the clergymen.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.047．第24题According to Luther, the Bible was the only source ofpolitical and religious authority.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.048．第25题In the Middle Ages, Christiansin Western Europe only needed to pay one tenth of their annual income to the Church of Rome.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.049．第26题The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V helped the Pope in the movement of Catholic Counter-Reformation.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第27题By the 15th century the Pope had become powerful in both the secular life of the Europeans as well as in their religious life.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.051．第37题Marsilio Ficino, the first man to translate Plato’s complete works from Greek into Latin, was known as a Neo-Platonist.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.052．第38题The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in northern Europe, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.053．第39题Dante was the first Italian writer to compose in his native language rather than in Latin.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.054．第40题The Italian Renaissance was largely credited to the economic success in Italy at that time.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.055．第41题All city-states of northern Italy belonged to the Holy Roman Empire during the Renaissance.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.056．第42题Reading of the Bible and his theological teaching madeclearer Luther’s idea about the malpractices of the Church.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.057．第43题It was only in the 16th century that the Church of Rome’s monopoly began to meet the challenge for religious reform.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.058．第44题To allow a person to buy God’s forgiveness and ransom his way out of hell, the Church developed the sale of indulgences.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.059．第45题Christian Humanism helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.060．第46题Martin Luther first expressed his idea of reforming the Church by criticizing the sale of indulgences.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0。
1．第1题Epicureanism and Stoicism are similar in the following ways except for____.A.Both were concerned with the good of the individual.B.Both were idealistic in world view.C.Both believed that reason is the key to solution of social problems.D.Both thought highly of the peace of mind.您的答案：B题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.02．第2题Which one of the following statements about the condition of the Jews during the Roman time was NOT trueA.In 64B.C. Pompey conquered Judea and turned it into a Roman province.B.The Jews had to pay heavy tax, but they enjoyed limited self-rule.C.Faced with Roman persecution, the Jews had to worship the Roman emperors as gods.D.The Jewish people hoped for salvation led by a prophet.您的答案：C题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.03．第3题In the Early Middle Ages, the Roman Church and the Eastern Church were divided over the following issues EXCEPT for ______.A.IconoclasmB.official languageC.explanation of the Holy SpiritD.baptism您的答案：D题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.04．第4题The Roman expansion had many consequences EXCEPT ______.A.Rome became the hegemony in the Mediterranean region.B.economic gains for all RomansC.social conflicts and slave uprisingsD.increased political power for military commanders您的答案：B题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.05．第5题Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainly used in mainland GreeceA.DoricB.Ionicposite您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.06．第6题Which of the following is NOT true about Emperor Constantine the GreatA.He concentrated power in his own hands.B.He made Christianity the state religion.C.He abandoned Rome as the imperial capital.D.He tolerated all religions in the Roman Empire.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.07．第7题The Roman Empire reached it largest territorial extent during the reign of _____.A.Julius Caesar (46-44B.C.)B.Octavian (27 B.C.-14 A.D.)C.Trajan (98-117 A.D.)D.Constantine the Great (306-337 A.D.)您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.08．第8题Starting from the reign of which Roman emperor such jobs as bakery and military service became hereditaryA.OctavianB.DiocletianC.ConstantineD.Theodosius您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.09．第9题The largest and most famous of all Hellenistic cities is ____.A.AthensB.SpartaC.AlexandriaD.Thebes您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.010．第10题Which of the following statements about ancient Greek sculpture is NOT trueA.The beauty of human form was the most important subject.B.The archaic Greek artists created two sculptural human forms, the kouros and kore.C.The classical Greek sculptors represented human body less naturally or relaxed.D.The Hellenistic Greek sculptors liked to represent extreme emotions in the human face and figure.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.011．第11题The second founding father of Christianity was _____.A.St. PeterB.St. PaulC.St. AthanasiusD.St. Augustine您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.012．第12题Which one of the countries below was not part of the ancient Near EastA.ArmeniaB.TurkeyC.IsraelD.Iraq您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.013．第13题The Tigris and Euphrates are originated from which countryA.IraqB.ArmeniaC.TurkeyD.Iran您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.014．第14题That Aeneid, the legendary founder of the city of Rome, was the prince of _____ suggests a certain link between the Roman civilization and ancient Near East.A.EtruriaB.GreeceC.TroyD.Phoenicia您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.015．第15题The first city- builders in Italy were ________.A.the GreeksB.the LatinsC.the EtruscansD.the Italians您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.016．第16题Which one of the Roman Emperors resembles the “philosopher king” praised by PlatoA.Trajan (r. 98-117 A.D.)B.Hadrian (r. 117-138 A.D.)C.Antoninus Pius (r. 138-161 A.D.)D.Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180 A.D.)您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.017．第17题The ethnic origin of Jesus was ____.A.GreekB.RomanC.HebrewD.European您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.018．第18题Which one of the following peoples first practiced monotheismA.ancient EgyptiansB.ancient HebrewsC.ancient GreeksD.ancient Sumerians您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.019．第19题The founder of the Hebrew race was ____.A.JacobB.MosesC.AbrahamD.Joseph您的答案：C题目分数：1.020．第30题Which description of the traditional Greek religion is incorrectA.Ancient Greeks believed that the gods have human forms and human personality.B.For the Greeks, the gods only favored those people and states that honored them.C.In ancient Greece, the main religious ceremony took place inside the temple.D.Oracles also played an important part in the Greek religion and beliefs.您的答案：C题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.021．第31题Which of the following reform measures resulted in the moral decline of the RomansA.limiting the amount of land owned by individual citizensB.selling grain at a low price to citizensC.distributing public land to landless citizensD.cutting down land taxes or rent您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.022．第32题Which Hellenistic kingdom ruled Egypt and parts of the Middle EastA.Ptolemaic KingdomB.Antigonid KingdomC.Seleucid KingdomD.Pergamum Kingdom您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.023．第33题The economic success of the early Roman Empire was mainly achieved by _____.A.small farmersB.slavesC.serfsD.Roman legions您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.024．第34题The gladiator show indicated Romans’ love for _____.A.adventureB.funC.violenceD.entertainment您的答案：C此题得分：1.025．第35题Who is usually regarded as the “father of history”A.HerodotusB.ThucydidesC.XenophonD.Polybius您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.026．第36题In the year of ____, Constantine the Great issued Edit of Milan which officially made Christianity legal.A.311B.313C.324D.380您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.027．第37题Christians considered pagan gods_____.A.as demonsB.as humansC.incredibleD.supernatural您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.028．第38题_____ is the longest river in the world.A.The TigrisB.The AmazonC.The MississippiD.The Nile您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.029．第39题It was during the ____ that the Romans were defeated by the famous Carthaginian general Hannibal.A.the 1st Punic WarB.the 2nd Punic WarC.the 3rd Punic WarD.the 4th Punic War您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.030．第40题The Roman Republic was founded in _____.A.509B.C.B.471 B.C.C.445 B.C.D.367 B.C.您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.031．第41题Britain was turned into a Roman province in ________.A.the 1st centuryB.C.B.the 1st centuryC.the 2nd centuryD.the 3rd century.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.032．第42题In the first Greco-Persian War, Greek army defeated the Persian forces and won a smashing victory in the battle of ____.A.ThermopylaeB.MarathonC.SalamisD.Plataea您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.033．第43题The so-called Mesopotamia civilization included cultures developed by the following groups of people EXCEPT _______.A.BabyloniansB.PersiansC.SumeriansD.Assyrians您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.034．第44题Which one of the following items was NOT invented by the ancient MesopotamiansA.guitarB.magnifying glassC.lock and keyD.gunpowder您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.035．第45题Which one does not belong to the Bronze Age civilizations of ancient GreeceA.Cycladic civilizationB.Helladic civilizationC.Hellenistic civilizationD.Minoan civilization您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.036．第56题Which one is NOT the aftermath of the Peloponnesian WarsA.In Athens, democracies collapsed and the empire crumbled.B.Many city-states rebelled against the imperialistic rule of the Athens.C.In Sparta, class conflict became severer and traditional virtues were corrupted.D.There were constant clashes between different city-states.您的答案：B题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.037．第57题Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity. Which one is the exceptionA.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.B.Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire until the 4th century.C.Christianity spread in the cities of the empire, first in the east and later in the west.D.It was Constantine’s toleration for all religions that brought new life to Christianity.您的答案：A题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.038．第58题Which one of the following groups of the people could vote in the Roman assembliesA.Roman generals and adult male plebiansB.anyone whose parents were RomansC.adult Roman males and females.D.literate Greek slaves您的答案：A题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.0Which one of the following statements about ancient Egyptian religious belief is NOT trueA.The ancient Egyptians practised polytheism.B.All Egyptian gods had an animal head and a human body.C.Ancient Egyptians built temples to communicate with their gods.D.Egyptians believed in final judgement and resurrection.您的答案：B题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.040．第60题All of the following political ideas can be accredited to the Romans EXCEPT ____.A.popular sovereigntyB.social contract theoryC.democracyD.separations of power您的答案：C题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.041．第20题After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, all other religious beliefs disappeared.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.042．第21题The Hammurabi Code is the oldest known legal document in human history.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.043．第22题In the ancient Egyptian society there were only male pharaohs.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.044．第23题Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of the nobles.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.045．第24题Like the Jews, the Christians rejected the Greco-Roman gods and the Cult of the Living Emperors.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.0Officers in the Roman Republic were produced by drawing lots.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.047．第26题The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.048．第27题Roman state financed gladiator shows to make people forget social and economic problems.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.049．第28题The basic units of the first human civilization were city-states.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第29题All Egyptian gods have a human body and an animal head.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.051．第46题Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one single group of ancient people living in the region.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.052．第47题judaism instilled a sense of individualism ａnd equality into the hebrew society.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.053．第48题Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the prac tice was very different from today’s western countries.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.054．第49题That the early Christians suffered systematical persecution by the Roman authorities was a myth.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.055．第50题The institution of the senate in the Roman Republic could be traced to the Etruscan tradition.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.056．第51题Octavian kept the republican system in name in order to gain support.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.057．第52题In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his military service.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.058．第53题The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.059．第54题The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.060．第55题Among the Olympian gods, Zeus was the chief deity and he was mainly worshipped at Olympia. 您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0作业总得分：100.0作业总批注：。
第4章文艺复兴与宗教改革一、选择题1. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. The great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.【答案】B【解析】斯多葛学派的创立人是Zeno.2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman Empire?A. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century.【答案】B【解析】罗马帝国于公元395年分裂为东罗马和西罗马。
3. The Bible has been regarded as _____.A. a religious bookB. literatureC. record of great mindsD. all of the above【答案】D【解析】圣经既是文学著作，又是宗教书籍和伟人智慧的记录。
4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as _____.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization. 【答案】C【解析】天主教是高度集中和严格的国际组织。
0174欧洲文化入门答案
1.Who was Aristotle? And what are his works?（20%）
Reference to text-book, p 27--28. Aristotle (384 BC ? 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato"s teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle"s writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.
2. Why does Bertrand Russell conclude, “The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century’?（20%）
This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. Their work helped to create modern science and in a sens e the modern world.
These scientists abandoned the traditional reliance on authority and the accepted method of ded uctive reasoning. Instead, they attached great importance to direct observation of nature and exp erimentation.
Numerous revolutionary concepts and inventions were developed during this period.
3. What is the Renaissance? （20%）
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century,beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era,but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe,this is a general use of the term.As a cultural movement,it encompassed a flowering of literature,science,art,religion,and politics,and a resurgence of learning based on classical sources,the development of linear perspective in painting,and gradual but widespread educational reform.Traditionally,this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits,as well as social and political upheaval,it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo,who inspired the term "Renaissance man".
4. What is The Spirit of the Laws？(20%)
In his classification of political systems, Montesquieu defines three main kinds: republican, monarchical, and despotic. As he defines them, Republican political systems vary depending on how broadly they extend citizenship rights—those that extend citizenship relatively broadly are termed democratic republics, while those that restrict citizenship more narrowly are termed aristocratic republics. The distinction between monarchy and despotism hinges on whether or not a fixed set of laws exists that can restrain the authority of the ruler: if so, the regime counts as a monarchy; if not, it counts as despotism.
5.What is Black Humor( authors and their works)? (20%)
reference to text-book pp492. Black Humor, a kind of drama (or, by extension, a non?dramatic work) in which disturbing or sinister subjects like death, disease, or warfare, are treated with bitter amusement, usually in a manner calculated to offend and shock. Prominent in the theatre of the absurd, black comedy is also a feature of Joe Orton"s Loot (1965). A similar black humour
is strongly evident in modern American fiction from Nathanael West"s A Cool Million (1934) to Joseph Heller"s Catch-22 (1961) and Kurt Vonnegut"s Slaughterhouse? Five (1969).。
